菌寄生真菌分子生物学研究进展

菌寄生真菌（mycoparasites）是一类具重要理论和应用价值的真菌．它们不仅对植物病害有防治潜力,而且对阐明生物间的寄生现象及信号传递有重要意义．近几年,菌寄生真菌的研究有较大进展,重点有两个方面。一个属理论研究领域,研究方向集中在菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制;另一个属应用研究领域,集中在菌寄生真菌产生的细胞壁降解酶的调节、纯化、基因克隆以及外源细胞壁降解酶基因转人菌寄生真菌中等方面．本文论述如下．1菌寄生真菌与寄主真菌相互识别的分子机制生物间相互识别的分子基础是当今生命科学研究的热门,也是生…     

冬虫夏草菌侵染及寄生阶段的生长发育研究

冬虫夏草菌侵染进入寄主幼虫血体腔后,断裂形成长梭形的菌体。菌体以顶端出芽的方式增殖,分隔分化,互相质配。质配菌体生长出菌丝充满寄主幼虫血体腔,使幼虫死亡并形成僵虫形的菌核,菌核萌生子座即形成冬虫夏草。     

菌寄生真菌卷囊丝菌属Helicogonium——中国新记录属

<正>Helicogonium由White(1942)以H.jacksonii W.L.White为模式种建立,初为单种属。Bara(l1999)对该属进行专题研究,认为Myriogonium Cain     

植物内生菌防治植物寄生线虫的研究进展

植物内生菌作为生物防治中的天然资源菌,已引起越来越多研究者的关注。从植物内生菌的分布和种类、分离培养、活性筛选、活性物质成分以及防治植物寄生线虫的作用机理几方面内容进行综述,并对植物内生菌防治植物寄生线虫的相关问题及发展趋势进行探讨,以期为今后深入开展相关研究提供参考。     

华东地区根结线虫寄生真菌调查

通过对5种分离根结线虫寄生真菌的方法的比较,发现通过雌成虫平板分离法和卵平板分离法有较高的成功率,其他三种自幼虫上或土壤中分离的方法很少取得成功。从华东地区104个根结线虫样品中分离得到根结线虫寄生真菌648个菌株,鉴定为14个属22个种,其中Cylindrocarpon destuctans,C.heteronema,Fusarium equiseti,F.lateritium,F.proliferatum,Gliocladium virens,Humicola fuscoatra,Idriella lunata,Trichoderma hamatum,T.harzianum,Verticillium catenulatum,Volutella cilliata为首次报道在根结线虫上寄生。通过种种分析发现Fusarium solani出现频率最高,F.oxysporum,Paceilomyces lilacinus和Acremonium strictum virens和Trichoderma harzianum仅在卵上分离到,而Volutella cilliata,Trichoderma hamatum和Idriella lunata仅在雌成虫分离到,从幼虫上仅分离一次Paecilomyces lilacinus。其它真菌在卵和成虫上均可分离得到,真菌种类三 奶结线虫上和在不同地区有所不同。     

白蚁菌圃真菌多样性研究进展

白蚁菌圃存在于白蚁巢中,具有硬而脆的多孔结构,是特殊的真菌生存环境。当有白蚁在白蚁巢内活动时,蚁巢伞Termitomyces是菌圃上的优势菌;当白蚁巢被废弃,炭角菌Xylaria成为菌圃上的优势真菌。菌圃中还存在其他微生物如无性型真菌（anamorphic fungi）和酵母等。菌圃中的真菌很多具有潜在药用价值或其他经济价值。从蚁巢伞、炭角菌等主要真菌类群出发,结合分子生态学研究菌圃真菌多样性的方法,综述了白蚁菌圃真菌多样性的研究进展,揭示了目前的研究热点及存在的问题,并针对这些问题提出可能的发展方向。     

胰岛素信号转导通路和衰老研究进展

衰老是生物学中一个基本的、尚未解决的问题。过去十几年在无脊椎动物方面的研究表明,胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号通路发生改变可以增加寿命和延迟衰老。在酵母、线虫、果蝇和小鼠等方面的研究已经勾画出了这个神秘问题的大致轮廓。     

真菌双组分信号转导系统及其抑制剂研究进展

双组分信号转导系统存在于包括真菌在内的大部分低等真核生物、原核生物及一些植物中。真菌双组分信号转导蛋白在细胞新陈代谢、毒力以及致病性等方面具有重要作用,且目前在人类细胞中尚未发现双组分信号转导系统。因此,探明真菌双组分信号转导系统的机制,可为抑制剂的设计和寻找提供多个"靶点",从而研制出能够抗致病性真菌而不对宿主细胞造成损伤的新型抗真菌药物。本文就近年来真菌双组分信号转导系统及其潜在抑制剂进行综述。     

昆虫天然免疫相关基因研究进展

在长期进化过程中,昆虫形成了强大的天然免疫防御系统,即体液免疫和细胞免疫。体液免疫主要包括Toll、IMD和JAK/STAT 3条信号通路,通过信号转导及免疫途径调控免疫相关基因的表达,诱导产生抗菌肽和其他效应分子。细胞免疫由血细胞介导,主要完成对病原物的包裹、吞噬和集结等。近年来,昆虫基因组学快速发展,通过生物信息学等方法从昆虫基因组数据中已鉴定到大量免疫相关基因,对这些基因的研究加深了人们对昆虫天然免疫分子机制的认识和理解。根据基因功能,免疫相关基因分为识别、信号转导、调制器、效应分子、黑化反应、RNA干扰和其他基因等7类,这些基因通过互作来调控体液免疫和细胞免疫。本文对昆虫免疫相关基因的分类、功能及家族进化等方面的研究成果进行总结,并对今后昆虫免疫的研究重点进行了展望,以期为昆虫免疫分子机制的研究及开发新的害虫防治策略提供依据。     

Protein-protein recognition: an experimental and computational study of the R89K mutation in Raf and its effect on Ras binding

Binding of the protein Raf to the active form of Ras promotes activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway, triggering cell growth and differentiation. Raf/Arg89 in the center of the binding interface plays an important role determining Ras-Raf binding affinity. We have investigated experimentally and computationally the Raf-R89K mutation, which abolishes signaling in vivo. The binding to [gamma-35S]GTP-Ras of a fusion protein between the Raf-binding domain (RBD) of Raf and GST was reduced at least 175-fold by the mutation, corresponding to a standard binding free energy decrease of at least 3.0 kcal/mol. To compute this free energy and obtain insights into the microscopic interactions favoring binding, we performed alchemical simulations of the RBD, both complexed to Ras and free in solution, in which residue 89 is gradually mutated from Arg into Lys. The simulations give a standard binding free energy decrease of 2.9+/-1.9 kcal/mol, in agreement with experiment. The use of numerous runs with three different force fields allows insights into the sources of uncertainty in the free energy and its components. The binding decreases partly because of a 7 kcal/mol higher cost to desolvate Lys upon binding, compared to Arg, due to better solvent interactions with the more concentrated Lys charge in the unbound state. This effect is expected to be general, contributing to the lower propensity of Lys to participate in protein-protein interfaces. Large contributions to the free energy change also arise from electrostatic interactions with groups up to 8 A away, namely residues 37-41 in the conserved effector domain of Ras (including 4 kcal/mol from Ser39 which loses a bifurcated hydrogen bond to Arg89), the conserved Lys84 and Lys87 of Raf, and 2-3 specific water molecules. This analysis will provide insights into the large experimental database of Ras-Raf mutations.     

PH结构域研究进展

ＰＨ结构域是一种新发现的约由１００￣１２０个氨基酸残基组成的功能性结构域,广泛分布于单细胞生物和无脊椎、脊椎动物及人的细胞骨架蛋白和信号分子等１００多种蛋白中,能与脂类、Ｇ蛋白的βγ亚单位、ＰＫＣ等配体相结合,推测其对蛋白质具有细胞和亚细胞水平的膜定位作用,并参与调节宿主蛋白 活性,从而介导信号转导过程中的蛋白南－脂类、蛋白质－蛋白质之间的相互作用。     

Thematic Review Series: Phospholipases: Central Role in Lipid Signaling and Disease: Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C in health and disease

Phospholipases are widely occurring and can be found in several different organisms, including bacteria, yeast, plants, animals, and viruses. Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of phospholipases that cleaves phospholipids on the diacylglycerol (DAG) side of the phosphodiester bond producing DAGs and phosphomonoesters. Among PLCs, phosphoinositide-specific PLC (PI-PLC) constitutes an important step in the inositide signaling pathways. The structures of PI-PLC isozymes show conserved domains as well as regulatory specific domains. This is important, as most PI-PLCs share a common mechanism, but each of them has a peculiar role and can have a specific cell distribution that is linked to a specific function. More importantly, the regulation of PLC isozymes is fundamental in health and disease, as there are several PLC-dependent molecular mechanisms that are associated with the activation or inhibition of important physiopathological processes. Moreover, PI-PLC alternative splicing variants can play important roles in complex signaling networks, not only in cancer but also in other diseases. That is why PI-PLC isozymes are now considered as important molecules that are essential for better understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying both physiology and pathogenesis, and are also potential molecular targets useful for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.     

A nanosensory device fabricated on a liposome for detection of chemical signals

This paper describes construction of a nanosensory device for amplified detection of biologically important amines as chemical signals. The device was inspired by a biological signal transduction system, and was fabricated on an artificial cell membrane through self‐organization of the molecular components, such as a synthetic receptor and a natural enzyme. Selective recognition of biologically important amines was achieved by a synthetic receptor with a pyridoxal moiety, as evaluated by means of electronic absorption spectroscopy. The selectivity in detecting amines as chemical signals mainly depends on hydrophobicity of the amines. The event upon detecting the chemical signals was transmitted to an enzyme by a metal ion acting as a mediator species, and then the enzyme amplified the event by the catalytic reaction to obtain signal output. This paper is realization of a biomimetic signal transduction system using amines as chemical signals and may provide a useful guidepost for designing integrated nanosystems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 37–43. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

前纤维蛋白的研究进展

前纤维蛋白(profilin)是一种低分子量的肌动蛋白结合蛋白,在目前发现的真核生物中普遍存在。越来越多的实验证明,前纤维蛋白除了能与肌动蛋白结合之外,在分子间相互作用的复杂网络中还起到一个控制中心的作用,而这种相互作用的重要性才刚刚被人们所了解。回顾了最近几年有关前纤维蛋白基因家族、其在信号通路中的作用、配体结合及修饰与调控方面的研究,并对目前提出的假设及存在的问题进行了讨论与展望。     

Conformation of the Ras-binding domain of Raf studied by molecular dynamics and free energy simulations

Recognition of Ras by its downstream target Raf is mediated by a Ras-recognition region in the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of Raf. Residues 78–89 in this region occupy two different conformations in the ensemble of NMR solution structures of the RBD: a fully α-helical one, and one where 87–90 form a type IV β-turn. Molecular dynamics simulations of the RBD in solution were performed to explore the stability of these and other possible conformations of both the wild-type RBD and the R89K mutant, which does not bind Ras. The simulations sample a fully helical conformation for residues 78–89 similar to the NMR helical structures, a conformation where 85–89 form a 3₁₀-helical turn, and a conformation where 87–90 form a type I |iB-turn, whose free energies are all within 0.3 kcal/mol of each other. NOE patterns and H^α chemical shifts from the simulations are in reasonable agreement with experiment. The NMR turn structure is calculated to be 3 kcal/mol higher than the three above conformations. In a simulation with the same implicit solvent model used in the NMR structure generation, the turn conformation relaxes into the fully helical conformation, illustrating possible structural artifacts introduced by the implicit solvent model. With the Raf R89K mutant, simulations sample a fully helical and a turn conformation, the turn being 0.9 kcal/mol more stable. Thus, the mutation affects the population of RBD conformations, and this is expected to affect Ras binding. For example, if the fully helical conformation of residues 78–89 is required for binding, its free energy increase in R89K will increase the binding free energy by about 0.6 kcal/mol. Proteins 31:186–200, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

高等植物油菜素内酯的生物合成及信号转导研究进展

综述了近年来发现的植物油菜素内酯生物合成缺陷型及反应不敏感型突变体,BR生物合成的早期C 6氧化和晚期C 6氧化途径,参与合成的酶以及BR信号转导等方面的研究进展,并提出了这一问题今后研究的前景.