工业生物技术的过程科学研究概况及发展趋势

简述了工业生物技术领域在过程科学方面的研究现状及发展趋势,从"细胞群体效应及过程放大原理"、"工业生物过程物质和能量传递与生物转化规律"、"工业生物过程优化新方法"等3个方面介绍了我国工业生物技术过程科学的重点进展和在国际上的地位,最后从"生物原料高效转化"、"生物转化过程物质和能量协调和匹配"、"生物过程强化"、"生物过程系统集成"等方面提出了工业生物技术在过程科学研究方面未来的战略方向。     

2012年生物农业发展态势分析

我国的生物农业起步较晚,但在生物育种和绿色农用制品两大领域已形成了相当规模.本文具体从生物种业、生物饲料、生物农药、生物肥料和生物疫苗5个产业方面分析了2012年我国生物农业发展趋势,整体市场前景良好.     

生物同质化研究透视

生物同质化是指特定时间段内两个或多个生物区在生物组成和功能上的趋同化过程, 包括遗传同质化、 种类组成同质化和功能同质化三个方面。近年来, 生物同质化问题已引起生态学界的高度重视, 成为保护生物地理学的一个全新议题, 但在国内的相关研究较少。本文从生物同质化概念的发展历程入手, 对生物同质化三个方面的度量方法和驱动因素分别做了介绍和评述, 指出外来物种入侵和本土物种灭绝是导致生物同质化的最主要原因, 其他能促进这两个过程的活动, 如环境退化和干扰、城市化和生境同质化等都会对生物同质化有影响; 生物同质化具尺度效应, 在不同生物地理区域以及不同生态系统和生物类群之间, 生物同质化程度不同, 主要驱动力也各异。探讨了生物同质化在生态、生物进化和人文经济方面的影响以及生物同质化与生物多样性保护的关系。最后对我国开展生物同质化研究的必要性和需要解决的问题做了探讨, 以期能推动生物同质化研究在我国的发展。     

桔小实蝇生物防治研究进展

本文综述了国内外桔小实蝇的生物防治研究进展,概括了国内外对桔小实蝇起主要控制作用的主要天敌种类,论述了桔小实蝇寄生性天敌、捕食性天敌的利用;病原微生物中真菌、线虫、共生菌等的利用;对桔小实蝇具有引诱作用的水解蛋白、化学物质和植物次生物利用;桔小实蝇不育技术的应用等方面,并讨论了今后持续控制桔小实蝇中生物防治方面的发展趋势,以期为今后桔小实蝇持续控制提供生物防治方面的参考.     

生物能源与环保——全球生物燃料发展概况

生物燃料由于其各方面的优点近几年来发展迅速,本文从多个角度综述了生物燃料的发展概况和政策,着重介绍了燃料己醇和生物柴油两种主要生物燃料产品的发展情况,并对生物燃料的发展前景进行了展望。     

973项目“生物制造手性化学品的科学基础”取得突出进展

“生物制造手性化学品的科学基础”项目围绕手性生物制造的关键科学问题,在手性识别规律解析、生物催化剂理性设计、反应调控、典型生物制造过程重构等方面取得了较大进展。     

生物数据标准化研究进展

随着生物测序技术的快速发展,积累了海量的生物数据。生物数据资源作为生物分析研究及应用的核心和源头,为保证数据的正确性、可用性和安全性,对生物数据资源进行标准化的管理非常重要和迫切。本文综述了目前国内外生物数据标准化研制进展,目前国内外对生物数据缺少一个总体的规划,生物数据语义存在大量的不兼容性,数据格式多种多样,在生物数据收集、处理、存储和共享等方面缺乏统一的标准。国内外生物数据标准化处于起步阶段,但各国生物专家都在努力进行标准研制工作。文章最后从生物数据术语、生物数据资源收集、处理和交换、存储、生物数据库建设和生物数据伦理规范等方面出发,对标准研制工作进行一一探讨,期望能为生物数据标准制定提供一定的参考和依据。     

荧光纳米生物传感器研究进展

荧光纳米生物传感器检测物质具有灵敏度高、响应迅速、抗干扰性强、无需参比电极等特点而被广泛地运用于生物传感技术领域。本文综述了荧光纳米生物传感器种类和特点,介绍了国内外近期在荧光纳米生物传感器及在生物检测方面的一些研究成果及进展,并作了分析比较。着重讨论了纳米粒子荧光生物传感器和光纤纳米荧光生物传感器的特性及其在生物分析中的应用。     

生物毒性测定在环境监测方面的应用

改革开放以来,经济的不断发展,以及工业化进程的加快,导致我国的环境污染日益严重,为了解决该问题,我国进行了一系列的环保工作。尤其是党的科学发展观提出之后,我国环保部门更加强了对环保工作的重视,开始兴起了对生物毒性测定在环境监测方面的应用的探索,努力把生物技术应用于环境监测,采用一种全新的方法来加强对环境的监测,从而促进环保工作的进一步发展。但是,由于一些工作还处于起步阶段,具体的管理机制还不完善,而且大多数人对于生物毒性测定在环境监测方面的应用的认识还不充分,导致各项工作的制定并不科学,实施过程中出现了很多问题,并没有真正的实现其保护环境的作用。因此,有必要进一步完善生物毒性测定在环境监测方面的应用,规范生物毒性测定的管理,保证其能够在环境监测方面得到科学、有序的应用,以避免对其滥用的局面的发生,从而加强环境监测的作用,保证一切环境保护工作能够正常、有效地开展,以促进社会可持续发展得步伐的加快。本文基于生物毒性测定在环境监测方面的应用的现状,分析了生物毒性测定应用于环境监测方面的必要性,并提出了加强生物毒性测定在环境监测方面的应用的具体对策,为了促进生物毒性测定在环境监测方面的应用的进一步发展以及环境监测及保护工作效率的提高,提供了一些切实可行的指导性意见。     

重视女性在生物多样性保护中的作用

中国是生物多样性大国,也是高度重视性别平等的国家之一,在履行《生物多样性公约》和世界性别平等舞台上均扮演着重要角色。但目前中国在生物多样性保护中的性别主流化方面仍进展较慢,这与其在推进生物多样性保护方面发挥的积极作用不相匹配。为此,本文通过梳理生物多样性与性别的特别关系,探讨了生物多样性保护中性别概念的产生和演化过程,分析了国际组织、多边基金和一些国家在生物多样性保护中性别主流化方面的研究成果和工作进展,进而提出加强性别与生物多样性问题的研究、相关机构能力的建设、性别与生物多样性的政策导入以及国内生物多样性项目的管理等建议,以期为中国在未来生物多样性与性别领域开展工作、国家履约和参与《生物多样性公约》国际谈判提供参考。     

Pollenkitt – its composition, forms and functions

Two types of sticky pollen coat material exist in angiosperms, both produced by the anther tapetum. Pollenkitt is the most common adhesive material present around pollen grains of almost all angiosperms pollinated by animals, whereas tryphine seems to be restricted only to Brassicaceae. Tapetal cell protoplasts have different patterns of development according to the products formed during their development and degeneration. If tryphine is formed, the tapetal cell protoplasts lose their individuality at the microspore stage. If pollenkitt is formed, their contents degenerate at later stages. Cell content is totally reabsorbed, when ripe pollen is not surrounded by any gluing material. Current knowledge of pollenkitt formation, deposition on pollen grains and chemical composition are reviewed and discussed. Methods for detecting this viscous fluid are also presented. The many functions of pollenkitt, deduced from personal observations and the literature, act in the period between anther opening and pollen hydration on the stigma; they are: (1) to hold pollen in the anther until dispersal; (2) to enable secondary pollen presentation; (3) to facilitate pollen dispersal; (4) to protect pollen from water loss; (5) to protect pollen from ultra-violet radiation; (6) to maintain sporophytic proteins responsible for pollen–stigma recognition inside exine cavities; (7) to protect pollen protoplasts from fungi and bacteria; (8) to keep together pollen grains during transport; (9) to protect pollen from hydrolysis and exocellular enzymes; (10) to render pollen attractive to animals; (11) to render pollen visible to animal eyes; (12) to hide pollen from animal eyes; (13) to avoid predation of pollen through smell; (14) to enable adhesion to insect bodies; (15) to enable pollen packaging by bees and to form corbicules; (16) to provide a digestible reward for pollinators; (17) to enable pollen clumps to reach the stigma; (18) to allow self-pollination; (19) to facilitate adhesion to the stigma; (20) to facilitate pollen rehydration. Depending on the developmental program of the species, these functions may act during pollen presentation, in relation to pollinators, during pollen dispersal and when pollen reaches the stigma.     

Transmitter-Induced Calcium Responses Differ in Astrocytes Acutely Isolated from Rat Brain and in Culture

Abstract: Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes isolated from the cerebral cortices of 3–10-day-old rats frequently showed increased intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration responses to l -glutamate and glutamate analogues. However, few of the acutely isolated cells responded to ATP, and no such cells responded to serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]. The same cell that failed to respond to ATP or 5-HT often responded to glutamate. Culturing acutely isolated cells in media containing horse serum decreased Ca²⁺ responses to glutamate but increased the responses to ATP and induced responses to 5-HT. In primary cultures prepared from the cerebral cortices of 1-day-old rats and cultured in horse serum, fewer of the cells responded to glutamate, but almost all cells responded to ATP and 5-HT. The lack of, or limited response to, 5-HT or ATP in the acutely isolated cells seems unlikely to be due to selective damage to the respective receptors because acutely isolated GFAP-negative cells showed responses to ATP, several different proteases and mechanical dissociation yielded cells that also responded to glutamate but not to ATP, and exposure of primary cultures to papain did not abolish Ca²⁺ responses to several transmitters. The responses of the acutely isolated cells to glutamate but limited or lack of responses to ATP and 5-HT also correspond to what has been seen so far for astrocytes in situ. Thus, the present studies provide direct evidence that some of the receptors seen in primary astrocyte cultures may reflect a response to culture conditions and that, in the context of the relevant information so far available, acutely isolated astrocytes seem to reflect better the in vivo state.     

湖北省褐飞虱对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮及氟虫腈的抗药性监测

采用稻茎浸渍法监测湖北省武穴、天门、监利、通城、孝感、公安及枣阳七地褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Sta1)田间种群对吡虫啉、噻嗪酮、氟虫腈的抗药性。结果表明:2006、2007和2008年3年7地褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉的抗性分别为98.89～389.19倍、69.00～153.33倍和56.32～116.89倍,达高水平至极高水平抗性,但3年期间总体抗性水平呈现一定程度的下降趋势;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对噻嗪酮的抗性分别为13.39～41.06倍和6.94～20.44倍,达低水平至高水平抗性;2007和2008年2年7地褐飞虱对氟虫腈抗性分别为0.97～2.64倍和0.63～1.42倍,为敏感阶段。此外,还对褐飞虱的治理进行讨论。     

农田烟粉虱寄主植物调查初报

2001～2002年通过调查福州、漳州农田烟粉虱寄主范围,记录农田烟粉虱寄主植物17科62种(变种)．其中豆科7种、茄科6种、十字花科8种、葫芦科9种、菊科10种、苋科4种、藜科4种、旋花科2种、锦葵科2种、、大戟科2种、柳叶草科2种、蓼科1种、玄参科1种、番杏科1种、大麻科1种、免丝子科1种、伞形花科1种。农田烟粉虱寄主植物主要以蔬菜作物和农田阔叶杂草为主。     

Evaluation of resistance to different insecticides in field strains of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Punjab, Pakistan

Susceptibility of field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Punjab, Pakistan to selected insecticides was evaluated using the leaf dip method. The resistance factors varied between populations. The general trends were low to moderate resistance to endosulfan; very low to low resistance to chlorpyrifos and profenofos; very low resistance to spinosad, indoxacarb and thiodicarb; moderate to high resistance to bifenthrin; high to very high resistance to cypermethrin; and very high resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin. Integrated pest management strategies aimed at reducing pesticide application, such as rotating the conventional insecticides having low resistance with newly developed synthetic insecticides and conserving natural enemies, are recommended.     

横断山区的蝶类资源与珍稀蝴蝶的保护

横断山区的蝶类561种,隶属于12科,208属.在12科中,种类最多的是蛱蝶科148种,其次是眼蝶科117种,灰蝶科65种,凤蝶科63种,粉蝶科60种,弄蝶科60种,蚬蝶科18种,绢蝶科12种,斑蝶科9种,环蝶科6种,喙蝶科2种,珍蝶科1种.分布于横断山区的珍稀蝴蝶有44种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护的1种,Ⅱ级保护的3种.     

激光采血的分析研究

本文根据激光与皮肤组织的作用规律对紫外激光,可见激光和红外激光的采血效果进行了系统地分析研究,研究结果表明：CO2激光与Er:YAG激光是采血的理想工具。并对红外激光采血的参娄进行了定量地分析与计算,为激光采血设备的研制和应用提供一个参考。     

Determination of nutrient requirements for growth and maintenance of growing pigs under tropical condition

Data from 27 feeding trials conducted on growing pigs from different research institutes across India were subjected to mixed model regression analysis to derive requirements of digestible energy (DE), crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids for maintenance and body weight gains. The ranges of maintenance requirements were determined to be: DE 516 to 702 kJ/kg M^0.75, CP 6.98 to 11.62, lysine 0.431 to 0.664, methionine 0.265 to 0.458, methionine + cystine 0.327 to 0.466, cystine 0.055 to 0.184, threonine 0.205 to 0.511, arginine 0.377 to 1.21, isoleucine 0.241 to 0.775, leucine 0.604 to 1.54, phenylalanine + tyrosine 0.496 to 1.33, tryptophan 0.078 to 0.213, and valine 0.330 to 0.892 g/kg M^0.75, respectively for different body weight ranges. The corresponding requirements for 1 g gain in body weight were: DE 28.6 to 38.6 kJ, CP 0.27 to 0.44 g, lysine 0.0071 to 0.0126 g, methionine 0.0047 to 0.0133 g, methionine + cystine 0.0151 to 0.0261 g, cystine 0.0043 to 0.0094 g, threonine 0.0052 to 0.0165 g, arginine 0.0045 to 0.0301 g, isoleucine 0.0023 to 0.0198 g, leucine 0.0150 to 0.0447 g, phenylalanine + tyrosine 0.0091 to 0.0382 g, tryptophan 0.0005 to 0.0044 g, and valine 0.0061 to 0.0222 g. Regression equations had high R² values (ranging from 0.50 to 0.99 for different estimates), low coefficients of variation, low variance of error estimates and the coefficients were highly significant (P < 0.001). Regressed values were used to develop feeding standards. As the new standards derived in the present study are based on a thorough analysis of a larger database than previous Indian standards, the new feeding standard seems to be more appropriate for India and other tropical countries.     

Behavioral responses of American toad and bullfrog tadpoles to the presence of cues from the invasive fish, Gambusia affinis

The introduction of non-native predators is thought to have important negative effects on native prey populations. The susceptibility of native prey to non-native or introduced predators may depend on their ability to respond appropriately to the presence of these non-native predators. We conducted a laboratory based behavioral experiment to examine the response of American toad (Bufo americanus) and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles to the presence of cues from the introduced mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), a potential tadpole predator. Neither the American toad tadpoles nor the bullfrog tadpoles responded behaviorally to the presence of mosquitofish cues. If tadpoles are unable to respond to the presence of mosquitofish cues appropriately, then their ability to avoid predation by mosquitofish may be compromised and this may contribute to the impacts of mosquitofish on some tadpole populations.     

Developmental effects of trichloroacetate in Zebrafish embryos: Association with the production of superoxide anion

To assess the developmental toxicity of trichloroacetate (TCA), zebrafish embryos were exposed to 8 to 48 mM of TCA and evaluated for developmental milestones from 8‐ to 144‐hour postfertilization (hpf). All developmental toxicities are reported in this paper. Embryos were found to have developed edema in response to 16 to 48 mM of TCA exposure at 32‐ to 80‐hpf, experienced delay in hatching success in response to 24 to 48 mM at 80‐hpf. Lordosis was observed in developing embryos exposed to 40 to 48 mM at 55‐ to 144‐hpf. The observed toxic effects of TCA exposure were found to be concentration and exposure period independent. Effects were found to be associated with increases in superoxide anion production, but these increases were also found to be concentration and time independent. TCA resulted in concentration‐dependent increases in embryonic lethality at 144‐hpf, with an LC₅₀ determined to be 29.7 mM.