THE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE BRAIN OF FERRITIN INJECTED INTO CEREBROSPINAL FLUID COMPARTMENTS : I. Ependymal Distribution

From 10 minutes to 3½ hours after the intraventricular injection into rats of 15 to 100 mg of ferritin, an appreciable fraction of the protein, visualized electron microscopically, traverses the ependymal epithelium by diffusing along the dense intercellular substance of the luminal open junction and thence, by circumventing discrete intercellular fusions which partition rather than seal the interspace. These partitions shunt additional protein into the cell, where ferritin is transported within pinocytotic vesicles to the lateral and basal plasma-lemma and, presumably, back into the interspace again. The basal interspace is irregularly distended by pools of moderately dense "filler" within which ferritin accumulates. The larger fraction of protein enters the ependyma by pinocytosis and is eventually segregated within membrane-enclosed organelles such as vacuoles, multivesicular bodies, and dense bodies, where the molecules may assume a crystalline packing. As a result of the accumulation of ferritin within these inclusions and within filler substance, only a small amount of protein remains to enter the underlying parenchyma. Presentation of ferritin to prefixed cells leads to a random dispersion of free cytoplasmic ferritin. This artifactual distribution in both prefixed and postfixed cells is concurrent with disruption of cell membranes.     

中央灰质内注射去甲肾上腺素对刺激兔下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩的影响

家兔用乌拉坦(700mg/kg)和氯醛糖(35mg/kg)静脉麻醉,用三碘季铵酚制动,在人工呼吸下进行实验。用电刺激下丘脑近中线区的方法诱发室性期前收缩(HVE)。中脑中央灰质(CG)内微量注射去甲肾上腺素(NA,4μg/2μl)对 HVE 有易化效应,使 HVE 次数增多。微量注射β-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂心得宁(2μg/2μl)使 HVE 次数明显减少,而α-肾上腺素能受体阻断剂酚妥拉明(2μg/2μl)则对 HVE 次数无明显减少作用。事先在 CG 内微量注射心得宁也可阻断 CG 内注入 NA 对 HVE 的易化效应。在 CG 内注射 NA 后,再在 CG 内微量注射吗啡,后者对 HVE 的抑制效应仍然存在。但在 GG 内注射 NA 可减少或消除刺激腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制作用。上述结果提示,在 CG 内β-受体的激活可增加 HVE 次数。刺激腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制作用可能部份是通过内源性吗啡样物质抑制 CG 内 NA 的释放而实现的。     

在出血性或内毒素性休克家兔侧脑室内注射纳洛酮、酚妥拉明或肉桂硫胺的升压作用

本实验观察到家兔出血性或内毒素性休克所致的低血压能被侧脑室内注入纳洛酮,酚妥拉明或肉桂硫胺逆转。同时还观察到上述阻断剂中任何两种结合使用,其作用强度同单独使用相同,但血压逆转时间及达到峰值时间明显缩短。     

性类固醇激素对胡子鲇性分化的影响

研究采用组织学和荧光实时定量PCR方法,检测17-甲基睾酮（17-MT）和17-雌二醇（17-E2）对胡子鲇（Clarias fuscus）性腺组织学、性别比率以及性分化前后脑型芳香化酶基因（Cyp19a1b）和翼状螺旋/叉头转录因子2（Foxl2）基因表达的影响。结果表明:在出膜后230日龄,17-MT （50、100和200 g/L）浸浴、17-E2（100、200和300 g/g）投喂处理对成活率无显著影响,但中、高剂量（100和200 g/L）17-MT显著抑制卵巢发育,促进精巢发育,卵巢腔出现时间分别推迟4d和6d,初级卵母细胞出现时间分别推迟8d和9d,而初级精母细胞出现时间则分别提前3d和5d,且雄性率分别达70%和76%,显著高于50 g/L组和对照组（P0.05）。相反,中、高剂量17-E2（200和300 g/g）处理使卵巢腔出现时间分别提前2d和3d,初级卵母细胞出现时间分别提前1d和3d,初级精母细胞出现时间分别推迟3d和7d,而雌性率分别达74%和78%,显著高于100 g/g组和对照组（P0.05）。此外,在性腺分化期,17a-MT促进Cyp19a1b但抑制Foxl2的表达,而17-E2促进Cyp19a1b和 Foxl2的表达。结果显示Cyp19a1b不是引起胡子鲇性分化的直接因素,但可能通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴对胡子鲇性分化过程产生间接影响;而Foxl2直接参与胡子鲇的性分化,即17a-MT和17-E2分别通过抑制和促进Foxl2的表达来影响雌激素的生物合成,从而调控胡子鲇性分化的方向。       

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFLUENCE OF SALTS WHEN INJECTED INTO THE ANIMAL BODY

A satisfactory correlation of our observations dealing with the influence of salts and those dealing with the influence of x-rays is not possible at present. Any far reaching conclusion is not permitted because the information we have at this time regarding the physical chemical conditions concerned in the process of injury, as well as that pertaining to the nature of radio-chemical reactions, is too meager. As far as the experiments with salts are concerned, it may be said that we are dealing with ion effects, and their importance in physiological processes is made clear by the investigations of Loeb (3) and those of Osterhout (4). The results that we have obtained in our experiments present an interesting analogy between the effect of x-rays and certain salts on the lymphoid elements of the animal body. We regard this analogy as significant in that it presents suggestions regarding the chemical nature of x-ray effects in the animal body.     

THE ACCUMULATION OF ELECTROLYTES : I. THE ENTRANCE OF AMMONIA INTO VALONIA MACROPHYSA

When 0.005 M NH₄Cl is added to sea water containing cells of Valonia macrophysa ammonia soon appears in the sap and may reach a concentration inside over 40 times as great as outside. It appears to enter as undissociated NH₃ (or NH₄OH) and tends to reach a pseudoequilibrium in which the activity of undissociated NH₃ (or NH₄OH) is the same inside and outside. When ammonia first enters, the pH value of the sap rapidly rises but it soon reaches a maximum and subsequently falls off. At the same time there is an increase of halide in the sap which, however, does not run a parallel course to the ammonia accumulation, but it comes to a new equilibrium value and remains constant. The increase in NH₃ in the sap is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of K. As NH₃ enters the specific gravity of the sap decreases and the cells rise to the surface and continue to grow as floating organisms. The growth of the cells is increased.     

RESPONSIVENESS OF YEAST CELLS TO AUXIN, ANIMAL SEX HORMONES AND YEAST SEXUAL HORMONES IN RELATION TO SEX CONTROLLING GENES

Genetic control of the ability of yeast cells to respond to cell-expanding action of animal, plant and yeast hormones was studied. Mating type specificity in the ability to respond to yeast sexual hormones was changed by introduction of homothallism-controlling genes, D and HM. Auxin, a plant hormone can expand cells of most homothallic strains, but not those of heterothallic strains as far as tested. Animal sex hormones showed the action similar to that of yeast sexual hormones.     

家兔伏核注射吗啡引起的镇痛可被中脑导水管周围灰质注射纳洛酮或甲啡肽抗体所阻断

本实验室以往的资料表明,在家兔中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)到伏核之间存在一条与镇痛有夫的神经通路,该通路以5-羟色胺(5-HT)和甲啡肽(ME)为其递质。本工作进一步探讨从伏核到PAG的下行镇痛通路。 以辐射热照射家兔嘴侧部皮肤,测量其躲避反应的潜伏期(ERL)作为痛反应阈,简称痛阈。通过预先埋植的慢性套管向伏核内微量注射吗啡,20min后向PAG内双侧注射纳洛酮(NX)或脑啡肽抗血清,观察ERL的变化。(1)伏核内注射吗啡20μg/1μl,引起ERL升高80％以上,作用持续50min以上。(2)PAG内注射NX(每侧0.5、1.0或2.0μg)可不同程度地阻断伏核内注射吗啡的镇痛效应,且呈明显的剂效关系。(3)PAG内注入甲啡肽抗血清(每侧1μl)可部分阻断伏核内注射吗啡的镇痛效应,而注入亮啡肽抗血清或正常兔血清则无效。 实验结果提示,从伏核到PAG存在一条下行镇痛通路,在PAG内可能以ME为其递质。该通路与PAG到伏核的上行镇痛通路构成一个环形的“中脑边缘镇痛回路”,并在针刺镇痛和吗啡镇痛中发挥重要作用。     

孤束核内大剂量注射地塞米松快速引起心血管活动降低

分别将不同剂量的地塞米松注射到大鼠内侧和中间内侧孤束核,观察心血管活动的变化．结果发现：小剂量地塞米松（20或50ng）对心血管活动无明显的影响（P＞0．05）,大剂量地塞米松（100或250ng）注射后10分钟内能使心血管活动明显降低（100ng：－1．80±0．32kPa,－31±13b．／min;250ng：－2．68±0．51kPa,－44±15b．／min;P＜0．01）。不仅如此,小剂量地塞米松（20ng）注入孤束核后对血清中亚硝酸根离子浓度无明显的影响（P＞005）,大剂量地塞米松（250ng）可使血清中亚硝酸根离子浓度显著升高（19．33±0．29μmol／L,vs．control8.26±0.26μmol／L,P＜0.05）。这些结果提示大剂量地塞米松在孤束核内可能通过非基因调控机制捉进外周一氧化氮的形成达到调节心血管活动的作用。     

THE DISTRIBUTION AND METABOLISM OF PUTRESCINE, SPERMIDINE AND SPERMINE INJECTED INTO THE CEREBRAL VENTRICLES OF RABBITS

Following the intracerebroventricular injection into rabbits of spermidine or spermine the highest concentrations were initially found in the caudate nucleus, hypothalamus and medulla. Subsequently there was a rapid decline in the amounts present in the caudate nucleus and hypothalamus and, particularly in the case of spermidine, an increase in the conccntration in the lower brain stem and cervical cord. This pattern of changes is consistent with the amines being redistributed by passage in CSF. Intraventricularly injected putrescine followed the same initial distribution pattern but within 2 days it had been largely converted to spermidine and spermine. Synthesized polyamines accumulated in all the regions examined. The time course of synthesis indicated that spermidine was the precursor of spermine. Spermine was also formed from injected spermidine and vice-versa. These findings concur with the pharmacological and neurotoxic actions of putrescine, spermidine and spermine.     

下丘脑外侧区注入胃泌素对大鼠胃酸分泌的影响

本工作观察了下丘脑外侧区(LHA)、腹内侧核(VMH)或侧脑室(LCV)注射17肽胃泌素(G17)或五肽胃泌素(G5)对清醒大鼠胃酸分泌的影响。结果表明,将 G17或 G5注入 LHA可引起胃酸分泌明显增加,而将 G5注入 VMH、LCV 或静脉则不影响胃酸分泌;切断迷走神经可以阻断在 LHA 注入 G5引起胃酸分泌增加的效应;在阿托品背景下,将 G5注入 LHA仍能引起胃酸分泌明显增加;静脉注射酚妥拉明,心得安或纳洛酮均不影响 G5对 LHA 刺激胃酸分泌的作用。这些结果提示:LHA 是胃泌素作用的一个特异性部位,由 LHA 发出的冲动可能通过迷走神经内的两种传出纤维引起胃酸分泌,一为胆碱能纤维,另一为非胆碱能非肾上腺素能纤维。     

性激素对大白鼠胃粘液分泌的影响

通过雄、雌性大鼠去势,怀孕鼠,以及肌肉注射性激素的方法,观察内,外源性激素对胃粘液分泌的影响,采用Ａｌｃｉａｎ ｂｌｕｅ与胃液和胃壁粘液中糖蛋白结合的方法进行胃粘液测定,结果表明：雄、雌鼠胃粘液分泌无性别差异,去势夺雄、雌鼠胃粘液分泌无明显影响;怀孕鼠胃粘液分泌增加,丙酶睾酮对去势雄、雌鼠胃粘液分泌无影响,而戊酸雌二醇和孕酮可增加胃粘液分泌,提示：怀孕鼠胃粘液分泌的增加可能与雌激素和孕激素分泌增多     

舌下神经核内注射乙醇及去甲肾上腺素对颏舌肌活动的效应

健康家兔87只,乌拉坦静脉麻醉,断双侧迷走神经,记录颏舌肌和膈肌肌电。观察舌下神经核内注射药物对动物窒息引起的颏舌肌肌电积分活动增强效应(PIMA)的影响。注射乙醇可抑制颏舌肌的PIMA;颏舌肌增幅峰值(PAMP)减小,增幅潜伏期(LAT)延长,恢复时间(RT)提前。注射去甲肾上腺素(NA)可增强颏舌肌的PIMA,妥拉苏林(Tola.)抑制PIMA,NA的效应能被Tola.阻断。第四脑室底局部浸润乙醇,平静呼吸时能引起以颜舌肌抑制为主的效应(P<0.01)。本工作提示,乙醇能抑制家兔上呼吸道辅助呼吸肌颏舌肌的活动,该作用可能与舌下神经核本身或第四脑室底的某些结构受到抑制有关。舌下神经核内有肾上腺素能受体,对颏舌肌活动有兴奋作用。     

家兔肺动脉内注射乙酰胆碱对肺动脉血压的影响

在65只氨基甲酸乙酯麻醉的兔,向肺动脉内注射2—4μg乙酰胆碱(ACh),可使颈动脉压出现短暂下降,回升时,肺动脉压可出现升压或降压两种反应,但以升压反应较为多见。发生这两种反应时,心率无明显变化。上述颈动脉降压反应、肺动脉升压和降压反应均能被阿托品阻断。乙酰胆碱引起的肺动脉升压反应可以被胆碱能N-受体阻断剂六甲双铵阻断,亦可被α-受体阻断剂酚妥拉明部分逆转。β-受体阻断剂心得安能部分逆转乙酰胆碱降低颈动脉压的作用,但对乙酰胆碱升高或降低肺动脉压的作用无任何影响。 结果表明,当血液中乙酰胆碱水平升高使肺动脉压下降主要是由于乙酰胆碱直接使肺血管平滑肌舒张。而促使肺动脉压上升的原因,是由于乙酰胆碱一方面直接使肺血管平滑肌收缩;另一方面还可激活交感神经节中N-受体,促进去甲肾上腺素释放,后者与α-受体结合而引起肺血管收缩所致。