离子通道蛋白在果蝇大脑神经上皮干细胞发育中的功能研究

离子通道蛋白作为神经系统的重要组成部分,在早期神经细胞发育中的作用却没有被研究过。基于神经发育在果蝇与小鼠间的保守性,果蝇幼虫大脑视觉中心可作为很好的模型来筛选参与神经干细胞行为调节的基因。文章通过体内RNA干扰和失活突变体来研究重要的钙离子通道和钾离子通道蛋白对神经干细胞的调节作用。结果表明,这些蛋白表达水平降低和shaker蛋白完全失活均对果蝇幼虫大脑神经干细胞的发育无影响。     

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路对靶基因转录的调控

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路又被称为经典Wnt信号通路,在早期胚胎发育、成体组织稳态维持、干细胞干性调控和肿瘤发生等过程中均发挥重要作用.经典Wnt信号通路的核心信号转导因子β-catenin与核内转录因子TCF/LEF家族成员结合后,通过募集或替换一系列协同作用因子,诱导染色质结构变化,调控Wnt信号靶基因的转录.本文将从Wnt信号靶基因转录调控的基本模式、分子机制、表观遗传学调控和意义等方面,总结近年来有关Wnt信号靶基因转录调控的研究成果,方便读者更好地理解Wnt信号通路靶基因的转录调控.     

果蝇心脏发育研究三十年进展

果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)作为最早用于研究心脏发育基因调控的模式生物,已经走过三十年的历程。果蝇心脏发育过程经历了胚胎期、幼虫期和成虫期三大阶段。在胚胎早期, Tinman、Dorsocross和Pannier等基因是关键的调控因子。Tinman参与最早的心脏前体细胞分化和心脏细胞形成,而Dorsocross和Pannier则影响心脏前体细胞的定向分化和心脏管腔的形成。进入胚胎晚期和幼虫期,果蝇的心管经历进一步的发展和重塑,该过程主要受到转录因子Hand、Mef2以及Hox基因家族的调控。在成虫期, Hox基因家族和Tinman依旧发挥重要作用。虽然果蝇心脏与脊椎动物成熟心脏存在形态上的差异,但两者心脏的早期发育过程以及调控基因和信号通路都有保守性。本文综述了果蝇心脏发育基因调控研究的三十年进展以及利用果蝇模型研究人类心脏相关疾病的潜在希望。     

Wnt信号通路在视网膜色素上皮发育中的作用

Wnt（wingless-type MMTV integration site family members）信号通路与细胞的发育分化密切相关,尤其对动物胚胎期中枢神经系统的发育至关重要。在眼的早期发育中,视泡背部视网膜色素上皮细胞（RPE）Wnt/βcatenin信号通路高度活跃,对神经视网膜及RPE的发育调控起重要作用。本文结合目前该领域研究进展,综合评述Wnt信号通路、Wnt蛋白家族以及Wnt信号通路与RPE发育的关系。     

Nodal/Smad2靶基因的系统鉴定及其在早期胚胎发育中的功能机制

Nodal/Smad2信号通路在脊椎动物胚胎中内胚层诱导及其背腹分化中发挥着主导作用,但是在胚胎早期发育中,Nodal/Smad2信号调控哪些靶基因表达,这些靶基因如何在Nodal/Smad2信号下游发挥作用,人们仍然所知甚少。以国家自然科学基金委员会"细胞编程与重编程的表观遗传机制"重大研究计划为依托,王强实验室在全基因组水平上对斑马鱼胚胎原肠早期Nodal/Smad2信号通路的靶基因进行了系统鉴定,并通过分析Smad2结合区域的其他转录因子保守的结合序列的出现频率,鉴定了一批潜在的Smad2的协同转录因子。研究发现,Nodal/Smad2的靶基因主要由转录因子、发育相关基因及重要信号通路的调控因子组成,其中F-actin捆绑蛋白Fascin1a和鸟核苷酸交换因子Net1分别通过调控受体内吞与Smad2转录活性反馈调控Nodal信号转导和中内胚层形成,而BPTF做为Smad2协同转录因子,通过调节核小体滑动来调控wnt8a表达,在中枢神经系统后部化过程中发挥重要作用。相关研究工作构建了Nodal/Smad2信号在斑马鱼中内胚层诱导及体轴建立中的分子网络,为理解脊椎动物早期胚胎发育过程中的基因表达调控机制提供了有意义的线索。     

Hippo信号调控果蝇中肠稳态维持的机制研究

Hippo信号通路是近年来发现在进化上高度保守的肿瘤抑制信号通路,能通过协调细胞增殖与凋亡来控制组织、器官发育的大小,并在干细胞的自我更新及组织稳态维持中发挥着极其重要的作用。Hippo信号通路关键成员的活性异常可以导致包括癌症在内的多种疾病的发生。因此,Hippo信号通路成员的蛋白稳定性调控是Hippo信号通路研究的重点之一。果蝇中的研究表明,Hippo信号通路上游成员Pez的蛋白稳定性受NEDD4(neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4)家族泛素连接酶Su(dx)及Kibra的共同调节,进一步的研究揭示了该调控过程的具体分子机制。该调控在维持果蝇中肠干细胞(intestinal stem cell,ISC)稳态平衡中发挥了重要作用。在哺乳动物细胞中的研究则提示该调控机制存在进化上的保守性。这些研究成果不仅加深了我们对Hippo信号通路调控果蝇肠稳态功能的认识,还为我们研究相关肿瘤发生发展的机制和发掘潜在的肿瘤治疗靶点提供了新的思路。     

Ras信号通路通过激活转录因子Myc促进核内复制细胞生长

【目的】果蝇Ras信号通路在细胞增殖与生长过程中发挥着重要的作用。Myc基因是bHLH转录因子家族基因,可调控细胞生长、竞争和再生增殖等生理过程。本研究旨在明确Ras信号通路与Myc的关系,探索Ras信号调控核内复制细胞生长的作用机制。【方法】生物信息学分析转基因家蚕Bombyx mori后部丝腺Myc基因的转录水平,并通过qPCR验证;在黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Kc细胞中,分别转染pAc5.1-HisB-Ras~(V12)-V5或pAc5.1-HisB-Raf-Flag过表达Ras~(V12)或Raf后,通过qPCR和Western blot技术分别检测Myc基因在mRNA和蛋白水平的相对表达量;在黑腹果蝇幼虫脂肪体和唾液腺中,结合黑腹果蝇遗传工具和分子生物学手段,验证Ras信号通路对Myc基因的调控作用。【结果】家蚕后部丝腺过表达Ras1~(CA)上调Myc转录水平。激活Ras信号使得黑腹果蝇Kc细胞内Myc在转录水平和蛋白水平上的表达量上调;黑腹果蝇幼虫唾液腺和脂肪体中,游走期Myc基因的表达量高于取食期;过表达Myc或激活Ras信号可以促进细胞核内周期进程;激活Ras信号促进Myc表达。【结论】Ras信号通路激活Myc表达,促进细胞核内周期进程,促进器官发育。     

Hippo信号通路调控免疫细胞的功能

Hippo信号通路最初是在果蝇(Drosophila)中被发现的,是在进化上高度保守并能调控器官大小的信号转导通路。在哺乳动物多种组织器官中,Hippo信号通路的关键激酶MST1和MST2(果蝇Hippo激酶的同源分子)通过抑制下游的转录共激活分子YAP(果蝇中为Yorki)的活性来实现对细胞增殖和凋亡的调控。在这些组织器官中条件性敲除Mst1和Mst2或过表达Yap大都会造成细胞过度增殖或肿瘤的发生。近年来,随着研究的不断深入,Hippo信号通路不依赖于YAP的非经典功能也逐渐被发现。其中,Hippo信号通路多个成员在免疫系统中的调控功能逐渐成为该领域的研究热点,特别是在免疫细胞发育分化、机体自身免疫性疾病及应对病毒和细菌入侵等过程中所发挥的调控作用。本文重点阐述了Hippo信号通路在T淋巴细胞中发育、分化、活化和迁移等方面及在部分天然免疫细胞抗感染过程中的功能和调控。     

Wnt信号通路与神经干细胞

神经干细胞增殖、分化机制的研究为神经系统疾病治疗提供了新的途径,具有巨大的潜在应用价值和理论研究意义。业已发现,Wnt信号通路对神经干细胞的增殖发挥着决定性作用,但新近的研究却表明Wnt信号能够明显促进神经干细胞向神经元分化,这种不同的表现可能与神经干细胞的内在特点、周围环境及靶基因的不同有关。本文试从Wnt信号通路及其在调控神经干细胞的增殖、分化中的作用加以综述。     

Nutrition-responsive glia control exit of neural stem cells from quiescence

The systemic regulation of stem cells ensures that they meet the needs of the organism during growth and in response to injury. A key point of regulation?is the decision between quiescence and proliferation. During development, Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts) transit through a period of quiescence separating distinct embryonic and postembryonic phases of proliferation. It is known that neuroblasts exit quiescence via a hitherto unknown pathway in response to a nutrition-dependent signal from the fat body. We have identified a population of glial cells that produce insulin/IGF-like peptides in response to nutrition, and we show that the insulin/IGF receptor pathway is necessary for neuroblasts to exit quiescence. The forced expression of insulin/IGF-like peptides in glia, or activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in neuroblasts, can drive neuroblast growth and proliferation in the absence of dietary protein and thus uncouple neuroblasts from systemic control.     

Fat/Hippo pathway regulates the progress of neural differentiation signaling in the Drosophila optic lobe

A large number of neural and glial cell species differentiate from neuronal precursor cells during nervous system development. Two types of Drosophila optic lobe neurons, lamina and medulla neurons, are derived from the neuroepithelial (NE) cells of the outer optic anlagen. During larval development, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Ras signaling sweeps the NE field from the medial edge and drives medulla neuroblast (NB) formation. This signal drives the transient expression of a proneural gene, lethal of scute, and we refer to its signal array as the "proneural wave," as it is the marker of the EGFR/Ras signaling front. In this study, we show that the atypical cadherin Fat and the downstream Hippo pathways regulate the transduction of EGFR/Ras signaling along the NE field and, thus, ensure the progress of NB differentiation. Fat/Hippo pathway mutation also disrupts the pattern formation of the medulla structure, which is associated with the regulation of neurogenesis. A candidate for the Fat ligand, Dachsous is expressed in the posterior optic lobe, and its mutation was observed to cause a similar phenotype as fat mutation, although in a regionally restricted manner. We also show that Dachsous functions as the ligand in this pathway and genetically interacts with Fat in the optic lobe. These findings provide new insights into the function of the Fat/Hippo pathway, which regulates the ordered progression of neurogenesis in the complex nervous system.     

Copine1 regulates neural stem cell functions during brain development

Copine 1 (CPNE1) is a well-known phospholipid binding protein in plasma membrane of various cell types. In brain cells, CPNE1 is closely associated with AKT signaling pathway, which is important for neural stem cell (NSC) functions during brain development. Here, we investigated the role of CPNE1 in the regulation of brain NSC functions during brain development and determined its underlying mechanism. In this study, abundant expression of CPNE1 was observed in neural lineage cells including NSCs and immature neurons in human. With mouse brain tissues in various developmental stages, we found that CPNE1 expression was higher at early embryonic stages compared to postnatal and adult stages. To model developing brain in vitro, we used primary NSCs derived from mouse embryonic hippocampus. Our in vitro study shows decreased proliferation and multi-lineage differentiation potential in CPNE1 deficient NSCs. Finally, we found that the deficiency of CPNE1 downregulated mTOR signaling in embryonic NSCs. These data demonstrate that CPNE1 plays a key role in the regulation of NSC functions through the activation of AKT-mTOR signaling pathway during brain development.     

Drosophila optic lobe neuroblasts triggered by a wave of proneural gene expression that is negatively regulated by JAK/STAT

Neural stem cells called neuroblasts (NBs) generate a variety of neuronal and glial cells in the central nervous system of the Drosophila embryo. These NBs, few in number, are selected from a field of neuroepithelial (NE) cells. In the optic lobe of the third instar larva, all NE cells of the outer optic anlage (OOA) develop into either NBs that generate the medulla neurons or lamina neuron precursors of the adult visual system. The number of lamina and medulla neurons must be precisely regulated because photoreceptor neurons project their axons directly to corresponding lamina or medulla neurons. Here, we show that expression of the proneural protein Lethal of scute [L(1)sc] signals the transition of NE cells to NBs in the OOA. L(1)sc expression is transient, progressing in a synchronized and ordered ;proneural wave' that sweeps toward more lateral NEs. l(1)sc expression is sufficient to induce NBs and is necessary for timely onset of NB differentiation. Thus, proneural wave precedes and induces transition of NE cells to NBs. Unpaired (Upd), the ligand for the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, is expressed in the most lateral NE cells. JAK/STAT signaling negatively regulates proneural wave progression and controls the number of NBs in the optic lobe. Our findings suggest that NBs might be balanced with the number of lamina neurons by JAK/STAT regulation of proneural wave progression, thereby providing the developmental basis for the formation of a precise topographic map in the visual center.