Mouse models of short- and long-term foreign body in the urinary bladder: analogies to the bladder segment of urinary catheters.

Catheter-associated bacteriuria is the most common infection occurring in hospitals, where urethral catheters are generally in place for a few days, and in nursing homes, where catheters may be in place for months or years. We developed murine models with intrabladder urinary catheters for studying complications of bacteriuria in short- and long-term catheterization. In the short-term model, a catheter segment was inserted transurethrally and lay free within the bladder lumen. Half of the animals expelled segments during a 2-to-7-day period, durations similar to catheterizations in hospitalized patients. For studies of long-term catheter use, the catheter segment was secured within the bladder by a single suture for up to 12 months. Antibiotics administered for 7 days after catheter placement and housing mice in cages with wire screen floors reduced spontaneous bacteriuria to an acceptably low incidence rate of only 7%. Proteus mirabilis bacteriuria of high concentration provoked the same complications that are common in patients with long-term catheters: acute pyelonephritis, chronic renal inflammation, and struvite stone formation. These models allow inoculation of the bacteria of interest and are suitable for studies of short- and long-term foreign body-associated bacteriuria and its complications.     

Transurethral bladder catheterization of male rhesus macaques: a refinement of approach

Background Successful transurethral bladder catheterization in male non‐human primates can be challenging. An optimized approach for consistent and reproducible catheterization using a refined technique is described. Methods Under sedated and non‐sedated conditions, transurethral bladder catheterization was performed on 25 male rhesus macaques of varying ages and body weights over time. A refined technique ensuring optimal lubrication of the urethral canal prior to catheter insertion was utilized along with various single and multiple lumen catheters. Results All animals were successfully catheterized. Sixty‐five catheterization sessions were conducted with a high overall success rate (100%). The incidence of catheter (10%) and post‐catheterization (2%) complications was low. Conclusions The urinary bladder of male rhesus can be reliably and reproducibly catheterized with minimal complication using this approach. Successful catheterization was facilitated by thorough urethral lubrication and using suitable catheters. In addition, this approach may be performed without sedation on thoroughly conditioned animals.     

膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激改善前列腺癌根治术后患者控尿功能和生活质量的临床研究

摘要 目的：探讨膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激改善前列腺癌根治术（RP）后患者控尿功能和生活质量的临床疗效。方法：本研究为前瞻性研究,选取2019年5月~2022年6月期间暨南大学附属第一医院收治的RP术后患者90例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各为45例。在常规干预的基础上,对照组接受膀胱训练,研究组接受膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激干预。观察两组临床疗效、尿失禁程度、尿动力学指标和生活质量。结果：研究组的临床总有效率（95.56%）高于对照组（77.78%）,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。干预4周后,两组漏尿次数、对日常生活的影响程度、漏尿量、尿失禁问卷表简表（ICI-Q-SF）总分均下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。干预4周后,两组最大尿流率（Qmax）、最大膀胱容量（MCC）、最大尿道闭合压（MUCP）和腹压漏尿点压（VLPP）均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。干预4周后,两组尿失禁生活质量问卷（I-QOL）评分均升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：膀胱训练联合生物反馈电刺激可有效改善RP术后患者控尿功能,提高临床治疗效果,并有助于生活质量的提升。     

Utilidad y seguridad de los ingresos directos a una unidad hospitalaria de agudos de un servicio de geriatría valorados por atención geriátrica en residencias

Background and objectiveMore than half of institutionalized older people need a emergency department visit annually, with high resources consumption and higher risk of adverse events, due to high complexity. Direct admission to Acute Geriatric Unit (AGU), after geriatric consultant and nursing home medical team assessment, could be a safety and effective alternative to emergency department (ED) admission.MethodsRetrospective observational study of AGU patients admitted by Nursing Home Geriatric Team between January, 1st and December, 31st, 2021. Planned admissions and SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were excluded. Medical (sociodemographic, clinical, functional and cognitive) records and outcomes data (inpatient mortality, hospital and ED lenght of stay, transfer to ED and delirium within 48 h after admission, hospital discharge location) were collected.ResultsTwo hundred and six patients directly admitted, 101 through ED (N 307). 62.5% with Barthel index <40, 65% with dementia, 56.4% with Charlson index ≥3. Inpatient mortality was 14.6% in direct admission, 20.8% in ED referral group, p = 0.14. Hospital lenght of stay was 9.61 ± 6.01 days in direct admission, 11.22 ± 5.36 days in ED group, p = 0.02. 27.7% of patients with delirium in direct admission and 36.6% in ED group; only one patient was transferred to ED, within 48 h after admission.ConclusionsDirect admission is a safety and effective alternative to ED referral in institutionalized older people after geriatric assessment, due to no increased mortality, shorter length of stay and hospital cost reduction.     

Candidemia in a public hospital in Northeastern Brazil: Epidemiological features and risk factors in critically ill patients

BackgroundCandidemia is a life-threatening fungal infection characterized by the presence of Candida in the blood.AimsTo describe the clinical–epidemiological features and main risk factors among patients with candidemia admitted to Intensive Care Unit.MethodsA cross-sectional, retrospective and observational study was performed between January 2015 and July 2016. Laboratory reports and medical records from ICU patients admitted to a public hospital in northeastern Brazil were analyzed.ResultsThere were 1573 admissions and 67 of them were positive for candidemia. The majority of patients were male (53.3%) and remained at the hospital for more than seven days (86.6%). Non-C. albicans Candida infections (60%) were predominant. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was prescribed in 98.4% of the cases. The most frequent underlying diseases were sepsis (73.3%), presence of solid tumors (15%), respiratory condition (60%), urinary tract disease (56.6%) and gastrointestinal tract diseases (23.3%). Surgeries were carried out on 43% of the patients, consisting of 23.3% abdominal surgeries, with a mortality rate of 92.8%. Risk factors were venous central access (93.3%), mechanical ventilation (81.6%), nasoenteral tube (83.3%), nasogastric tube (25%), indwelling bladder catheter (88.3%), diabetes mellitus (55%) and tracheostomy (36.6%). Statistical analysis correlated the use of indwelling bladder catheter with a higher mortality rate (r = 0.07412, p = 0.0353).ConclusionsThe current study reveals the high case fatality rates among critically ill patients suffering from candidemia admitted to ICU. Herein, we highlight the importance of identifying non-C. albicans Candida species and reinforce the idea of carrying out epidemiological surveillances and antifungal susceptibility tests.     

Bladder dysfunction after acute urinary retention in the rats: a novel over active bladder model

As there is increasing evidence that benign prostatic hyperplasia and its related acute urinary retention (AUR) induce over active bladder (OAB) syndrome, we investigated the effects of AUR on bladder function over a 4-week period in a rat model. Ten-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. AUR was induced by clamping the distal urethra of each rat with a small clip, and then infusing 3 ml (0.6 ml/min) of saline with an infusion pump through a transurethral catheter (22G). The obstruction was sustained for 60 min and the clip was removed and then the bladder was allowed to drain through the catheter. The bladder function was estimated by voiding behavior studies (at 3 days, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks), cystometric studies (at 2 and 4 weeks) and organ bath studies using KCl and carbachol (at 2 and 4 weeks). Furthermore, we evaluated histological changes in the rat bladder 2 and 4 weeks after the induction of AUR. The same parameters were also measured in non-AUR rats (control group). The rat bladder weight in the AUR group at 2 weeks was significantly larger than that of the controls, and returned to the control level 4 weeks after the AUR episode. The voiding behavior studies showed significant increase in micturition frequency per day and decrease in single voiding volume 3 days after the induction of AUR, and this voiding behavior was continued for more than 2 weeks. The cystometric studies showed a significant decrease in single-voided volume at 2 weeks rat. However, no significant changes of the other parameters were observed in the rats. The histological studies showed significant infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as increase in turnover of epithelium in AUR rats at 2 weeks, while significant increases in fibrosis in submucosal layer were observed in AUR rats at 4 weeks. This study demonstrated that bladder dysfunction in the rat model caused by AUR needs more than 2 weeks of recovery period. The AUR-associated alterations in the bladder may represent a key clue to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, which take place in OAB syndrome.     

Evolución clínica y funcional de los pacientes que ingresan en residencias tras una fractura de cadera. Implementación de un programa de intervención multinivel

Background and objectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the clinical and functional outcomes of patients discharged to nursing homes after a hip fracture.MethodsThe study included all patients admitted to a group of nursing homes after a hip fracture in 2016. A geriatric assessment protocol was applied, and patients were treated with a specific protocol for 90 days. They were assessed for nutritional status (Mini-Nutritional Assessment and Body Mass Index), pain (Visual Analogue Scale, and the PAINAD Scale), the presence of pressure ulcers, blood test (D vitamin, haemoglobin, proteins), and functional status (Barthel index and Functional Assessment Categories).ResultsOut of a total of 175 patients, 116 (75%) met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 84.9 years old (±6.7 SD), and 91 (78.4%) were women. At admission, 73.8% of 65 residents had anaemia, 76.7% hypovitaminosis D, 88% malnutrition or «at risk of malnutrition», and 15.3% had pressure ulcers. After 90 days, the moderate-severe functional status (Barthel index < 60) was reduced from 90.4 to 39.6%, dependence due to gait from 97.3 to 36.1%, and moderate-severe pain from 88.9 to 14.4%. Most of the pressure ulcers healed (94.4%).ConclusionsPatients admitted to nursing homes after a hip fracture had poor clinical and functional status. This study shows that after 90 days from admission these patients had positive outcomes in terms of functionality, gait, pain control, and pressure ulcers healing.     

三种不同手术方式治疗中老年女性压力性尿失禁疗效及对患者膀胱功能和术后并发症的影响

摘要 目的：探讨耻骨后膀胱尿道悬吊术（Burch）、阴道无张力尿道悬吊术（TVT）及经闭孔经阴道尿道中段悬吊带术（TVT-O）三种不同手术方式治疗中老年女性压力性尿失禁（SUI）疗效及对患者膀胱功能和术后并发症的影响。方法：回顾性分析2019.1-2022.4收治的101例中老年女性SUI患者资料，按手术方式分为Burch组（n=30，Burch术治疗）、TVT组（n=31，TVT术治疗）和TVT-O组（n=40，TVT-O术治疗），观察三组患者临床疗效和手术情况[手术时间、出血量、住院时间、尿管留置时间]，并发症发生率，治疗前后膀胱功能[24h排尿次数、膀胱容量、每次排尿量、残余尿量]及尿道功能指标[尿道长度（FUL）、最大尿道闭合压（MUCP）、Valsalva漏尿点压（VLPP）]变化。结果：Burch组、TVT组、TVT-O组治愈及改善率分别为83.34%、87.10%、87.50%，13.33%、12.90%、12.50%，三组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；TVT组、TVT-O组患者手术时间、出血量、住院时间、尿管留置时间均显著短于Burch组（P<0.05），且TVT-O组患者手术时间显著短于TVT组（P<0.05）；治疗后，三组患者24 h排尿次数、残余尿量均显著降低（P<0.05），膀胱容量、每次排尿量、FUL、MUCP、VLPP水平均显著增加（P<0.05），但三组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；Burch组、TVT组、TVT-O组并发症总发生率分别为20.00%、12.91%、15.00%，三组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：三种术式治疗中老年女性SUI疗效相当，均可有效改善膀胱功能及尿道指标，但TVT与TVT-O术患者康复快，TVT-O手术时间最短，TVT并发症低，可依据患者情况酌情选择。     

低频电刺激联合间歇导尿及Motomed运动训练对脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者膀胱内压力及膀胱容量的影响

目的:探讨低频电刺激联合间歇导尿及Motomed运动训练对脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者膀胱内压力及膀胱容量的影响。方法:选取我院2015年12月～2018年2月收治的脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者92例,根据随机数字表法将其分为对照组(n=46)与研究组(n=46)。两组均给予间歇性导尿、盆底肌训练、膀胱功能训练等常规干预,对照组在此基础上采取低频电刺激,研究组于对照组基础上采取Motomed运动训练,两组均干预2个月。比较两组的临床疗效、治疗前及治疗2个月后的排尿情况(日均单次排尿量、日单次最大排尿量、日均排尿次数)、尿动力学情况(最大尿流率、膀胱容量、残余尿量、膀胱内压力)、LUTS(国际下尿路症状评分)及USDS(泌尿症状困扰评分)。结果:治疗后,研究组总有效率(93.48%)显著高于对照组(78.26%)(P0.05);治疗2个月后,两组日均单次排尿量、日单次最大排尿量、日均排尿次数、最大尿流率、膀胱容量、膀胱内压力均较治疗前显著增多,且研究组以上指标均明显高于对照组(P0.05);两组LUTS及USDS分值均较治疗前显著降低,且研究组以上指标均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:间歇导尿联合低频电刺激与Motomed运动训练可有效改善脊髓损伤致神经源性膀胱患者尿动力学状态及排尿情况,增大膀胱容量及膀胱内压力等,缓解下尿路症状及泌尿症状困扰程度,提高治疗效果。     

达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术的临床疗效及术后短期尿控恢复的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：观察达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术（RALRP）的临床疗效,并分析术后尿控恢复的影响因素。方法：选取2020年3月~2023年1月期间山东第一医科大学附属省立医院收治的腹腔镜下前列腺癌根治术182例作为研究对象,根据手术方式的不同将患者分为A组（n=81,传统腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术）和B组（n=101,RALRP）。记录两组手术时间、术后1个月的尿控率、术中出血量、住院时间、尿管拔除时间、引流管拔除时间、术后并发症的发生率。针对RALRP患者,多因素Logistic回归分析术后短期尿控恢复的影响因素。结果：B组手术时间、引流管拔除时间、尿管拔除时间、住院时间短于A组,术中出血量少于A组（P<0.05）。B组术后1个月的尿控率高于A组（P<0.05）。B组的术后并发症的发生率低于A组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,糖尿病、经尿道前列腺电切术（TURP）史是术后尿控恢复的危险因素,而规律提肛锻炼、保留神经血管束（NVB）是术后尿控恢复的保护因素（P<0.05）。结论：RALRP治疗前列腺癌患者,可缩短手术时间、引流管拔除时间、尿管拔除时间、住院时间,减少术中出血量,同时还可提高术后1个月的尿控率,降低并发症发生率。此外,糖尿病、规律提肛锻炼、保留NVB、TURP史等均是RALRP患者术后短期尿控恢复的影响因素,值得引起重视。     

中医多途径综合疗法治疗宫颈癌术后尿潴留的临床效果评价

目的:评价中医多途径综合疗法治疗宫颈癌术后尿潴留的临床效果和安全性。方法:选择2013年12月至2016年9月我院收治的60例宫颈癌术后出现尿潴留症状的患者,按其意愿将其分为对照组(30例)与研究组(30例),对照组接受水流声诱导、盆底肌锻炼等常规治疗方法,研究组在对照组基础上加以中医多途径综合疗法,比较两组治疗前后中医症状症状积分、自主排尿功能恢复时间、膀胱残余尿量、尿路感染率等情况。结果:治疗前,两组排尿无力、小腹坠胀、倦怠乏力、腰膝酸软积分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组以上指标均较治疗前明显降低,且研究组小腹胀痛、倦怠乏力积分均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组自主排尿功能恢复时间、膀胱残余尿量均明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组尿路感染率为6.78%,明显低于对照组(23.33%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:中医多途径综合疗法治疗宫颈癌术后尿潴留的疗效肯定,可明显缩短病程,并降低尿路感染发生率。     

Early development of bacterial community diversity in emergently placed urinary catheters

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Approximately 25% of hospitalized patients have a urinary catheter, and catheter associated urinary tract infection is the most common nosocomial infection in the US, causing >1 million cases/year. However, the natural history of the biofilms that rapidly form on urinary catheters and lead to infection is not well described. FINDINGS: We characterized the dynamics of catheter colonization among catheters collected from 3 women and 5 men in a trauma burn unit with different indwelling times using TRFLP and culture. All patients received antibiotic therapy. Results: Colony-forming units increased along the extraluminal catheter surface from the catheter balloon to the urethra, but no trend was apparent for the intraluminal surface. This suggests extraluminal bacteria come from periurethral communities while intraluminal bacteria are introduced via the catheter or already inhabit the urine/bladder. Richness of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) increased over time on the intraluminal surface, but was constant extraluminally. CONCLUSIONS: OTU community composition was explained best by time rather than axial location or surface. Our results suggest that catheter colonization can be very dynamic, and possibly have a predictable succession.     

Incidencia de la hiponatremia y de sus causas en pacientes neurológicos

IntroductionHyponatremia is considered the most frequent electrolyte disorder found in hospitalized patients and seems to be a prognostic factor during hospitalization.MethodsA prospective observational study was carried out in consecutive neurological patients admitted to our hospital over a 3-month period. Blood and urinary ionogram and osmolality were determined at entry and 3–5 days after admission in all patients with hyponatremia.ResultsOf the 130 patients admitted, 19 (14.6%) had hyponatremia. The causes of hyponatremia were as follows: inappropriate fluid replacement in 4 patients (21%), antihypertensive drugs in 4 (21%), syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone in 4 (21%), cerebral salt wasting syndrome in 2 (10%), and edematous status caused by liver disease in one and digestive loss in one (5%) each. Mortality was one (5%) and 0 (0%) among patients with and without hyponatremia, respectively.ConclusionHyponatremia is common in hospitalized neurological patients and can be misdiagnosed as a worsening of the main illness.     

Fatal opioid overdoses during and shortly after hospital admissions in England: A case-crossover study

BackgroundHospital patients who use illicit opioids such as heroin may use drugs during an admission or leave the hospital in order to use drugs. There have been reports of patients found dead from drug poisoning on the hospital premises or shortly after leaving the hospital. This study examines whether hospital admission and discharge are associated with increased risk of opioid-related death.Methods and findingsWe conducted a case-crossover study of opioid-related deaths in England. Our study included 13,609 deaths between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019 among individuals aged 18 to 64. For each death, we sampled 5 control days from the period 730 to 28 days before death. We used data from the national Hospital Episode Statistics database to determine the time proximity of deaths and control days to hospital admissions. We estimated the association between hospital admission and opioid-related death using conditional logistic regression, with a reference category of time neither admitted to the hospital nor within 14 days of discharge. A total of 236/13,609 deaths (1.7%) occurred following drug use while admitted to the hospital. The risk during hospital admissions was similar or lower than periods neither admitted to the hospital nor recently discharged, with odds ratios 1.03 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.21; p = 0.75) for the first 14 days of an admission and 0.41 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.56; p < 0.001) for days 15 onwards. 1,088/13,609 deaths (8.0%) occurred in the 14 days after discharge. The risk of opioid-related death increased in this period, with odds ratios of 4.39 (95% CI 3.75 to 5.14; p < 0.001) on days 1 to 2 after discharge and 2.09 (95% CI 1.92 to 2.28; p < 0.001) on days 3 to 14. 11,629/13,609 deaths (85.5%) did not occur close to a hospital admission, and the remaining 656/13,609 deaths (4.8%) occurred in hospital following admission due to drug poisoning. Risk was greater for patients discharged from psychiatric admissions, those who left the hospital against medical advice, and those leaving the hospital after admissions of 7 days or more. The main limitation of the method is that it does not control for time-varying health or drug use within individuals; therefore, hospital admissions coinciding with high-risk periods may in part explain the results.ConclusionsDischarge from the hospital is associated with an acute increase in the risk of opioid-related death, and 1 in 14 opioid-related deaths in England happens in the 2 weeks after the hospital discharge. This supports interventions that prevent early discharge and improve linkage with community drug treatment and harm reduction services.

In a case-crossover study, Dan Lewer and coauthors investigate factors associated with fatal opioid overdoses during and shortly after hospital admissions in England.     

Characteristics of Biofilms from Urinary Tract Catheters and Presence of Biofilm-Related Components in Escherichia coli

Long term catheterization of the urinary tract leads to bacterial colonization of the urine, whereby adherence to the catheter surface is a major determinative factor for colonization. Collection of bacterial isolates from urine and urinary catheters of 45 patients showed multi-species catheter-colonization, while Escherichia coli isolates were frequently found in the urine in high numbers. Biofilm formation of catheter and urine-derived E. coli isolates was associated with the presence of the fluA gene, loss of O-antigen, and expression of type 1 fimbriae. The second messenger cyclic di-GMP (cdiGMP), a major regulator of biofilm formation, regulated adherence to the catheter surface in a selected clinical isolate suggesting that the cdiGMP second messenger pathway may be a target for anti-biofilm therapeutic approaches.     

A new urethral catheter

A new balloon catheter for women with a flexible urethral portion that conforms to the shape of the closed urethra was tested. In sheep control catheters caused epithelial destruction, which was absent with the conformable catheter. A 12 week crossover trial compared control catheters in 52 long stay geriatric patients. Eighty two out of 91 conformable catheters were rated as comfortable compared with 68 of 87 control (p=0·006). The average length of time in situ was 15·9 days for the conformable catheter compared with 12·9 days for the control (p=0·001). The average number of bypasses a week with the conformable catheter was 1·1 compared with 1·3 for the control; this difference was not significant. Examination of 249 used catheters showed significantly fewer with intraluminal obstruction with struvite among the conformable than control catheters (1 (0·8%) versus 15 (11·5%); p<0·001).This new catheter for women is a substantial improvement over the Foley catheter and (except in urethral stricture) is suitable for all forms of drainage.     

电针神经刺激疗法联合盆底肌训练对早期宫颈癌广泛性全子宫切除术后患者尿潴留、膀胱功能和免疫功能的影响

摘要 目的：观察电针神经刺激疗法联合盆底肌训练在早期宫颈癌广泛性全子宫切除术后康复中的应用价值。方法：前瞻性收集我院2020年3月~2021年10月期间收治的早期宫颈癌广泛性全子宫切除术患者98例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各49例,对照组患者指导其进行盆底肌训练,研究组患者则在盆底肌训练的基础上加以电针神经刺激疗法,对比两组尿潴留发生率以及膀胱功能、免疫功能、盆底功能恢复情况。结果：术后13周时评估结果显示,研究组的盆底肌综合肌力测定正常率高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后13周时初始尿意膀胱容量（FVS）、最大尿流率（MFR）、最大尿意膀胱容量（MVS）均较术后1周时升高,残余尿量（PVR）均较术后1周时下降,且研究组术后13周时FVS、MFR、MVS高于对照组,PVR低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组术后13周时血清免疫球蛋白A（IgA）、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、免疫球蛋白M（IgM）、外周血T淋巴细胞CD3⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺均较术后1周时升高,且研究组高于对照组（P<0.05）。研究组尿潴留发生率4.08%（2/49）低于对照组22.45%（11/49）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：电针神经刺激疗法联合盆底肌训练可减少早期宫颈癌广泛性全子宫切除术后患者尿潴留的发生率,改善患者的盆底功能和膀胱功能,促进免疫功能恢复,效果较好。     

The significance of combined detection of CysC,urinary mAlb and β2-MG in diagnosis of the early renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome

ObjectiveTo elaborate the significance of combined detection of cystatin C, urinary micro-albumin (mAlb) and β₂-microglobulin (β₂-MG) in diagnosis of the early renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome.MethodsA total of 120 patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome who were admitted to this hospital for treatment between November 2015 and October 2018 were enrolled as subjects, and divided into the control group (without complication of renal injury, n = 76) and the observation group (with complication of renal injury, n = 44) according to the complications of early renal injury. Furthermore, 60 patients who participated in the antenatal care in this hospital were enrolled as the normal subjects (normal group). Automatic biochemistry analyzer was utilized to measure CysC, urinary mAlb and β₂-MG in serum to evaluate the specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of single or combined measurements of these indexes in diagnosis of the early renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome.ResultsIn the observation group, the levels of CysC, urinary mAlb and β₂-MG were higher than those in the control group, while the levels in the normal group were the lowest (P < 0.05). Combined measurement of CysC, urinary mAlb and β₂-MG showed a higher accuracy (90.0%) in diagnosis of the early renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome than the single measurements, and the difference had statistical significance (P < 0.05). Besides, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the combined measurements were 94.59%, 87.30%, 81.40% and 94.49%, slightly higher than the single measurements, with no statistical significance in differences (P > 0.05).ConclusionCysC, urinary mAlb and β₂-MG can reflect the renal injury effectively, and the combined measurements shows potent accuracy in diagnosis of the early renal injury in pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome, thereby providing the scientific evidence for early diagnosis and stipulation of rational therapeutic regimen and improving the pregnancy outcome.     

Expression of Hsp27 correlated with rat detrusor contraction after acute urinary retention

Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) can regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics and contractile protein activation. This study investigates whether Hsp27 expression is related to bladder contractile dysfunction after acute urinary retention (AUR). Female rats were randomized either to AUR by urethral ligation or to normal control group. Bladder and smooth muscle strip contraction at time points from 0 h to 7 days after AUR were estimated by cystometric and organ bath studies. Hsp27 expression in bladder tissue at each time point was detected with immunofluorescence, Western blots, and real-time PCR. Expression of the three phosphorylated forms of Hsp27 was detected by Western blots. Smooth muscle ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Data suggest that maximum detrusor pressure and both carbachol-induced and spontaneous detrusor strip contraction amplitude decreased gradually for the duration from 0 to 6 h, and then increased gradually to near-normal values at 24 h. Treatment of muscle strips with the p38MAK inhibitor, SB203580, inhibited carbachol-induced contractions. Smooth muscle ultrastructure damage was the highest at 6 h after AUR, and then lessened gradually during next 7 days, and ultrastructure was close to normal. Expressions of Hsp27 mRNA and protein and the proteins of the three phosphorylated forms were higher at 0 h, decreased to lower levels up to 6 h, and then gradually increased. Therefore, we conclude that rat bladder contractile function after AUR worsens during 0–6 h, and then gradually recovers. The findings of the current study suggest that Hsp27 modulates bladder smooth muscle contraction after AUR, and that phosphorylation of Hsp27 may be an important pathway modulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics in bladder smooth muscle contraction and reconstruction after injury.