黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇对盐度适应生理的研究：Ⅰ.渗透调节物质 …

山东省黄河三角洲分布４种不同生态型芦伟－淡水沼泽芦苇、咸水沼泽芦苇、低盐草甸芦苇和高盐草甸芦苇。１９９４年的８￣９月份对不同生境生态型芦苇的生长情况、群落组成及优势度进行观测,并测定４种不同生态型芦苇 有机和无机渗透剂以及渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明：不同生态型芦苇和多度、盖度、植株高度、叶片含水量和渗透势均随生境盐度的性大而降低;低盐度下的芦苇其渗透剂以Ｋ＾＋和可溶性糖为主,高盐度下以Ｎａ＾＋     

ADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF DIFFERENT ECOTYPES OF Phragmites Communis TO SALINITY IN THE YELLOW RIVER DELTA

山东省黄河三角洲分布4种不同生态型芦苇——淡水沼泽芦苇、咸水沼泽芦苇、低盐草甸芦苇和高盐草甸芦苇。1994年与1995年的8～9月份对不同生境生态型芦苇的生长情况、群落组成及优势度进行观测,并测定4种不同生态型芦苇的有机和无机渗透剂以及渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明不同生态型芦苇的多度、盖度、植株高度、叶片含水量和渗透势均随生境盐度的增大而降低;低盐度下的芦苇其渗透剂以K     

盐分和水分胁迫对盐地碱蓬幼苗渗透调节效应的研究

利用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ和等渗ＰＥＧ处理４０ｄ龄的盐地碱蓬（Ｓｕａｅｄａｓａｌｓａ（Ｌ．）Ｐａｌ．）幼苗,１０ｄ后测定植株中主要有机溶质和无机离子的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明,ＮａＣｌ处理的无机离子总含量急剧增加,其中Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－增加最多,占总计算渗透势（ＣＯＰ）的７１％～８８％,总无机离子占ＣＯＰ的９５％～９７％。而有机溶质总含量则稍有降低,约占ＣＯＰ的２％～５％。ＰＥＧ处理使有机溶质（氨基酸、糖、有机酸）含量明显增加,特别是氨基酸占ＣＯＰ的９％。不同处理的实测渗透势（ＭＯＰ）均小于ＣＯＰ,说明在这些条件下,还有其它的渗透剂参与盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节。结果还表明,盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节能力随外界盐浓度的增大而增加。     

两种生态型芦苇胚性悬浮培养物对渗透胁迫的响应Ⅰ、生长及渗透调节物质的变化

在浓度为20％的PEG-8000介导的渗透胁迫下,沙丘芦苇的胚性悬浮培养物的生长受抑程度小于沼泽芦苇,相对细胞活力也较高,表现出比沼泽芦苇较高的耐渗透胁迫能力。对渗调物质含量的分析显示：两种生态型芦苇细胞中脯氨酸含量均随处理时间逐渐增高。沙丘芦苇的可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖含量等表现出比沼泽芦苇更为显著的积累。两种生态型芦苇的渗透适应性细胞中均大量积累脯氨酸和糖类。说明有机渗透调节物质的积累对提高芦苇细胞抗渗透胁迫能力有显著贡献。     

盐分和水分胁迫盐地碱蓬幼苗渗透调节效应的研究

利用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ和等渗ＰＥＧ处理４ｄ龄的盐地碱蓬（Ｓｕａｃｄａ ｓａｌｓａ（Ｌ．）Ｐａｌｌ．）幼苗,１０ｄ后测定植株中主要有机溶质和无机离子的含量及叶片涌透势和涌透调节能力。结果表明,ＮａＣｌ处理的无机离子总含量急剧增加,其中Ｎａ＾２＋、Ｃｌ＾－半加最多,占总计算渗透势（ＣＯＰ）的７１％￣８８％,总无机离子占ＣＯＰ的９５％￣９７％。而有机溶质总含量则稍有降低,约上ＣＯＰ的２％￣５％。ＰＥＧ处理     

盐胁迫下盐地碱蓬体内无机离子含量分布特点的研究

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa)植株后,测定并比较老叶、幼叶及根部的无机离子含量和对K的选择性,叶片及根部的Na^ 、Cl^-含量随盐度的增加而升高,且累积趋势相似,盐胁迫下根部Na^ 、Cl^-及总离子含量（K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 ,NO3^-,Cl^-)明显低于叶片,说明盐地碱蓬地盐胁迫下,以叶片优先积累大量离子（如Na^ ,Cl^-) 为其适应特征。NaCl处理下,叶片的K^ ,Ca^2 含量低于对照,但随盐度的增加保持相对稳定,而根部K^ 含量,K/Na比、对K的选择性则高于叶片,这对盐胁迫下地上部的K^ 亏缺有一定补偿作用。低盐度处理（100mmol/LNaCl)促进NO3^-的吸收,另外随盐度的增加,叶片渗透势下降,渗透调节能力增强,幼叶渗透势低于老叶,但渗透调节能力相同。     

钾抑制盐生植物生长的生理基础研究

盐生植物碱蓬中亚滨藜和补血草幼苗用不同浓度ＫＣｌ和等渗的ＮａＣｌ处理,结果表明,１００－５００和１００－４００ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ对它们的有面士重和净光合率产生明显抑制作用,证明Ｋ＾＋可抑制盐生植物生长并与光合速率降低有关。１００－４００ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ降低幼苗Ｎａ＾＋而增大Ｋ＾＋含量,对细胞渗透势和渗透调节能力基本不起作用,证明Ｋ＾＋抑制生长与植物体渗透调节物质Ｎａ＾＋不足以及高浓度的Ｋ＾＋对细     

河西走廊不同生态型芦苇核酸代谢季节动态研究

分布在甘肃河西走廊的４ 种生态型芦苇（Ｐｈｒａｇｍ ｉｔｅｓｃｏｍ ｍ ｕｎｉｓＴｒｉｎ．）的核酸代谢季节变化有差异。盐化草甸芦苇ＲＮＡ 含量持续增加,ＤＮＡ 含量相对稳定,其它３ 种生态型芦苇的ＲＮＡ 和ＤＮＡ 含量以５月份为最高。过渡带芦苇的ＲＮＡ 含量、沼泽芦苇及沙丘芦苇的ＤＮＡ含量９ 月份略有增高。盐化草甸芦苇与过渡带芦苇的ＤＮａｓｅ和ＲＮａｓｅ的活性７ 月份最高,沼泽芦苇与沙丘芦苇的ＤＮａｓｅ和ＲＮａｓｅ活性５—９ 月份呈增高趋势。盐化草甸芦苇的ＤＮＡ 和ＲＮＡ 合成活性不断升高,过渡带芦苇和沼泽芦苇的ＤＮＡ 和ＲＮＡ 合成活性及沙丘芦苇的ＲＮＡ 合成活性５—９月份均降低,仅沙丘芦苇的ＤＮＡ合成活性增强。ＲＮＡ 聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳分析结果表明,４ 种生态型芦苇均含有２５Ｓ、２３Ｓ、１８Ｓ、１６Ｓ大分子量ｒＲＮＡ 和小分子量５．８Ｓ、５Ｓ、４．５ＳｒＲＮＡ 及４ＳｔＲＮＡ。大分子量ＲＮＡ 的含量高于小分子量ＲＮＡ 含量。不同生态型及同一生态型芦苇的不同发育时期,相同的ＲＮＡ 组分含量各不相同。且发育过程中２３Ｓ、１８Ｓ、１６ＳｒＲＮＡ 在不同月份发生不同程度的降解。由此,我们认为,核酸代谢的差异性是４ 种生态型由生长转入衰     

盐胁迫下盐芥渗透调节物质的积累及其渗透调节作用

用含有NaCl0、50、100、200、300、400mmol/L的Hoagland培养液处理盐芥幼苗一定时间后,分别测定其根和叶含水量、渗透势、几种无机和有机渗透调节物质含量,并计算了渗透调节物质在不同条件下的计算渗透势值(COP).结果表明:随盐处理浓度的增加,盐芥根和叶的含水量和渗透势逐渐降低;Na 和Cl-是根和叶积累的无机渗透调节物质;SS、OA和FAA是根积累的有机渗透调节物质,Pro是叶和根积累的有机渗透调节物质.Na X-ray微区分析表明液泡是积累Na 的主要部位.     

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇对盐度适应生理的研究 Ⅱ.不同生态型芦苇的光合气体交换特点

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇光合速率和气孔导度有明显差异 ,随生境盐度的增加而降低 ,气孔限制因素是盐胁迫下芦苇光合降低的原因之一。低盐度生境中生长的芦苇的 Rn BPCase活性均大于高盐度下的 ,而 PEPCase活性均小于高盐度下的 ,表明在盐渍条件下 ,叶肉光合器官光合活性的降低也限制芦苇的光合速率。随盐度升高 ,Ru BPCase与PEPCasc活性之比降低。高 PFD下 ,盐胁迫加剧 Fv/Fm降低程度。此外 ,在高盐度下由于叶片蒸腾下降而导致的叶温较高也可能与光合活性降低有关。     

土壤干旱下不同抗旱性小麦品种的渗透调节和渗透调节物质

在土壤干旱下抗旱性强的小麦品种的渗透调节能力大于抗旱性弱的品种。土壤缓慢干旱时,几种主要渗透调节物质增加的先后次序为:Pro,K~ ,然后是可溶性糖和其他游离氨基酸,后两者几乎平行增加、在土壤干旱下的渗透调节物质中,有机溶质为可溶性糖、其他游离氨基酸、Pro和Mal;无机离子为K~ ,Ca~(2 ),Mg~(2 )等。对渗透调节的相对贡献率为:K~ >可溶性糖>其他游离氨基酸>Ca~(2 )>Mg~(2 )>Pro。六种物质总和对渗透调节的相对贡献率为:轻度干旱56％～70％;中度干旱70％～79％;严重干旱79％～88％。     

Effects of 24‐epibrassinolide on plant growth,osmotic regulation and ion homeostasis of salt‐stressed canola

This study evaluated effects of foliar spraying 24‐epibrassinoide (24‐EBL) on the growth of salt‐stressed canola. Seedlings at the four‐leaf stage were treated with 150 mm NaCl and different concentrations of 24‐EBL (10^?6, 10^?8, 10^?10, 10^?12 m ) for 15 days. A concentration of 10^?10 m 24‐EBL was chosen as optimal and used in a subsequent experiment on plant biomass and leaf water potential parameters. The results showed that 24‐EBL mainly promoted shoot growth of salt‐stressed plants and also ameliorated leaf water status. Foliar spraying of salt‐stressed canola with 24‐EBL increased osmotic adjustment ability in all organs, especially in younger leaves and roots. This was mainly due to an increase of free amino acid content in upper leaves, soluble sugars in middle leaves, organic acids and proline in lower leaves, all of these compounds in roots, as well as essential inorganic ions. Na⁺ and Cl^? sharply increased in different organs under salt stress, and 24‐EBL reduced their accumulation. 24‐EBL improved the uptake of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and NO₃^? in roots, which were mainly transported to upper leaves, while NO₃^? was mainly transported to middle leaves. Thus, 24‐EBL improvements in ion homeostasis of K⁺/Na⁺, Ca²⁺/Na⁺, Mg²⁺/Na⁺ and NO₃^?/Cl^?, especially in younger leaves and roots, could be explained. As most important parts, younger leaves and roots were the main organs protected by 24‐EBL via improvement in osmotic adjustment ability and ion homeostasis. Further, physiological status of growth of salt‐stressed canola was ameliorated after 24‐EBL treatment.     

Expression of dehydrins under heat stress and their relationship with water relations of sugarcane leaves

The heat stress-induced dehydrin proteins (DHNs) expression and their relationship with the water relations of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) leaves were studied. Sugarcane seedlings were subjected to heat stress (day/night temperature of 40/35 °C) under relative humidity 60/65 % to avoid aerial desiccation and determinations made at 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h. The leaves showed a sharp decline in the water and osmotic potentials, and relative water content during first 12 h of heat stress, but a regain in their values in 24 h. The pressure potential (ψ_p) decreased initially but increased later and approached control leaves. The increase in ψ_p was tightly correlated to the accumulation of free proline, glycinebetaine and soluble sugars, indicating their possible involvement in the osmotic adjustment under heat stress. Immunological detection revealed the expression of three DHNs with an apparent molecular mass of 21, 23 and 27 kDa under heat stress (48 to 72 h) and their expression was independent of the changes in the water relations of leaves.     

Effects of Salinity on the Contents of Osmotica of Monocotyledenous Halophytes and Their Contribution to Osmotic Adjustment

Three monocotyledenous halophyte seedlings (Puccinellia tenuifiora (Griseb.) Scribn. Merr., Aneurolepidium chinese (Trim.) Kitag. and Aeluropus sinensis (Debeaux) Tzvel. ) were treated with different concentration, of NaC1 for two weeks. Their growth status, the contents of main organic solutes and inorganic ions, the osmotic potential and osmotic adjustment ability were then determined. The results are as follows: Of all the inorganic osmotica, the contents of Na + and C1－ increase with salinity, while K + decreases. The other ions such as Mg7 + , Ca2 + and NO3－either increase or decrease with salinity. Overall, the contribution of ions to osmotic adjustment decreases with salinity, and Na+ and Cl－ play the most important role. As for the organic osmofica, however, they all increase with salinity except for organic acid, and the most increased is soluble sugar, of which sucrose is important, which is 1/2 of the soluble sugar. Further more, the Na+/K+ ratio of the 3 plants is about 1 except for A. sinensis, whose Na+/K+ ratio is bigger under high salinity. On the other hand, the measured osmotic potential (MOP) is bigger than computational osmotic potential (COP), which implies that there still exists other osmotic in the plants except for the 11 substances determined in the experiment. The paper explains the reasons for all the above results.     

N-乙酰化壳聚糖反渗透膜的研制

本文研究了N 乙酰化壳聚糖反渗透膜的制作及性能特性等 ,此膜适用的 pH范围、抗张强度、柔韧性、透水率及脱盐率等方面均优于壳聚糖膜     

壳聚糖反渗透膜的制备初探

本文介绍了从虾、蟹甲壳制取壳聚糖用于制备反渗透膜的方法。运用正交试验设计分析制膜条件对膜性能的影响。     

干旱对玉米叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力的影响

-3巴PEG-Hoagland渗透溶液处理玉米幼苗时,叶片水势、叶片相对含水量和叶绿体蛋白质含量都明显低于对照,叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力也低于对照,复水后Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力恢复到对照水平,复水时用环己亚胺处理后,叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力受抑不能恢复到对照水平,说明-3巴渗透溶液处理时Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力的降低和复水后酶活力的恢复与蛋白质合成有关。-11巴PEG-Hoagland渗透溶液处理幼苗时,叶片水势、叶片相对含水量和叶绿体蛋白质含量显著地低于对照,但是叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力明显地高于对照,复水后Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力不能恢复到对照水平,复水时用环己亚胺处理后,叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力不为环己亚胺所抑制,仍显著地高于对照,说明-11巴渗透溶液处理时叶绿体Mg~(++)-ATP酶活力的加强和复水后酶活力不可逆转与蛋白质合成无关。     

水分胁迫下小麦地上和地下部的反应及其抗旱性研究

本试验较系统地研究了四个小麦品种水分胁迫下地上、地下部的形态、生理和信息传递物质的变化及其抗旱性,为高等植物的抗旱机理研究提供了一些有价值的资料。为抗旱育种和育农栽培提供理论上的依据。