触珠蛋白研究进展

触珠蛋白是一种酸性糖蛋白,属急性期反应蛋白之一,由于所含轻链类型的不同,触珠蛋白具有遗传多态性,触珠蛋白的合成和降解主要在肝脏进行,并受细胞因子、前列腺素、激素等的调节,触珠蛋白具有广泛的生物学功能,可能是一种重要的调节蛋白.     

人α—珠蛋白基因表达调控研究进展

人α－类珠蛋白基因簇位于１６号染色体的短臂近端粒区,由４个功能基因和３个假基因组成,其中,ζ－珠蛋白基因在胚胎期表达,α２、α１和θ珠蛋白基因在胎儿和成人期表达。α－类珠蛋白基因的主要调控序列位于ζ－珠蛋白基因上游４０ｋｂ的位置,称为ＨＳ－４０,另外还存在其它的ＨＳ－位点。在ＨＳ－４０和各种珠蛋白基因启动子上有多种红系和通用反式作用因子的结合位点,它们间的协同作用保证了α－类珠蛋白基因表达的组织和     

中国人β—珠蛋白基因—530基序的变异性研究

应用双链ＤＮＡ循环则序法,对中国人群２０例血液学正体个体,７７例β－珠蛋白合成异常患者（４３例）及其部分亲属（３４例）的β珠蛋基因上游－５３０基序进行了序列分析。结果表明,中国人－５３０基序存在（ＡＴ）８Ｔ５,（ＡＴ）７Ｔ７和（ＡＴ）９Ｔ５三种主要的重排类型,以及一种未见报道的稀有重排类型（ＡＴ）１０Ｔ３。进一步经家系连锁分析,获得由β珠蛋白结构基因与－５３０基序重排组成的单体型,结果显示ＩＶＳ－     

人δ珠蛋白基因表达调控研究进展

人δ珠蛋白基因是次要成年功能性β类珠蛋白基因,位于１１号染色体短壁β珠蛋白基因簇中,γ珠蛋白基因之后,β珠蛋白基因之前。,     

人类珠蛋白基因表达调控机制研究进展

人类β珠蛋白基因簇的顺次切换表达机制包括：在转录水平多个转录调控元件如LCR,EKLF,CCAAT等的作用。在转录后各mRNA的翻译及加工也受到影响。而α珠蛋白基因簇的切换机制则为ξ基因的关闭,另外,α及β－mRNA 3′UTR结构对其自身稳定性具有决定性作用,并进而影响其蛋白质水平。     

中国人β－珠蛋白基因－530基序的变异性研究

应用双链ＤＮＡ循环测序法,对中国人群中２０例血液学正常个体,７７例β－珠蛋白合成异常患者（４３例）及其部分亲属（３４例）的β珠蛋白基因上游－５３０基序进行了序列分析。结果表明,中国人－５３０基序存在（ＡＴ）＿８Ｔ＿５、（ＡＴ）７＿Ｔ＿７和（ＡＴ）９＿Ｔ＿５三种主要的重排类型,以及一种未见报道的稀有重排类型（ＡＴ）＿（１０）Ｔ＿３。进一步经家系连锁分析,获得由β珠蛋白结构基因与－５３０基序重排组成的单体型,结果显示ＩＶＳ－ＩＩ－６５４（Ｃ→Ｔ）,ＣＤ４１－４２（－４ｂｐ）和ＨｂＥ等类型的β珠蛋白突变基因分别与（ＡＴ）＿８Ｔ＿５、（ＡＴ）＿７Ｔ＿７和（ＡＴ）＿９Ｔ＿５重排存在着连锁不平衡现象。     

神经丝的结构与功能

神经丝是神经细胞的中间丝,由L、M和H三种蛋白组成,三种蛋白由三个基因编码。神经丝蛋白在神经元胞体合成后,运输到神经突起中,与微丝和微管共同组成神经细胞的骨架网络。磷酸化对神经丝的性质有重要影响。神经丝蛋白在体内能与内源性中间丝共组装,在体外,只有L能自组装成10nm的纤维,M和H可与L共同组装成纤维。在发育过程中,L和M在动物出生前数天开始表达,H则是在出生后才出现。神经丝的数量决定轴突直径,而其过量表达会导致疾病。     

睫状神经营养因子受体研究进展

本综述了睫状神经营养因子受体各个亚基的分子和基因结构,对ＣＮＴＦ受体信号转寻机理进行概括,并探讨ＣＮＴＦ与造血生长因子在信号转导上的相似性,以阐明ＣＮＴＦ对于造血系统的可能作用。     

细胞珠蛋白的结构及其生物学效应

细胞珠蛋白(cytoglobin,Cygb)是最近发现的脊椎动物珠蛋白超家族的一员,在体内分布广泛。人Cygb基因定位于染色体17q25,含有4个外显子和3个内含子,编码190个氨基酸残基(分子量20.9kD)。Cygb拥有经典的“three-over-three”α螺旋三明治折叠结构,同神经珠蛋白(Ngb)一样,Cygb血红素在缺乏外源性配体时呈“六配位”结构。Cygb的确切功能尚不十分清楚,目前主要有携氧与储氧、氧感受器、活性氧基团和NO的清道夫、NADH氧化酶或过氧化氢酶样作用和参与胶原形成等假说。     

脑红蛋白ELISA检测试剂盒的研发与应用

目的:利用ELISA技术研发一种灵敏、快速检测人血清中脑红蛋白(Ngb)含量的检测试剂盒,并探讨其在正常人血清样本检测中的应用。方法:采用热诱导的原核表达体系获得重组人源脑红蛋白(rhNgb),通过凝胶过滤和阴离子交换层析等制备rhNgb纯品;将适量rhNgb纯品免疫动物获得抗rhNgb单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体;用双抗体夹心ELISA技术制备rhNgb-ELISA检测试剂盒;用该试剂盒对410例正常人血清中Ngb的含量进行检测,其中包括1.5岁以下婴儿血清55例、19～70岁成人血清355例。结果:用制备的rhNgb-ELISA试剂盒检测发现Ngb在正常人血清中的分布与年龄存在明显的相关性,表现为"两头高、中间低"的趋势,婴儿和老年人血清中Ngb的含量分别为1.6708±0.4945和2.1962±0.6703μmol/L,而中年人血清中Ngb的含量为0.3622±0.0716μmol/L。结论:采用双抗夹心ELISA技术并结合严格的质量控制,研发了高效灵敏的rhNgb-ELISA检测试剂盒,并初步获得了正常人血清中Ngb的含量分布情况,为临床缺血及缺氧性脑损伤等相关疾病的辅助诊断治疗提供了参考信息。     

Neuroglobin and friends

In the year 2000, the third member of the globin family was discovered in human and mouse brain and named neuroglobin (Ngb). Neuroglobin overexpression significantly protects both heart and brain from hypoxic/ischemic and oxidative stress‐related insults, whereas decreased Ngb levels lead to an exacerbation of tissue injuries. Moreover, Ngb overexpression protects neurons from mitochondrial dysfunctions and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease; however, it facilitates the survival of cancer cells. Neuroglobin, representing a switch point for cell death and survival, has been reported to recognize a number of proteins involved in several metabolic pathways including ionic homeostasis maintenance, energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cell signaling. Here, the recognition properties of Ngb are reviewed to highlight its roles in health and disease.     

Neuroglobin ligand binding kinetics

Neuroglobin, cytoglobin, and hemoglobins from Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana were studied for their ligand binding properties versus temperature. These globins have a common feature of being hexacoordinated (via the distal histidine) under deoxy conditions, displaying and enhanced amplitude for the alpha absorption band at 560 nm. External ligands can bind, but the transition from the hexacoordinated form to the ligand (L) bound species is slow, as expected for a replacement reaction Fe-His <--> Fe <--> Fe-L. Histidine binding is on the order of 1 ms; dissociation times are variable, and may be as long as 1 s for the highest histidine affinities. Oxygen binds rapidly but dissociates slowly, requiring as much as 1 s. These rates would correspond to a very high affinity for the pentacoordinated form; however, competition with the distal histidine leads decreases the affinity for the external ligand. The observed oxygen affinity remains in the range of 1 to 10 mm Hg. The low oxygen dissociation indicates a stabilization via H-bonds as for certain globins from parasites (Ascaris, the trematodes). Other ligands such as CO, or CN for the ferric form, show a decreased affinity, since only the competition with the E7 histidine, but not the stabilizing H-bond, plays a role. In addition, the competitive internal ligand leads to a weaker observed temperature dependence of the ligand affinity, since the difference in equilibrium energy for the two ligands is much lower than that of ligand binding to pentacoordinated hemoglobin. This effect could be of biological relevance for certain organisms, since it would lead to an oxygen affinity that is nearly independent of temperature.     

Neuroglobin and neuronal cell survival

The balance between neuronal apoptosis and survival sculpts the developing brain and has an important role in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the individuation of signals that could modulate the cell death machinery as well as enhance survival in neurons promises to provide multiple points of therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroglobin (NGB), the first nerve globin identified in neuronal tissues of humans, seems to possess a protective role in the brain only after up-regulation. Here, the NGB physiological role in the control of neuronal survival is reviewed. In vitro studies suggested that cytosolic NGB could react very rapidly with cytochrome c released from mitochondria, thus interfering with the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Although very suggestive, these data do not explain either the role of NGB up-regulation in neuroprotection or the recently reported NGB localization into mitochondria. Recently, we identified the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) as an endogenous modulator of NGB levels in neuroblastoma SK-N-BE cell line. Upon E2 stimulation, NGB reallocates mainly into mitochondria where the association with the mitochondrial cytochrome c occurs. Remarkably, E2 treatment before an apoptotic stimulus strongly enhances the NGB:cytochrome c association reducing cytochrome c release into the cytosol. As a consequence, a decrease of caspase-3 activation and, in turn, of the apoptotic cascade activation take place. Besides E2, other compounds have been reported to up-regulate the NGB expression highlighting the possibility to develop NGB-mediated therapeutic strategies against stroke damage and neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.     

一类新携氧球蛋白--脑红蛋白

脑红蛋白是继血红蛋白、肌红蛋白之后发现的第三类具有运输与储存氧的球蛋白。脑红蛋白主要在脑中表达．能可逆性的结合氧,与氧有很高的亲和力,能够特异性地向脑组织供氧,在神经系统氧的摄取、运输和利用等生理过程中起着极其重要的作用。     

Neuroglobin, estrogens, and neuroprotection

Globins have been found in glial cells and neurons of invertebrates and vertebrates. The first nerve globin has been recognized in the nerve cord of the polychaete annelid Aphrodite aculeata in 1872. In some invertebrates, the nerve globin reaches a millimolar concentration which is likely sufficient to sustain the aerobic metabolism and thus the excitability of the nervous system. In 2000, the first vertebrate nerve globin, named neuroglobin (Ngb), has been identified in neuronal tissues of mice and humans. In contrast to invertebrate nerve globins, the concentration of Ngb, the prototype of vertebrate nerve globins, is low (μM), reaching a maximum of 100 μM in retina cells. Therefore, Ngb appears unlikely to act primarily as an O? buffer and to facilitate O? diffusion to the mitochondria. Indeed, Ngb has been hypothesized to catalyze the formation/decomposition of reactive nitrogen and/or oxygen species and to be part of intracellular signaling pathways enhancing cell survival. Here, we report that neuronal Ngb levels are strongly induced by the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol. Furthermore, Ngb participates to mechanisms involved in 17β-estradiol-induced protective effects against H?O? -induced neurotoxicity.     

脑红蛋白与高原低氧性脑保护

脑红蛋白(neuroglobin,NGB)是新近发现的一种在脊椎动物神经系统和少量内分泌腺体中大量特异性表达的携氧球蛋白,与氧有很高的亲和力,维持着神经元的氧平衡调节作用,它的发现在脑缺氧研究方面引起了广泛关注.高原的核心是缺氧,缺氧能够诱导NGB的高表达,从而提高对氧的携带运输能力,以维持脑组织的氧供和氧利用率,并能增强神经元的存活,免受神经系统的缺氧性损伤.脑红蛋白对脑细胞的保护机制除增强对局部组织供氧之外,可能还具有清除氧自由基或者是对保护机制的激活等作用.     

缺血缺氧疾病中脑红蛋白的表达

脑红蛋白是继血红蛋白和肌红蛋白后由Burmester等[1]于2000年发现的体内第3类携氧蛋白,脑红蛋白在视网膜组织中的含量高达100μmol/L,占视网膜总蛋白量的2%-4%,其浓度约为脑中浓度的100倍,而体内不同组织脑红蛋白表达量的增加均与组织的缺血缺氧密切相关。视网膜作为中枢神经系统的重要组成部分之一,对氧的需求远远大于其他神经组织,临床实践中存在着与视网膜相关的大量的缺血缺氧性疾病,视网膜的这种特征为我们深入研究脑红蛋白与视网膜细胞之间的关系提供了临床基础。本文就脑红蛋白在缺血缺氧疾病中的表达展开论述,为视网膜缺血缺氧损伤中脑红蛋白的表达提供相关依据。     

一种新的氧合球蛋白——神经球蛋白

神经球蛋白 (neuroglobin ,NGB)是最近发现的一种新的可以和氧可逆性结合的血红蛋白家族成员 ,主要表达于脊椎动物的脑中 .NGB蛋白是由 151个氨基酸组成的单体蛋白 ,有着古老的进化起源 .迄今为止 ,已证明它具有储存、转运氧气和保护神经细胞的功能 .NGB基因的表达调节至少有两条信号转导途径参与 .NGB的发现为中风等缺氧相关疾病的治疗提供了新的方向     

Neuroglobin: enzymatic reduction and oxygen affinity

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a hexacoordinate globin expressed in the nervous system of vertebrates, involved in neuroprotection. O₂ equilibrium measurements on mouse Ngb yielded significantly different P₅₀ values, ranging from ∼2 torr to ∼10 torr. By a kinetic approach minimizing the effects of protein autoxidation, we measured P₅₀ = 2.2 torr at 20 °C. As predicted from the structure, O₂ binds to the Y44D Ngb mutant more quickly (k = 2.2 s⁻¹ vs 0.15 s⁻¹) and with slightly higher affinity (P₅₀ = 1.3 torr) than wild-type. In addition, we introduced a novel reduction protocol for metNgb based on NADH:flavorubredoxin oxidoreductase (FlRd-red) from Escherichia coli, a candidate for the Ngb reducing activity recently identified in E. coli extracts. Interestingly, E. coli FlRd-red shares sequence similarity with the FAD-binding domain of the human apoptosis-inducing factor, a finding which may have unexpected significance with reference to the mechanism of neuroprotection by Ngb.