葱斑潜蝇的生物学特性

葱斑潜蝇 1年发生 4～ 5代 ,世代重叠严重。以蛹在土中越冬 ,翌年 5月初越冬蛹羽化 ,5月上旬越冬代成虫开始产卵。室内自然变温饲养 ,得到全世代的发育起始温度为 10 .34℃ ,有效积温为 2 57.2 5日度。该虫主要以幼虫潜食叶肉造成危害。周年发生 ,呈春、秋季两个高峰 ,以春季为重。田间天敌主要是潜蝇姬小蜂 Diglyphus sp.、稀网姬小蜂 Euplectrus sp.以及金小蜂科 Pteromalidae中的一种寄生蜂 ,均为幼虫寄生。     

矢尖蚧发生动态及其寄生性天敌

柑桔矢尖蚧在福建闽北地区一年发生3代。以雌成虫和部分若虫及少数雄蛹越冬．一龄幼蚧盛期,第一代为4月中,下旬。第二代7月上．中旬,第三代9月中旬前后。二龄幼蚧盛期．第一代为5月上、中旬,第二代7月下旬,和第三代9月下旬．后期世代重叠．福建已知寄生蜂6种．其中一种为重寄生蜂,以矢尖蚧黄蚜小蜂为优势种．寄生生蜂自然寄生率最高达49.1%。     

南京地区菜粉蝶Pieris rapae Linné寄生蜂考查

1956-1958年间, 作者在南京考查菜粉蝶天敌, 发现重要种类有:黄金小蜂(Pteromalus puparum(L.))、广大腿蜂(Brachymeria euploeae Westwood)、菜粉蝶黑疣姬蜂(Pimla sp.)和黄绒茧蜂(Apantelesglomeratus(L.))等数种。幼虫期寄生蜂的寄生率平均为3.3%, 蛹期为53.86%。黄金小蜂为蛹寄生蜂, 一年发生11-12代(室内), 以幼虫或蛹在寄主蛹壳内越冬, 寄生率平均为50.52%, 高者可达80%以上;雌峰率为65.12%;羽化率为93.17%。广大腿蜂寄生率平均为3.34%, 蛹寄生, 雌蜂率为58.43%。菜粉蝶黑疣姬蜂在国内寄生于菜粉蝶, 尚属初次报导。单寄生于越冬寄主蛹内, 寄生率为1.91%。黄绒茧峰只在一头菜粉蝶幼虫中发现, 寄生率为3.3%。黄金小蜂为菜粉蝶生物防治较合理想的一种寄生蜂, 但不能终年抑制菜粉蝶的猖獗。作者建议:(1)增加早春黄金小蜂的虫口数量;(2)解决8月间寄主数量的不足, 从而使黄金小蜂充分发挥其寄生能力, 达到菜粉蝶生物防治的目的。     

椰眼蝶生物学特性初步研究

椰眼蝶ElymniashypermnestrahainanaMr.取食假按榔ArchontophoenixalexandlWendletDrude等棕桐科园林植物。该虫一年发生3代,以幼虫或蛹在叶片上越冬。4月上旬成虫羽化,幼虫5龄。喜食叶片顶端,叶片基部仅在大发生时才取食。5～6月、8～9月、11月为取食高峰期。幼虫可被螳螂、绒茧蜂、广大腿小蜂等天敌控制,蛹可被瘤姬蜂等寄生。     

白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的羽化和产卵与寄主之间的关系

白蜡窄吉丁是危害白蜡属树木的一种重要蛀干害虫,因其幼虫期高度的隐蔽性生活而极难检测和防治.白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂是新发现外寄生于白蜡窄吉丁幼虫的优势天敌种,对寄主害虫的控制作用较强,具有良好的生物防治利用前景.研究调查了白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂及其寄主白蜡窄吉丁越冬代成虫羽化的时序差异、不同时期林间的寄生率、寄主密度与寄生率的关系以及寄主幼虫大小与茧蜂产卵量的关系.结果表明,越冬后白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂的羽化时间比其寄主害虫白蜡窄吉丁的羽化要晚1个多月.2003年白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂越冬代成虫的羽化从6月中旬持续到8月中旬,羽化高峰期在7月份;寄主白蜡窄吉丁的羽化期在5月中下旬.2004年白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂越冬代成虫的羽化从5月下旬持续到7月下旬,羽化高峰期在6月下旬至7月上旬;寄主羽化期在4月中旬至5月中旬（室内）.越冬后天敌的羽化时间刚好适应最早寄主发育到可供寄生的龄期,这是二者长期协同进化的结果,也表明白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂很可能是一种专性寄生蜂.林间白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂对白蜡窄吉丁幼虫的自然寄生率随着时间的推移总体上是逐步上升的.自然条件下茧蜂决定是否产卵与寄主幼虫的大小即龄期有关,它仅在前胸宽和体宽1.5 mm、体长12 mm以上,即3～4龄的寄主幼虫体表产卵,但只要接受寄主并产卵,不同龄期寄主幼虫上的产卵量无显著的差异.     

寄生天敌对东安马尾松毛虫(Dendrolimus punctatus Walk.)数量消长作用的初步考查

1.据1954年考查,东安马尾松毛虫的天敌很多,尤其是寄生天敌,它是限制或抑制松毛虫大发生的决定性因素。 2.卵期的寄生天敌有:松毛虫黑卵蜂,赤眼蜂,平腹小蜂,白角小蜂,名和小蜂及金小蜂等六种,其中以前三种较为重要。 3.第一代松毛虫的卵寄生率为12.76％,其中黑卵峰的寄生率达5.83％,第二代松毛虫的卵寄生率为40.61％,其中黑卵蜂的寄生率达33.45％。 4.松毛虫各种卵蜂羽化时期及数量的观察,使我们初步了解卵蜂的一些生物学特性,对于今后饲放卵寄生蜂防治松毛虫的措施提供了重要依据。 5.幼虫期的寄生天敌有:两色瘦姬蜂,黑胸姬蜂,红头小茧蜂,黄甲腹小茧蜂,毒蛾绒茧蜂,寄生蝇类及白僵病菌等,其中以白僵病菌及寄生蝇类较为重要。 6.三次幼虫期寄生天敌的考查可以看出:越冬代老熟幼虫的死亡率(包括寄生率)达56.62％,第一代幼虫的死亡率(包括寄生率)达82.83％,第二代幼龄幼虫的死亡率(包括寄生率)达40.83％,幼虫期的死亡率(主要是寄生率)相当高。 7.蛹期的寄生天敌有:日本黑点姬蜂,大腿蜂,花胸姬蜂,黑瘤姬蜂,松毛虫瘤姬蜂,寄生蝇类及白僵病菌等,其中以日本黑点姬蜂、寄生蝇类及白僵病菌等较为重要,但需指出,可能是因为病菌寄生的原因,未羽化蛹的比例很大,如在越冬代占36.68％,第一代占40.11％,这是值得今后深     

葱斑潜蝇生物学特性研究

葱斑潜蝇在山东1年发生6－7代,以蛹于10月在地表5cm左右土中越冬。4月下旬越冬代蛹开始羽化,羽化高峰在5－6月,4月下旬始幼虫,5月中旬出现第1代成虫,世代重叠发生,盛发期在6－9月,完成1代需17－31天,其中卵期2－5天,幼虫期3－9天,蛹期11－18天,成虫活动高度多在1m以下,取食,产卵喜在大葱心部第2,3叶,平均单雌产率109．3粒。幼虫潜食主植物的叶片而形成潜道。温度20－32℃、湿度60％－90％利于其生长发育,危害和繁殖。恒温下测得全世代的的发育起点温度为10．0℃,有效积温为361．1日度,土壤含水量5％－15％适宜蛹羽化。寄生性天敌有幼虫幼虫期寄生的姬小蜂6种,寄生率达40％;幼虫一蛹期寄生的金小蜂1种、茧蜂2种,寄生率为28．4％－79．4％。     

陕西秦岭蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004～2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensis Chou et Ran的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末～6月上句为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬～8月中句为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35～60d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4～8d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35～180粒,卵期5～9d;幼虫蝴型,共4龄。历期38～50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8—18d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

广大腿小蜂对菜粉蝶蛹体型大小的产卵选择及后代发育表现

产卵选择与后代发育适合度之间的相关性是进化生态学的主要科学问题之一。为探究广大腿小蜂(Brachymeria lasus)对不同体型大小寄主的选择和后代发育表现的关系,采用饥饿方法处理4龄菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)幼虫以获得体型大小(用体质量表示)差异较大的寄主蛹,供寄生蜂选择寄生。结果表明,广大腿小蜂显著偏好体型较大的寄主蛹,而且在体型较大的蛹内产雌性后代的概率更大;子代蜂体型大小与寄主蛹大小存在显著的正相关性,但子代蜂发育历期与寄主蛹大小无相关性。研究说明,广大腿小蜂对菜粉蝶蛹的寄生选择与后代发育表现,符合寄主大小-质量模型的预测。     

六盘山翠金小蜂生物学特性的研究

六盘山翠金小蜂Tritneptis sp.是华北落叶松人工林主要食叶害虫落叶松红腹叶蜂Pristiphora erichsonii Hartig茧期的体外复寄生性天敌。对该蜂的生物学特性研究表明,该蜂在宁夏六盘山1年2代,以幼虫在寄主茧内越冬,翌年4月中旬开始活动取食,5月中旬开始化蛹,成蜂从6月中旬开始羽化,每头虫茧平均出蜂6.14头,雌雄比1.79∶1,雌蜂6月下旬开始产卵,一只雌蜂一生可在12.2头寄主虫茧上产卵,第1代寄生蜂幼虫7月上旬开始孵化并吸食寄主营养发育,7月下旬开始化蛹,8月上旬开始羽化并交尾、产卵寄生。该蜂体型较大,对寄主跟随性强,无重寄生天敌,自然寄生率7.3%～33.6%,是一种优良天敌寄生蜂。     

夹竹桃天蛾的生物学特性

夹竹桃天蛾Daphnis nerii(Linnaeus)是夹竹桃上的重要害虫,具有间歇性爆发的特点。该虫在湖南省衡阳地区1年发生2～3代,以蛹在寄主附近的枯枝落叶层、表层松土及土壤缝穴中越冬。越冬代成虫于6月上旬出现,6月中下旬产卵。6月下旬第1代幼虫孵化;第1代成虫于7月中旬出现,7月下旬产卵。第2代幼虫8月上旬孵化,8月下旬至9月上旬幼虫危害最历害,9月中旬开始化蛹,化蛹持续到10月中旬。第2代蛹发生分化,一部分成为越冬蛹,另一部分则羽化为成虫。第2代成虫于10月上旬开始产下第3代卵。10月上旬第3代幼虫开始孵化,11月中旬第3代幼虫开始化蛹、越冬。     

黑脉蛱蝶的生物学特性与生境调查

通过野外观察、室内饲养、野外调查等方法研究黑脉蛱蝶Hestina assimilis(L.)的生物学特性以及生境状况。该蝶幼虫以榆科朴属(Celtis spp.)植物为食,在南京地区1年发生3代,10月下旬以4龄或5龄幼虫在寄主植物的落叶中越冬,翌年4月初越冬幼虫眠起活动。越冬代成虫5月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第1代7月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期;第2代9月上旬始见、中旬为高峰期。幼虫共5龄,在室内饲养的条件下,卵期为4～5d,幼虫期为28～42d,蛹期为7～8d。     

Life-cycle characteristics of Tetrastichus turionum, a parasitoid of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana

Abstract:  The life cycle of Tetrastichus turionum , a pupal endoparasitoid of the European pine shoot moth Rhyacionia buoliana , was studied in Spain in the field, prior to its use as a potential biological control agent of this pest in Chile. T. turionum showed two generations acting on the same host generation. Adults from the overwintering generation emerged and dispersed from mid- to late spring and gave rise to a fast developing, current year generation. Adults of this generation emerged and oviposited in early to mid-summer, producing progeny that overwintered as fourth instar larvae inside their host. Both generations appeared highly synchronized to the presence of pupae in the host population. The role of decreasing day length in the induction of diapause is also discussed. Laboratory bioassays showed that T. turionum did not oviposit on R. buoliana larvae already parasitized by Orgilus obscurator , a major larval parasitoid, already introduced in Chile. The results reinforce the suitability of T. turionum as a promising parasitoid that would complement O. obscurator in the biological control of European pine shoot moth.     

酢浆灰蝶生物学特性研究

通过野外观察、室内饲养等方法研究了酢浆灰蝶Pseudozizeeria maha(Kollar)的生活史及生物学特性。在南京地区,该蝶幼虫以酢浆草科Oxalidaceae的黄花酢浆草(Oxalis corniculataL.)为食,1年5代,世代交替发生。酢浆灰蝶在10月末以蛹在枯枝落叶或土壤表层浅洞中越冬,越冬代成虫次年5月始见、中旬为高峰期,5月中旬始见第1代卵及幼虫,6—10月间各月各虫态均同时发生,期间每月中下旬为成虫活动高峰期。幼虫共4龄,野外2～4龄幼虫具迁移、避热与适蚁行为。在室内饲养条件下,卵期为3～4d,幼虫期为22～26d,蛹期为6～7d。     

Bioecological characteristics of Bassus tumidulus (Nees) (Hym., Braconidae), a parasitoid of the poplar twig borer, Gypsonoma aceriana (Dup.) (Lep., Tortricidae) in Bulgaria

Main aspects of biology and ecology of Bassus tumidulus (Nees), a parasitoid of Gypsonoma aceriana (Dup.), were studied during the period 1989–2000. Poplar tender shoots with G. aceriana larvae were collected at four localities in Bulgaria (Sofia, Svoge, Vardim and Pazardzhik) and examined in laboratory conditions. B. tumidulus was recovered in the Sofia and Svoge localities. It is a solitary internal parasitoid that attacks young larvae of G. aceriana (first–second instars) and kills host pre‐pupae. It develops two generations and overwinters as a larva in the host. Adult emergence of both overwintering and summer generation of B. tumidulus coincides with adult emergence of the host. In 1997, the first generation emergence of B. tumidulus was in relatively good synchrony with the first larval population of G. aceriana. However, the second generation B. tumidulus was not very well synchronized with the life cycle of G. aceriana because adult parasitoids appeared mostly in the beginning of the host larval population. The average mortality of G. aceriana, caused by this parasitoid in 1997 in Sofia, was 15.7 and 23.3% for the overwintering and summer generation, respectively. The highest level of parasitism by B. tumidulus, observed in individual study, was 61.5%, occurring during the summer generation in 1997.     

Notes on the biology and ecology of the parasitoids of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) (Lep., Sesiidae) in Bulgaria. II. Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst, 1826) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

The biology and ecology of Eriborus terebrans (Grav.), a parasitoid of the poplar clearwing moth, Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.), were studied during the period 1987–98. One-year-old poplar ( Populus spp.) shoots infested with P. tabaniformis larvae were collected from poplar seedlings at 11 localities in Bulgaria and examined in both field and laboratory conditions. Eriborus terebrans was recorded in seven localities as a solitary internal larval parasitoid of P. tabaniformis which developed two generations in early and mid-stage host larvae. Eriborus terebrans overwintered as a larva in P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae. In the field adult parasitoids of the overwintering generation appeared between late April/early May, and June or July. The peak activity of E. terebrans adults only coincided with the beginning of host emergence, which resulted in low levels of parasitism, being no more than 6.2%. Parasitoid adults of the summer generation appeared in late June–mid August. In this period enough larvae of the host were suitable for attacking and parasitism reached 24.4–39% in some cases. The average mortality of P. tabaniformis overwintering larvae caused by this parasitoid in Bulgaria during the period of the study was 4.7%. A significant part of the parasitized P. tabaniformis larvae constructed tunnel structures of frass and silk threads over the external openings of the galleries. It is possible that these structures protect the parasitoid cocoons from natural enemies – hyperparasitoids and predators.     

Seasonal development of the blowfly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caliphora vicina</Emphasis> R.-D. (Diptera,Calliphoridae) in the environs of St. Petersburg

Four-year monitoring of phenology of the blowfly Caliphora vicina under quasi-natural conditions in the environs of St. Petersburg demonstrated development of two complete generations and overwintering of the third generation. The duration of preimaginal development (from egg laying to adult emergence) of the 1st and 2nd generations varied from 19 to 32 days; the required sum of effective temperatures (SET) was 326 ± 31 degree-days with a threshold of 5°С. Reproductive maturation of females (the period of time from adult emergence to laying of the first eggs) lasted from 15 to 31 days (SET was 262 ± 39 degree-days with a threshold of 5°С). The duration of development of one complete generation (from egg stage to the beginning of oviposition) during the period of observation varied from 34 to 57 days (SET was about 600 degree-days with a threshold of 5°С). The first diapausing larvae hatched from the eggs laid in the middle of August. In September, at shorter day lengths and at a temperature of 10–11°С, 80–100% of the larvae entered diapause. A small fraction of the larvae of the 1st and 2nd generation and most of the larvae of the 3rd generation overwintered. Successful overwintering of adults in the environs of St. Petersburg is hardly possible.     

陕西秦岭半仓山蝎蛉的生物学观察

2004~2005年,在陕西省南部米仓山黎坪国家森林公园研究了秦岭蝎蛉Panorpa qinlingensisChouetRan的年生活史和生物学习性,通过饲养,成功获得卵、幼虫、蛹等虫态。结果表明,秦岭蝎蛉在米仓山1年发生2代,以预蛹在土室里越冬,5月中旬始见越冬代成虫,5月中旬末~6月上旬为越冬代成虫羽化盛期,7月下旬~8月中旬为第1代成虫羽化盛期,成虫在室内可存活35~60 d。羽化近1周后开始交尾,交尾4~8 d后开始产卵,单雌产卵量35~180粒,卵期5~9 d;幼虫型,共4龄,历期38~50d;蛹为强颚离蛹,蛹期8~18 d。记述了主要生物学习性。     

Lydella thompsoni Herting (Dipt., Tachinidae), a parasitoid of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lep., Pyralidae) in Slovakia, Czech Republic and south-western Poland

This paper shows that, within Central Europe, parasitism of the European corn borer (ECB) by the tachinid parasitoid, Lydella thompsoni (LT) increased from 0.47 to 1.49% in south-western Poland (51°03'N), to 4.31–21.95% in eastern Slovakia (48°20'N). The synchrony between the parasitoid LT and its primary host, the ECB, was studied in Central Europe under conditions where the host is univoltine, but the parasitoid is bivoltine. A cumulated total of more than 400 LT was field-collected from overwintering ECB larvae. The parasitoid hibernated as larva inside the host. Pupation started in the second half of the following March and 50% of pupation was surpassed in the first half of April. The first parasitoid adults emerged at the end of April and the majority at the beginning of May. Development threshold temperatures for 50% pupation was determined to be 2.7°C, and for 50% adult emergence 5.0°C; the respective thermal constants were 178.8–179.8 and 237.7–251.8 Celsius degree-days. Emerged adults did not parasitize overwintered ECB larvae in spring, hence there must be an alternate host for the first generation of LT in areas of univoltine life cycle of the ECB. Parasitization of the ECB larvae by LT continued until the end of July. The first parasitoid adults from this second generation emerged in the second half of August. By the end of the season, nearly one-third of LT adults had emerged. The rest of this generation apparently overwintered in the larval stage.