甘蔗—大豆间作对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响

为探讨甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆鲜荚产量和农艺性状的影响,于2009—2011年连续3年在广州市华南农业大学农场进行大田试验,试验设置2种施氮水平(常规施氮(525kg·hm-2)和减量施氮(300kg·hm-2))和3种种植模式(甘蔗-大豆(1∶1)、甘蔗-大豆(1∶2)、单作大豆)。结果表明:甘蔗-大豆间作(1∶2)模式下,2009年减量施氮水平的大豆鲜荚产量较常规施氮水平提高了33%,2010和2011年不同施氮水平间均无显著差异;甘蔗-大豆间作模式对大豆的单株鲜荚重、多粒荚数和百粒鲜重无显著影响;大豆单株鲜荚重与多粒荚数在不同种植模式下均呈显著相关(P<0.05),在常规施氮间作模式下与大豆单株荚数呈显著相关(P<0.05)。甘蔗-大豆间作没有降低大豆的单株鲜荚产量,也没有对大豆的农艺性状产生负面影响,从增产增收、提高土地生产力来考虑,减量施氮模式下甘蔗-大豆间作具有一定的可行性。     

黄淮海大豆种质农艺与品质性状分析及综合评价

以303份黄淮海地区大豆种质资源为研究对象,利用变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数对11个农艺性状和2个品质性状进行多样性分析,通过主成分、相关性以及逐步回归分析对大豆种质资源进行综合评价和评价指标筛选,为黄淮海大豆种质创新和品种选育提供参考.结果表明:13个性状变异系数的变化范围为5.52％～27.61...     

生物质炭施用量对大豆农艺性状和营养物质含量的影响

以大豆品种‘徐豆18'为对象,于2020年5月在邵阳学院试验基地设0(CK)、5、10、20和40 g·kg^-1土壤添加生物质炭处理,分析盆栽大豆的生长发育、农艺性状和营养含量。结果表明: 与CK相比,施用生物质炭对大豆的生育期、株高、单株有效荚数、百粒重、叶片干重、茎秆干重和大豆籽粒中蛋白质、粗脂肪、异黄酮含量均具有显著影响。施用量为20 g·kg^-1时,大豆的发芽率最高,生育期最短,单株有效荚数最多,百粒重最大,籽粒中蛋白质、粗脂肪和异黄酮含量最高。生物质炭施用量为40 g·kg^-1时,大豆株高较高且贪青晚熟,单株有效荚数和百粒重比施用量为20 g·kg^-1时降低。综上,土壤添加生物质炭对大豆农艺性状和营养含量的影响因施用量不同而异,其中20 g·kg^-1为本试验条件下的最佳施用量。     

不同栽培条件对优质冬小麦“河农341”农艺及品质性状的影响

通过不同栽培措施对优质冬小麦品种“河农341”农艺及品质性状影响的研究,表明冬小麦适当晚播可显著增加籽粒的蛋白质和湿面筋含量;早播增加面团的断裂时间,减少软化度,提高评价值,同时能增加单位面积穗数和小区产量;播期对沉降值的影响不大。适当减少氮肥施肥量能改变面团的流变学特性,延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间,提高评价值;不同种植密度比较,在早播情况下,无论氮肥施肥量大小都是中等密度处理的小区产量最高,而在晚播情况下,无论施肥量大小,都是较高密度的产量最高。     

开花后光照长度对大豆农艺性状的影响

在人工控制条件下,研究了开花后的光照长度对大豆农艺性状的影响及大豆不同发育阶段长度与农艺性状的相关性．结果表明,开花后长日照可提高大豆的干物质积累量,在正常成熟的前提下可明显提高产量．试验进一步证明鼓粒期长度与粒重和产量呈正相关,花荚期长度对产量形成相当重要．认为东北大豆花荚期及以前的长日照有助于干物质的积累和较多花荚数量的形成,鼓粒开始后迅速缩短的日照条件可促进干物质向籽粒的运转,并加快籽粒的整齐成熟．     

长期低浓度SO2对大豆生长和产量的影响

随着化石燃料消耗量不断增加,由此产生的主要大气污染物之一SO_2的浓度和影响范围也日趋增大。SO_2对植物,特别是对农作物的影响已受到普遍重视。本研究选择我国北方种植面积大、分布广的大豆为供试作物,在野外开顶式熏气装置中进行低浓度SO_2长期暴露试验,观察SO_2对大豆生长发育及产量的影响,以期为制订农田大气环境质量标准提供有一定参考价值的生态学基准。     

黄淮海大豆种质农艺与品质性状分析及综合评价

以303份黄淮海地区大豆种质资源为研究对象,利用变异系数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数对11个农艺性状和2个品质性状进行多样性分析,通过主成分、相关性以及逐步回归分析对大豆种质资源进行综合评价和评价指标筛选,为黄淮海大豆种质创新和品种选育提供参考。结果表明：13个性状变异系数的变化范围为5.52%～27.61%,生育日数、每荚粒数、蛋白含量、脂肪含量等4个性状较稳定,株高、单株粒数、单株荚数、单株粒重、百粒重等5个性状变异丰富;13个性状多样性指数变化范围为1.9906～2.0956。聚类分析将303份大豆种质资源分为7个类群,其中第Ⅴ类群综合性状最好,可作为黄淮海大豆育种的优质亲本。主成分分析将13个性状简化为4个主成分,累积贡献率为75.051%,第1主成分与单株荚数、粒数有关;第2主成分与蛋白质、脂肪含量有关;第3主成分与籽粒大小有关;第4主成分与单株产量有关。303份大豆种质资源综合评价F值均值为0.549,ZDD04189涟水天鹅蛋的F值最高（0.935）,ZDD23089晋品42的F值最低（0.207）。通过逐步回归分析得到生育日数、株高、单株粒数、单株粒重、蛋白...     

壳聚糖对不结球白菜营养品质和某些农艺性状的影响

0.4～0.6mg·g~(-1)(种子)和20～40μg·mL~(-1)浓度范围内壳聚糖拌种及喷叶处理都能提高不结球白菜叶片中可溶性蛋白、总氨基酸、可溶性总糖、维生素C以及总叶绿素含量,降低粗纤维含量,从而改善不结球白菜的营养品质,同时不结球白菜的单株总鲜重、株高、最大叶面积、根鲜重以及根长也有增加。     

大豆突变新品系部分品质性状的分析

为丰富大豆种质资源,改良大豆品质,对现有的大豆品种进行改良,以获得新的大豆品系。大豆品种高蛋白东农42和高脂肪东农163经NaN3诱变处理后,分别在其M6代品系中取32份和54份材料进行实验,对它们的农艺性状(株高、百粒重等)和部分品质(脂肪、水溶蛋白和碱溶蛋白)进行了分析。结果表明:(1)所有品系的品质性状的变异系数差别较大,说明在后代中进行品质性状筛选是有效的;(2)突变品系内脂肪含量与水溶性蛋白含量呈显著负相关。     

不同施肥灌水处理对不同小麦品种产量和品质的影响

在小麦生育期间降水47.9 mm的条件下,以3个小麦品种为试验材料,采用四因素三水平正交设计,研究了不同灌水和施肥处理对不同小麦品种子粒产量、蛋白质含量和沉降值的影响。结果表明,全生育期施氮量300 kg/hm2和225 kg/hm2的处理子粒产量和蛋白质含量差异不显著,但均显著高于150kg/hm2的处理。在中产条件下氮肥底施和追施比例以7∶3时产量最高。春季灌4水产量显著高于灌2水的处理,但与灌3水差异不显著,子粒蛋白质含量以灌2水时最高。供试品种中以京冬8号的产量、千粒重、容重最高,CA0206和核优1的蛋白质含量差异不显著,但均显著高于京冬8号。CA0206的沉降值显著高于另两个品种。以产量、品质和经济效益综合考虑,在本试验条件下,以春季灌3水、施氮量225 kg/hm2、底施和追施比例为7∶3的处理为宜,与超高产条件下氮素底施和追施比例5∶5的结果有明显的差异。     

Some effects of rearing the yellow dung fly Scatophaga stercoraria in cattle dung containing invermectin

Invermectin was added to cattle dung in controlled concentrations like those found in the pats of injected cattle, and the medium was used to rear larvae of the dung fly Scatophaga stercoraria. Ivermectin at 0.036 ppm (wt/wet weight) debilitates 50% of the larvae within 48 h. At 0.015 ppm, 50% of the larvae are unable to pupariate, while at 0.001 ppm, 50% of the larvae fail to reach the adult stage. Adults produced from larvae reared in pats containing 0.0005 ppm invermectin show high levels of fluctuating asymmetry in wing characteristics as well as deformities in the wing veins themselves. The data are discussed in relation to the effects of excreted ivermectin on pastureland biology.     

Asymmetric competition in cattle dung between two species of Onthophagus dung beetle and the bush fly, Musca vetustissima

Abstract.

• 1 Competition in cattle dung pads between two dung beetles, Onthophagus ferox Harold and Onthophagus binodis Thunberg, and the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker, was investigated in laboratory experiments, to determine why spring fly abundance in the field did not fall following the introduction of O. binodis.
• 2 At low beetle densities, the number of eggs laid by each species was reduced by the second species. A similar amount of dung was buried by each species alone or by both together.
• 3 At high beetle densities O. binodis egg production was substantially affected by each additional O.ferox, but O.ferox egg production was not affected by each additional O.binodis. Asymmetric competition occurred because O.ferox buried more dung than O.binodis, and a greater proportion in day 1 (pre-emptive dung burial).
• 4 O.ferox caused greater M. vetustissima egg-puparia mortality than O. binodis. Mortality mostly occurred in young M. vetustissima larvae less than 1 day old. Total egg-puparia fly mortality was correlated better with the dung buried on day 1 than dung buried on day 8 (pre-emptive dung burial). O.binodis did not add to fly mortality by O.ferox at high densities because of asymmetric competition between the beetles.

     

发酵牛粪对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育的影响

为寻找大型养殖场牛粪资源化与产业化利用途径,本文探讨了杂食性黄粉虫转化与利用牛粪的可行性.将牛粪和黄粉虫常规饲料(65％麦麸、30％玉米面、5％豆粕)按梯度比例混合后,用有益微生物菌群(EM)发酵,筛选出FD1、FD2(牛粪含量分别为60％、80％)两组发酵饲料作为处理,以常规饲料为对照(CK)进行黄粉虫幼虫饲养试验,研究不同发酵料对黄粉虫幼虫生长曲线、死亡率、化蛹率、抗氧化系统等的影响,评价黄粉虫幼虫对发酵牛粪饲料的适应性.结果表明:与CK相比,虽然FD1处理黄粉虫幼虫生长周期延长了20 d,死亡率有所上升,但黄粉虫幼虫单体取食总量增加49％ (P＜0.01),末龄幼虫单体质量增加28％(P＜0.01),粗脂肪含量提高26％(P＜0.05),不饱和与饱和脂肪酸含量的比值比CK高32％(P＜0.05),抗氧化酶活性显著增强,对发酵饲料表现出良好的适应性;而FD2处理各项指标均比CK差,表现出较低的适应性.表明在FD1处理条件下,可利用黄粉虫3龄幼虫对牛粪进行资源化利用,具有较好的应用前景.     

粪甲虫对绢蒿荒漠春秋两季牛粪分解的影响

为明确绢蒿荒漠草地牛粪的分解规律,分别在5月(春季)和9月(秋季)设置不同堆置时间点(0、7、29、48、58 h),明确粪便理化性质变化规律,同时设置不同开口的网笼(无网笼、上下开口、上开口、全封口),探讨各生态功能类群粪甲虫对粪便分解的影响.结果表明:春季的粪甲虫种类数显著高于秋季,秋季的粪甲虫数量显著高于春季.春...     

松嫩草地牛粪中大型节肢动物种类组成及种群动态变化

研究并分析了松嫩草地牛粪中大型节肢动物种类组成及动态变化.结果表明,在草地牛粪中共调查到大型节肢动物7目20科43种,以鞘翅目、膜翅目和双翅目为主.依其食性不同,分为粪食性型(8科19种)、腐食性型(4科4种)、植食性型(4科6种)、捕食性型(5科11种)、杂食性型(2科5种)、尸食性型(1科1种)和寄生性型(1科1种).根据鞘翅目金龟总科中营粪食性型生活的粪甲虫对牛粪利用方式的不同,分为外生粪甲虫(6种)、内生粪甲虫(5种)、远生粪甲虫(2种)和偷窃寄生粪甲虫(1种).除了双顶嗡蜣螂,牛粪中大型节肢动物数量与鲜牛粪重量具有显著正相关关系(p＜0.01).粪食性型种类数和个体数量随鲜牛粪堆置时间的延长而迅速减少,7d后消失,其个体总数量与鲜牛粪堆积时间呈显著的负相关关系(p＜0.01),而与牛粪含水量呈显著正相关关系(p＜0.01),各种大型节肢动物因其食性不同在鲜牛粪中占据不同的生态位.鲜牛粪中大型节肢动物以粪食性型占绝对优势,而干牛粪中则以捕食性型和杂食性型为主.牛粪中大型节肢动物种群季节动态变化受温度、降水量与牛粪含水量影响,鲜牛粪中大型节肢动物优势种为直蜉金龟(69.25%)和肖秋家蝇与东方角蝇幼虫(25.12%).4、5、6月份和9月份,优势种为直蜉金龟,7月和8月份,优势种为蝇幼虫.     

Determination of the toxicity of faeces of cattle treated with an ivermectin sustained-release bolus and preference trials using a dung fly, Neomyia cornicina

The toxicity of dung from cattle treated with an ivermectin sustained-release bolus was estimated in terms of ivermectin or ivermectin equivalents, using a laboratory bioassay with the dung fly Neomyia cornicina Fabricius (Diptera, Muscidae). The mortalities of flies measured 7 days after feeding for 24 h on dung containing known concentrations of ivermectin (between 0.125 and 1 g ivermectin per gram fresh dung) were compared with the mortalities of insects fed for 24 h on dung from cattle treated 21 days previously with an ivermectin sustained-release bolus. The toxicity of the bolus dung was equivalent to dung containing 0.66 g ivermectin per gram fresh dung. To determine whether insects could differentiate between control dung and dung from bolus-treated cattle, choice-chamber tests were carried out. There was no significant difference in the percentage of females that chose either dung type, suggesting that they were unable to distinguish the dung of bolus-treated cattle from control dung. Results are discussed in relation to the impact that bolus use can have on the insect fauna of cattle dung.     

Yield loss at the different growth stages in soybean due to insect pests in Ghana

Insecticide protection at the vegetative, reproductive or both vegetative and reproductive (complete) crop growth stages and untreated control was used to assess yield loss due to insect pests at the different growth stages of soybean in Ghana from 2007–2009. The objectives were to determine the economic importance of the two major insect pest guilds in soybean, viz. defoliators and pod feeders, and when to apply control measures for maximum benefit. The defoliators recorded were Podagrica spp., Ootheca mutabilis (Shalberg), Zonocerus variegatus L., Sylepta derogata F., Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval, Amsacta spp. and Helicoverpa armigera Hübner. The pod feeders recorded were the pod-sucking bugs (PSBs) Riptortus dentipes F., Thyanta sp. Aspavia armigera F., Nezara viridula L. and Dysdercus völkeri Schmidt. Generally, insect densities, pod and seed damage were lower while seed yields were significantly greater and similar in plots that were protected at the reproductive stage against PSBs and those protected at both vegetative and reproductive stages. Yield loss ranged between 25.8 and 42.8% in untreated plots, 11.1 and 34.3% in plots that were protected at the vegetative stage, and 5.2 and 11.3% in plots that were protected at the reproductive stage. There was a consistent negative correlation between yield and numbers of PSBs as well as pod and seed damage. These results showed that PSBs that attack soybean at the reproductive stage were the most important insect pests limiting soybean yield in Ghana.     

转基因技术与大豆品质改良

大豆是重要的食用油、食用蛋白和饲用蛋白原料。应用转基因技术对调节大豆品质形成的关键基因进行定向操作,可大大加速优质大豆品种的选育进程,培育出适合不同消费需求的多样化优质大豆品种。文章主要综述了近年来转基因技术在大豆品质性状改良方面的应用进展,同时也简要介绍了目前已经发展起来的安全转基因技术。     

环境条件对猪粪好氧堆肥过程的影响

禽畜粪便的大量排放给环境造成了巨大污染,其中猪场粪便和污水是最主要的污染源。为了实现猪粪的无害化、减量化和资源化,好氧堆肥是目前普遍应用和效果良好的实用技术。为了探明堆肥过程的生物学和化学过程,论本文主要从几个影响因素如温度、调理剂、含水率、通风方式、微生物菌剂等对猪粪好氧堆肥技术方面进行了综述。