Psychothérapie des cas difficiles. Perspectives phénoménologiques

The author provides a brief overview of clinical anthropology. To achieve better understanding of clinical anthropology, it is very important to grasp its close relationship with the development of phenomenology, most notably existential analysis. This paper mainly references L. Binswanger, S. Freud, V. von Weizsäcker and J. Schotte, arguing that the anthropological perspective is up to date in the psychotherapy of difficult cases. Four fields of application and a clinical case of a psychotic patient’s replacement of medications by psychotherapy after 30 years of use show how the anthropological perspective can create a new way of looking at pathology, help achieve a better relationship with the patient and revitalise the representation of what we call a clinical fact.     

Contribution a l'étude des levures des chais- taxonomie,répartition des levures

Résumé Les populations levuriennes de deux chais de Bourgogne sont étudiées sur deux années d'un point de vue taxonomique et biologique. 122 souches se rapportant à 26 espèces, ont été isolées à partir de la voûte et du sol de la cave, sur les madriers supportant les tonneaux, dans la cuve, sur le pressoir et sur les tonneaux. En dehors d'un certain nombre d'espèces classiques dans ce type d'habitat, telles que Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Hansenula anomala et Kloeckera apiculata, nous avons pu mettre en évidence notamment: Debaryomyces hansenii, Torulopsis Candida, Saccharomyces italicus, ainsi qu'un certain nombre d'espèces appartenant aux genres Pichia, Candida et Trichosporon. La répartition qualitative et quantitative des espèces est également étudiée.

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The yeast populations of two burgundy cellars were studied during two years from a taxonomical and biological point of view. 122 strains distributed among 26 species have been isolated from the vault and ground of the cellar, on the planks supporting the barrels, in the tank, on the winepress and on the barrels. Apart from a number of standard species in this type of habitat such Saccharomy cescerevisiae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Hansenula anomala, Kloeckera apiculata we have encountered the more rare Debaryomyces hansenii, Torulopsis Candida, Saccharomyces italicus as also species of the genus Pichia, Candida, and Trichosporon.

     

Caractéristiques sérologiques des antigènes HLA-A,B et C.

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are transmembrane bicatenar glycoproteins; their heavy chain is coded by chromosome 6 and carries allotypic determinants. These molecules are present in nearly every cell, tissue and biologic fluid. Their congenital absence from fibroblasts is associated with progeria, while their absence from lymphocytes is associated with immunodeficiency. HLA antigens are usually studied microlymphocytotoxicity tests. The numerous cross-reactions encountered make the interpretation of results quite difficult. To clearly understand these reactions a complex-complex model is mandatory. The antigen, the HLA molecule, is complex since it carries many antigenic determinants; some of them are private ("subtypic"), while others are public ("subtypic"). Anti-HLA antibodies are also complex since they are heterogeneous, reacting with variable affinity with different antigenic determinants. The in vitro cross-reactions represent a partial explanation for varying cross-immunogenicity in vivo.     

Résistance des abeilles (Apis mellifica L. var.ligustica) a des températures élevées

Summary The following is a study of resistance of worker honey bees (Apis mellifica L. var.ligustica) to high temperatures and of the effect of nutrition upon it.Survival of honey bees of spring generation was studied at 45, 50, 55 and 60°C during 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes exposures. The survival rate was established at the end of their exposure, and 24 hours later. Lethal effects of heat were evident immediately after a 30 minute exposure to 50° C. These effects could be noticed in the survivers 24 hours following exposure.Effect of nutrition on heat resistance at 32° C and at 50° C was studied on one group of bees supplied with a 30 % honey solution; on another- with water only, and on a third group which served as a control (no food). Their survival at 32° C after 12 hours exposure was 100%, 81% and 48%, respectively. However, an exposure duration of 45 minutes at 50°C resulted in a survival of 22% of control bees as compared to a total survival of those fed on honey solution.     

Analyse immunoélectrophorétique des antigènes fongiques et systématique des champignons. Répercussions pratiques sur le diagnostic des mycoses

Conclusion En 1959, dans une note (2) à l'Académie des Sciences, nous écrivions, en conclusion d'un travail préliminaire sur l'étude immunoélectrophorétique desCandida: Si l'avenir apportait la démonstration de résultats similaires obtenus avec d'autres champignons que les levures du genreCandida, on disposerait en mycologie d'une méthode générale d'analyse des fractions antigéniques...; de plus, les connaissances acquises dans ce domaine auraient vraisemblablement d'heureuses répercussions pratiques sur les problèmes taxonomiques en suspens et sur le diagnostic sérologique des mycoses. Six ans plus tard, il nous semble que l'application de l'immunoélectrophorèse à la mycologie ait tenu ses promesses. Sans se substituer à d'autres techniques, ne fut-ce que parce que son objet est limité à l'étude des fractions antigéniques solubles ou à celle des anticorps précipitants, et parce que sa mise en oeuvre est souvent longue et délicate, elle complète heureusement ces techniques, apportant effectivement, dans bien des cas, un argument nouveau, analytique et élégant, à la taxonomie des champignons et ouvrant une voie nouvelle au diagnostic sérologique de certaines mycoses.(avec la collaboration technique deM. Brugge)Communication présentée à l' International Society for human and animal mycology, Third meeting. Edinburgh, July 31st-August 2nd, 1964.     

Utilisation des céphalosporines comme antibioprophylaxie lors de césariennes.

Cefoxitin, a second-generation cephalosporin, was compared with cefazolin, a first-generation cephalosporin, and a placebo in a prospective, double-blind study of antibiotic prophylaxis in women undergoing nonelective cesarean section. In the groups that received cefazolin or the placebo there eas no statistically significant change in colonization of the cervix by aerobic bacteria by the fourth day after the operation, but there was a statistically significant increase in colonization by anaerobes. Cefoxitin had the opposite effect. Of the 14 postoperative infections in 11 patients, significantly more were in patients who had received the placebo; the numbers were too small to show a difference in effectiveness between the two antibiotics. Of the microorganisms implicated as the infectious agents, group B Streptococcus was the most frequent aerobe, and Peptostreptococcus and Bacteroides bivius were the most frequent anaerobes. Among the 15 patients for whom at least one perioperative specimen yielded positive culture results, a postoperative infection developed in 5 of the 6 who received the placebo, 2 of the 4 who received cefazolin and 1 of the 5 who received cefoxitin.     

Nitrite réductase des Saccharomyces (groupe Torulaspora) et des Debaryomyces. implications systématiques

Intracellular nitrite reductase was found in some species of Saccharomyces (Torulaspora group of Van der Walt 1970) and all Debaryomyces (excepted D. castelli and D. coudertii. The taxonomical relationship between the 2 groupes are discussed.

     

Effets du gemmage sur l'ultrastructure des cellules sécrétrices des canaux de l'écorce des tiges dePinus sylvestris L. etPicea abies (L.) Karst.

Résumé La synthèse des terpènes par les cellules sécrétrices des canaux de l'écorce des rameaux dePinus etPicea est terminée à la fin de la période d'élongation de la pousse de l'année. Les cellules épithéliales subissent ensuite une dédifférenciation progressive et accumulent des substances de réserve. La potentialité sécrétrice peut Être réactivée par gemmage. Elle se traduit initialement par une multiplication des leucoplastes et des membranes du reticulum endoplasmique lisse. Ces deux systèmes sont donc responsables de la production d'oléorésine dans les conditions normales ou sous l'effet d'une blessure.

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Effects of tapping on the ultrastructure of the secretory cells of the bark of stems ofPinus sylvestris L. andPicea abies (L.) Karst

Summary The terpene synthesis by the resin canal cells of the bark in the twigs ofPinus andPicea ceases at the end of the elongation period of the first year shoot. After this secretory period, the epithelial cells undergo a progressive dedifferentiation and store ergastic material. The secretory potentiality may be reactivated by tapping. The first obvious features are the multiplication of leucoplasts and membranes of the agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore these two systems are the site of the oleoresin production in normal conditions and after wounding.

     

Altérations morphologiques des spermatozoïdes en microscopie électronique: indications, phénotypes, fécondance, et pronostic de fertilité

Conventional semen analysis (sperm count) is limited to examination of spermatozoa at a magnification of x1,000, which may be insufficient in rare situations. Electron microscopy sperm examination allows high-power (x 100,000) analysis of sperm organelles and quantification of abnormalities of the constituents involved in sperm mobility and fertility potential. Electron microscopy sperm morphology examination is rarely indicated and is reserved to: 1) severe monomorphic and stable teratospermia (globozoospermia = spermatozoa with a round head and no acrosome, pinheads = decapitated spermatozoa), 2) partial (asthenospermia) or total (akinetospermia) alteration of sperm mobility and/or quality of sperm movement. All of these anomalies are associated with primary infertility. Globozoospermia and pinheads can be detected by light microscopy. Electron microscopy sperm morphology examination precisely identifies and quantifies sperm abnormalities. Pathological phenotypes have a heterogeneous expression. The organelles of spermatozoa other than those primarily involved in the pathological phenotype may also present alterations. Globozoospermia is generally characterized by the absence of elongation of the nucleus, and absence of the acrosome and the post-acrosomal region. The implantation fossa and basal plate are generally missing in decapitated spermatozoa. Asthenospermia may be an indication for electron microscopy sperm examination when it is not associated with necrospermia. Sperm with fibrous sheath dysplasia (FSD) generally present a short flagella and very low overall mobility, less than 5%. The various phenotypes are characterized by abnormal arrangements of the constituents of the fibrous sheath and 20% of patients also present respiratory tract disease. In primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), spermatozoa are often immobile and present a normal morphology on light microscopy. Apart from the complete form with absent axoneme, incomplete forms are also observed with absence of the dynein arms, peripheral doublets, microtubules. These phenotypes have a low prevalence in the population of infertile men. A familial incidence, parental consanguinity, and a high incidence in certain geographical regions are frequently reported, suggesting the existence of one or several genetic mechanisms. Despite the limited state of knowledge at the present time, couples must be informed about the possible transmission of the phenotype to their descendants. All men with these phenotypes are spontaneously infertile. The only alternative fertilization technique is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). According to the literature and our own experience, the results of ICSI with sperm presenting these phenotypes are poorer than those of ICSI in general. Electron microscopy is not only a diagnostic tool in severe male infertility, but also a prognostic indicator of the success of management by ICSI, which must be evaluated for each case.     

Radio-immunothérapie des lymphomes non hodgkiniens,expérience lilloise

From an experience of radio-immunotherapy of non Hodgkin lymphomas from March 2002 to December 2008 (near 7 years), corresponding to 160 treatments, an analysis of indications has been done: clinical research trials, authorized indications from AMM or medically justified. Some elements which could be problematic are pointed: coordination between the regional Haematology departments and our Nuclear Medicine department, radio labelling and radioprotection.     

Distribution et activités des alcaloïdes défensifs des Coccinellidae

From a survey of 30 species and varieties of ladybugs the presence of alkaloids appears to be correlated with the existence of aposematic colour and not with being carnivorous or phytophagous. The alkaloids described until now all belong to the Coccinellini and are closely related, but other types of bases have been detected in some genera. The observed distributions are in agreement with the modern taxonomy of the family.Ladybug alkaloids constitute an effective defence against ants, Myrmica rubra, and quails, Coturnix coturnix, but all the beetles containing alkaloids do not possess the same degree of protection. Individual quail react differently towards moderately protected species.The bioassay used for the first isolation of coccinelin is described. The repulsive activities of aqueous solutions of coccinellin and convergin towards ants have been compared.