Antioxidant acitivity in vitro and in vivo of the capsule polysaccharides from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

Crude capsule polysaccharides (CCP) were prepared from the culture of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus C55129 and were partially purified through an anion-exchange column chromatography to afford partially purified capsule polysaccharides (PCP). The main component of CCP and PCP was hyaluronic acid. In vitro antioxidant assay, the capsule polysaccharides showed strong inhibition of lipid peroxidation and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and moderate 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryldydrazyl radical scavenging activity. In addition, CCP exhibited much stronger reductive power than PCP. For antioxidant testing in vivo, CCP and PCP were orally administrated over a period of 15 days in a d-galactose induced aged mice model. As results, administration of capsule polysaccharides inhibited significantly the formation of malondialdehyde in mice livers and serums and raised the activities of antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant capacity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the antioxidant activity of CCP was lower than that of PCP. The results suggest that the capsule polysaccharides from Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus C55129 have direct and potent antioxidant activities.     

4种珍稀食用菌水提物的抗氧化活性研究

用DPPH自由基清除法、羟基自由基清除法和超氧阴离子自由基清除法对4种珍稀食用菌灵芝、云芝、茶树菇、松茸的水提物进行抗氧化活性评价,为更好评价其抗氧化活性,以维生素C作为阳性对照。实验结果显示：4种食用菌水提物具有不同程度的抗氧化活性。云芝对DPPH自由基的清除能力最强,其IC₅₀值为1.46 mg/mL,维生素C清除DPPH自由基的IC₅₀为0.046 mg/mL;茶树菇对清除羟基自由基的清除能力最强,其IC₅₀值为1.41 mg/mL,云芝和松茸也有较强清除羟自由基能力,其IC₅₀值分别为1.56、1.57 mg/mL,三者的清除能力均明显优于阳性对照样品,维生素C清除羟自由基的IC₅₀为2.41 mg/mL;灵芝和云芝有较强清除超氧阴离子自由基能力,其IC₅₀值分别为124.48、138.28 mg/mL。     

Extraction of polysaccharides and the antioxidant activity from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L

The extraction conditions of polysaccharides from Plantago asiatica L. seeds were investigated. Four parameters affecting the polysaccharides extraction, extraction times, water to sample, extraction temperature and single extraction time, were determined by orthogonal experiments. Under the optimized conditions, the polysaccharides yield of P. asiatica L. seeds was 2.467%. The antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides were investigated. The reducing power of the polysaccharides was dose dependent, and the reducing capacity of the polysaccharides was inferior to butylated hydroxytoluene, which is known to be a strong reducing agent. The scavenging rates of the polysaccharides on superoxide and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were79.7% and 81.4%, at polysaccharides concentration of 0.75 mg/mL, respectively, a scavenging rates approximately similar to that of 0.75 mg/mL ascorbic acid (83.5% and 85.1%, respectively). Furthermore, it exhibited a moderate concentration-dependent ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating potency and H₂O₂ scavenging activity. The data obtained in the in vitro models clearly establish the antioxidant potency of the polysaccharides extracted from Semen Plantaginis.     

In vitro antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharide fractions extracted from Corallina officinalis

Sulfated polysaccharides (F1, F2) from seaweed Corallina officinalis were isolated through anion-exchange column chromatography. Their chemical characteristics were determined by GC, HPLC, FT-IR and UV spectra. F1 and F2 contained only two monosaccharides, namely galactose and xylose. The antioxidant activities of F1, F2 and the de-sulfated polysaccharides (DF-1, DF-2) in vitro were investigated, including hydroxyl radicals scavenging effect, superoxide radical scavenging capacity, DPPH radical activity and reducing power. As expected, antioxidant assay showed that the two sulfated polysaccharide fractions (F1, F2) possessed considerable antioxidant properties and had more excellent abilities than de-sulfated polysaccharides (DF-1, DF-2).     

Free radical scavenging of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and its effect on antioxidant enzymes and immunity activities in cervical carcinoma rats

Ganoderma lucidum are used as traditional edible and medicinal materials in China. In this study, antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from G. lucidum in China were investigated. The influence of G. lucidum polysaccharides upon activities of serum antioxidant enzymes and immunity in rats with cervical cancer. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH^?, O^?, and OH^? free radicals scavenging. Results showed that G. lucidum polysaccharides exhibited the higher DPPH^?, O^?, and OH^? free radicals scavenging activities. The results still showed that G. lucidum polysaccharides could significantly enhance the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT and GPx), and reduce levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in rats with cervical cancer.     

Antioxidant,Antityrosinase and Antitumor Activity Comparison: The Potential Utilization of Fibrous Root Part of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb.f.

This study was carried out to evaluate the utilization probability of the fibrous root part (FRP) of Bletilla striata, which was usually discarded and harvesting pseudobulb part (PSP). The chemical composition, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging activity, Ferric-reducing antioxidant power and tyrosinase inhibition activity were compared between FRP and PSP. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effect as well as antitumor effect of the extract of FRP and PSP were analyzed by in vitro cell system as well. Thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the chemical compositions in the two parts were similar, but the content in FRP was much higher than PSP. Meanwhile, the FRP extracts showed higher phenolic content, stronger DPPH scavenging activity, Ferric-reducing antioxidant capacity and tyrosinase inhibition activity. Sub-fraction analysis revealed that the distribution characteristic of phenolic components and other active constituents in FRP and PSP were consistent, and mainly deposited in chloroform and acetoacetate fractions. Especially, the chloroform sub-fraction (sch) of FRP showed extraordinary DPPH scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition activity, with IC₅₀ 0.848 mg/L and 4.3 mg/L, respectively. Besides, tyrosinase inhibition activity was even stronger than the positive compound arbutin (31.8 mg/L). Moreover, In vitro cell system analysis confirmed that FRP extract exerts comparable activity with PSP, especially, the sub-fraction sch of FRP showed better antioxidant activity at low dosage and stronger per-oxidant activity at high dosage, and both sch of FRP and PSP can dose-dependent induce HepG2 cells apoptosis, which implied tumor therapeutic effect. Considering that an additional 0.3 kg FRP would be obtained when producing 1.0 kg PSP, our work demonstrated that FRP is very potential to be used together with PSP.     

Orthogonal Test Design for Optimization of the Extraction of Polysaccharides from Inonotus cuticularis and Their Antioxidant Activities

Medical fungi polysaccharides belong to a very important species of biological macromolecules, which are the basic substances that effectively maintain and ensure the normal operation of biological life activities. However, research on extraction and biological activity of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides has never been reported. In this study, the optimum yield of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides was determined by the orthogonal experimental design. The highest yield of 3.10±0.06 % was obtained with extraction temperature of 80 °C, extraction time of 150 min, and water to raw material ratio of 30 mL/g and repeated twice. After deproteinization for 5 times, the protein removal rate reached 70.10±1.75 %, and the content of polysaccharides and protein were 46.64 and 0.42 %. Infrared spectrometer indicated that Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides are typical β‐pyranose with characteristic peaks of polysaccharides. Subsequently, the activities of scavenging free radicals for the deproteinated polysaccharides were studied. When the concentration of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides was 0.3 mg/mL, the scavenging activities of the sample on DPPH^., ^.OH, ABTS^.+ and O₂^.? reached 83.67±0.27, 65.21±4.82, 43.45±1.36 and 80.28±2.30 %, respectively, and the reducing power reached 0.46±0.01. The IC₅₀ values scavenging DPPH^., ^.OH, ABTS^.+ and O₂^.? were 0.139±0.13, 0.162±0.14, 0.317±0.30 and 0.121±0.10 mg/mL, respectively. Results showed that Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides present potential stronger antioxidant activities, especially ^.OH scavenging activity and reducing power. Experimental results could provide research basis of Inonotus cuticularis polysaccharides for further exploitation and utilization.     

Purification and Biological Activities of Enzymatically Degraded Sargassum fusiforme Polysaccharides

Enzymatic hydrolysate of the crude polysaccharide (SFP) extracted from Sargassum fusiforme was purified by column DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 to yield four components, namely, ESFP1, ESFP2, ESFP3 and ESFP4. These components were characterized by chemical composition assay, GC/MS, HPGPC, UV and FT-IR techniques. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the four purified fractions were investigated by measuring their radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The results suggested that all the four components possess good antioxidant activities. Among them, ESFP1 was found to possess the strongest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity, and the greatest ferric reducing power. The immunomodulatory effect of these four polysaccharides was demonstrated by their ability to promote proliferation, and to enhance both phagocytic activity and NO release in a macrophage RAW264.7 model. The results revealed that the bioactivities of the polysaccharides are related to their molecular weight, and the uronic acid and sulfate contents.     

Preparation of different molecular weight polysaccharides from Porphyridium cruentum and their antioxidant activities

Hermetical microwave was used to degrade Porphyridium cruentum polysaccharides from 2918 to 256.2, 60.66 and 6.55 kDa. The antioxidant properties of different molecular weight polysaccharides were evaluated by determining the scavenging ability of free radicals, inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation in liver homogenates and hemolysis of mouse erythrocytes. Analysis of physicochemical properties confirmed that microwave degradation might not markedly change the chemical components of the polysaccharides. High-molecular-weight polysaccharides from P. cruentum had no obvious antioxidant activity, but low-molecular-weight fragments after degradation exerted an inhibitory effect on oxidative damage. The 6.55-kDa fragment had stronger antioxidant activity than the 60.66 and 256-kDa fragments.     

Extraction and Antioxidant Activities of Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. Leaf Polyphenols

Microwave‐assisted extraction was employed to extract polyphenols from the leaf of Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot . The yield of polyphenols was 2.44±0.02 % under the optimal conditions of RSM: acetone concentration of 70 %, ratio of solvent to material of 21 mL?g^?1 and extraction time of 16 min. The antioxidant activities were evaluated in terms of total antioxidant ability, reducing power, DPPH ^? and ^? OH scavenging activity. Results showed the polyphenols presented potential antioxidant activities, especially the stronger scavenging activity on ^? OH. In term of ^? OH scavenging activity, the IC₅₀ value of NKA‐9 purification was 0.335 mg mL^?1, equivalent to 35.23 % of V_C. The IC₅₀ values of crude extract and ethyl acetate extract were 0.580 and 0.828 mg mL^?1, equivalent to 60.99 % and 87.07 % of V_C. Results indicated that M. kwangsiensis leaf polyphenols present potential antioxidant activities that make it beneficial for human health by preventing or reducing oxidative damage.     

Molecular properties and antioxidant activities of polysaccharide–protein complexes from selected mushrooms by ultrasound-assisted extraction

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was evaluated for isolation of polysaccharide–protein (PSP) complexes from three important medicinal mushrooms (Grifola frondosa, Coriolus versicolor and Lentinus edodes). Compared with those of conventional hot-water extraction (HWE), the PSP yield of UAE was similar with G. frondosa, notably higher with L. edodes but lower with C. versicolor, and the extraction rate of UAE was notably higher with G. frondosa and L. edodes but much lower with C. versicolor. The PSPs from all three mushrooms by UAE had higher protein but lower carbohydrate contents than those by HWE, and their molecular weight (MW) profiles exhibited an overall shift to lower MW and a major low-MW peak near 1.0 kDa. All PSPs from UAE but none from HWE exhibited 3–4 distinct protein bands between 10 and 130 kDa. The antioxidant activities of PSPs extracted by UAE were generally higher than those by HWE.     

Optimization of polysaccharides from Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer by RSM and its anti-oxidant activity

Response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions of polysaccharides from the rhizomes of Panax japonicus C.A. Meyer. A three-level, three-variable Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied for experimental design and analyzed of the results to obtain the optimal processing parameters. RSM analysis indicated good correspondence between experimental and predicted values. The optimal condition for the yield of polysaccharide was extraction time 3.74 h, extraction temperature 93.90 °C and ratio of water to raw material 40.22. Polysaccharide was analyzed by chemical methods and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). IR spectra indicated the presence of uronic acids and α-pyranose of the glucose residue. The antioxidant activities of Panax japonicus polysaccharides (PJP) were investigated including scavenging activity of hydrogen peroxide, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and free radicals of superoxide anion in vitro. The results of antioxidant activity exhibited PJP had a good potential for antioxidant.     

Preparation,Structural Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives from Pueraria lobata

Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (PLPs) were obtained by hot water extraction using Pueraria lobata as raw material. Structural analysis revealed that PLPs may have a repetitive backbone units of →4) -α-D-Glcp (1→4-α-D-Glcp (1→. Phosphorylated Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (P-PLPs), carboxymethylated Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (CM-PLPs) and acetylated Pueraria lobata polysaccharides (Ac-PLPs) were obtained by chemical modifications of PLPs, respectively. The physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of these four Pueraria lobata polysaccharides were studied in comparison. In particular, the clearance rate of P-PLPs exceeded 80 %, and was expected to achieve the same effect as V_c. The results showed that the effects of different chemical modifications on the antioxidant activity of PLPs varied greatly.     

Magnesium-resistant excitatory synaptic potentials in the leech retzius cell

Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) recorded from leech Retzius cells in response to stimulation of interganglionic connective could not be reversed by soma depolarization or abolished by 40 mM Mg ion, nor could input resistance changes be detected during them. Alteration of external Cl and K over a tenfold range provided no clear evidence that the PSPs involved a conductance change to either ion. The method of extrapolation yielded an apparent PSP equilibrium potential of about ?20 mV. The steep portion of the relationship between Retzius cell action potential amplitude and membrane potential extrapolated to an apparent reversal potential of ?13 mV. It is likely that the connective-to-Retzius cell PSPs were principally electrical events. Their apparent reversal potentials could have been in the range associated with chemical synapses because they traversed an electrical synapse with a variable coupling resistance, or because the polarizing currents, passing “backwards” across electrical synapses, changed the amplitude of the presynaptic action potentials.     

Furanocoumarin Content,Antioxidant Activity,and Inhibitory Potential of Heracleum verticillatum,Heracleum sibiricum,Heracleum angustisectum,and Heracleum ternatum Extracts against Enzymes Involved in Alzheimer's Disease and Type II Diabetes

Hexane extracts of Heracleum verticillatum, H. sibiricum, H. angustisectum, and H. ternatum were studied for their furanocoumarin content antioxidant potential and acetylcholinesterase and α‐amylase inhibitory activities. Quantification of the furanocoumarins was performed by ¹H‐NMR. Pimpinellin was found to be the main component in the roots of all studied species. Bergapten and imperatorin were the major compounds in the fruits of H. sibiricum and H. verticillatum, respectively, while byakangelicol dominated in H. angustisectum and H. ternatum fruits. The leaf and fruit extracts of H. angustisectum demonstrated the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and TEAC (IC₅₀ 0.58 mg/mL and 1.83 mm , respectively). The root extracts of H. verticillatum and H. angustisectum were found to be the most effective against acetylcholinesterase (IC₅₀ 0.30 and 0.34 mg/mL, respectively). The studied extracts were not active or demonstrated a weak inhibitory effect (%Inh. up to 29.7) towards α‐amylase.     

黄精多糖组成及其抗氧化活性分析

分离纯化湖南新化产黄精多糖,并对其组分、结构特征和抗氧化活性进行研究。本研究采用碱提法、Sevag法脱蛋白得水溶性粗多糖(PSP),并经DEAE-52和Sepharose CL-6B色谱柱分离纯化得黄精多糖分级组分。通过紫外、红外光谱和GC-MS进行初步结构分析,并检测其体内外抗氧化能力。结果 PSP经纯化得1个组分PSP-1a,不含蛋白质和核酸,具有典型多糖吸收峰,主要由半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、木糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔百分含量分别为0.18%、1.50%、97.25%、0.77%和0.3%。体外抗氧化活性研究表明:PSP和PSP-1a均具有一定抗氧化性能力,且随浓度(1~10 mg/L)增大而增强,PSP-1a的抗氧化能力优于PSP,但弱于VC。体内实验显示,PSP-1a改善了高脂膳食肥胖小鼠结肠匀浆组织的氧化应激状况。     

Immunomodulatory effects of four polysaccharides purified from Erythronium sibiricum bulb on macrophages

Four neutral polysaccharides (ESBP1-1, ESBP1-2, ESBP2-1 and ESBP3-1) were successfully purified from the water extracted crude polysaccharides of Erythronium sibiricum bulbs through the combination of DEAE Sepharose CL-6B and Sephadex G-100 chromatography; their average molecular weights were 1.3?×?10⁴, 1.7?×?10⁴, 9.4?×?10⁵ and 4.1?×?10⁵ Da, respectively. Monosaccharide component analysis indicated that ESBP1-1 and ESBP1-2 were mainly composed of glucose (Glc). ESBP2-1 was composed of Glc, galactose (Gal) and arabinose, with a molar ratio of 24.3:1.1:1, whereas ESBP3-1 comprised Glc and Gal at a molar ratio of 14.8:1. In-vitro study showed that all of the four polysaccharides were able to considerably promote the proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 macrophage cell. They could also stimulate the production of the cell lines’ secretory molecules [nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] in a dose-dependent manner. However, ESBP1-2 was not included in IL-1β. Overall, these results suggested that polysaccharides from E. sibiricum bulbs can be developed as immunomodulatory ingredients for complementary medicines or functional foods. However, further animal or clinical studies are required.

     

In vitro antioxidant activity of silymarin

Silymarin, a known standardized extract obtained from seeds of Silybum marianum is widely used in treatment of several diseases of varying origin. In the present paper, we clarified the antioxidant activity of silymarin by employing various in vitro antioxidant assay such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH·) scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing ability determination by Fe³⁺ ? Fe²⁺ transformation method and Cuprac assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging by riboflavin/methionine/illuminate system, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) chelating activities. Silymarin inhibited 82.7% lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 30 μg/mL concentration; butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and trolox indicated inhibition of 83.3, 82.1, 68.1 and 81.3% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at the same concentration, respectively. In addition, silymarin had an effective DPPH· scavenging, ABTS^√+ scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, ferric ions (Fe³⁺) reducing power by Fe³⁺ ? Fe²⁺ transformation, cupric ions (Cu²⁺) reducing ability by Cuprac method, and ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) chelating activities. Also, BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and trolox, were used as the reference antioxidant and radical scavenger compounds. Moreover, this study, which clarifies antioxidant mechanism of silymarin, brings new information on the antioxidant properties of silymarin. According to the present study, silymarin had effective in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. It could be used in the pharmacological and food industry because of its antioxidant properties.     

GC-MS analysis and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of essential oil from aerial parts of endemic Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. et Velen

We investigated the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities and chemical composition of the hydro-distilled essential oil (0.35% yield) from aerial parts of Thymus spathulifolius. Antioxidant capacity of the oil was assessed by different methods including free radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), reducing power (FRAP and CUPRAC) and phosphomolybdenum assay. Inhibitory activities were analyzed against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase. Twenty-one constituents were identified representing 97.2% of the total oil with thymol (50.5%), borneol (16.7%) and carvacrol (7.7%) as the major components. The essential oil exhibited good antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ values of 3.82 and 0.22?mg/mL determined by free radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS, respectively. EC₅₀ values of FRAP and CUPRAC were found to be 0.12 and 0.34?mg/mL, respectively. The results of the present study support the uses of T. spathulifolius essential oil as a source of natural antioxidants and bioactivities for functional foods and phytomedicines.     

雪松不同部位中原花青素的含量测定及其清除DPPH自由基的活性

雪松(Cedrus deodara)是松科(Pianaceae)雪松属(Cedrus)树种的泛称,为广泛分布于喜马拉雅山脉的常绿树种,包括雪松(C.deodara)、黎巴嫩雪松(C.libani)、短叶雪松(C.brevifolia)和北非雪松(C.atlantica)等。雪松的针叶药用历史悠久,主要化学成分为黄酮类、苯丙素类、有机酸类、三萜类、甾体类、多糖及针叶胶等,具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、改善记忆、抗菌及抗病毒等多种功效。为了测定雪松不同部位中原花青素的含量,并考察其清除DPPH自由基活性的能力,该研究以Fe3+离子为催化剂,用正丁醇-盐酸法分别测定雪松松针、花序、小枝、木质部、树皮中原花青素的含量,并对不同部位提取液清除DPPH自由基的能力进行测定。结果表明:松针、花序、木质部、树皮、小枝中原花青素的含量分别为12.93%、12.93%、6.41%、12.00%、3.37%,在质量浓度(以生药计)为0.8 mg·m L-1时,其对DPPH自由基的清除率均达到或接近90%。该研究结果提示雪松各个部位的原花青素含量丰富,其提取液的体外抗氧化活性很高,这为雪松的进一步开发利用提供了很好的参考价值。