Les protéines des corps d'inclusion desBaculovirus III. Étude comparée de la granulose dePieris brassicae et de la polyédrose deBombyx mori

Résumé L'étude des protéines des granules dePieris brassicae L. et des polyèdres nucléaires deBombyx mori L. par les techniques de filtration sur gel, d'électrophorèse et d'immunodiffusion révèle de nombreuses ressemblances. La comparaison des protéines des corps d'inclusion engendrés par lesBaculovirus des Lépidoptères contribue à montrer l'homogénéité de ce groupe.

---

Summary It is generally admitted that the viruses of nuclear polyhedroses and granuloses of Lepidoptera form two distinct groups serologically. A comparative study of proteins of nuclear polyhedral bodies ofBombyx mori and of granules ofPieris brassicae was carried by using techniques of gel filtration, electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. The characteristics of proteins of granules studied by gel chromatography and electrophoresis are closely related to those of proteins of polyhedral bodies. In immunodiffusion, the extraction of proteins of polyhedral inclusion bodies by the carbonate reveals a common antigen (C antigen) which is recognized by homologue serums and anti-protein heterologue serums of inclusion bodies of seven otherBaculovirus. The extraction by the thioglycolate reveals, in addition to C antigens, specific antigens: T antigen for the granulosis ofPieris brassicae and B antigens for the nuclear polyhedrosis ofBombyx mori. The comparison of proteins of inclusion bodies generated by granulosis and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses contributes to show the homogeneity of the LepidopterBaculovirus group.

---

---

Avec la collaboration technique de LilianeCroizier.     

Les protéines des corps d'inclusion des baculovirus

La comparaison des protéines des polyèdres des Baculovirus deGalleria mellonella L.,Lymantria dispar L.,Autographa californica Speyer,Mamestra brassicae L.,Arctia caja L.,Bombyx mori L. etAntheraea pernyi Guer. en immunodiffusion montre qu'il existe entre elles une étroite parenté antigénique. Des différences entre ces protéines peuvent être mises en évidence à l'aide de sérums spécifiques obtenus dans des conditions particulières d'immunisation.     

Étude des parois de levures du genre Rhodotorula. X. Isolement et purification de glycoprotéines de la paroi de Rhodotorula rubra

Following ethylene diamine treatment of the cell wall of Rhodotorula rubra, a water soluble fraction has been isolated. This fraction can be resolved into three glycoproteins and one protein. The major part is a glycoprotein, purified to homogeneity which has a molecular weight of 64 000. The glyco-part of this protein contains mannose, glucose and one residue of glucosamine. After pronase treatment, the presence of an “Asparaginyl-N-acetylglucosamine” linkage is established by the existence of one aspartic acid residue and one glucosamine residue. After permethylation, the initial data give some evidence that the branching points in the molecule were the carbon atoms 3 and (or) 6 of the mannose moiety and that some glucose moieties are bound to the non-reducing terminal end.     

Etude comparée expérimentale de l'électrophorèse des protéines et des électrolytes chez des chiens

A higher survival rate and faster wound healing in dogs on a controlled and well-balanced diet have been demonstrated when compared with those not under dietetic control.Electrophoretic comparison of serum proteins was carried out in two groups of dogs. The first was on a well-controlled and well-balanced diet; the second group received an uncontrolled diet. The dogs in Group 2 had a lower concentration of total proteins, and globulins, especially gamma-globulins, were diminished; however, the serum albumin was higher. The albumin/globulin ratio was 0.93 in Group 1 and 2.07 in Group 2.Serum electrolyte levels also showed some slight differences. Sodium and potassium levels were higher in well-nourished dogs, while chloride and bicarbonates were slightly lower.     

Synthèse d'ARN et de protéines dans des disques de patte de drosophile cultivés in vitro

Résumé Des disques imaginaux de patte, prélevés dans des larves de fin de 3e stade de drosophile, ont été cultivés dans le milieu M de Mandaron, en l'absence d'hormone ou en présence soit d'- soit de -ecdysone. L'incorporation de précurseurs marqués (³H-uridine,³H-leucine ou³H-proline) a été étudiée en fonction du stade de développement des disques.En l'absence d'hormone de mue, l'incorporation d'uridine décroît dès que les disques ont été explantés; l'incorporation de leucine et de proline ne décroît que 6 à 12 heures après l'explantation.- et -ecdysone stimulent l'incorporation des trois précurseurs; toutefois celle-ci varie en fonction du développement morphologique du disque.Les maxima et les minima d'incorporation d'uridine précèdent dans le temps ceux de la leucine et de la proline.Les maxima d'incorporation peuvent être mis en rapport avec des évènements morphologiques marquants du développement: évagination, sécrétion des cuticules nymphale et maginale.Il n'y a pas de différences significatives d'incorporation d'uridine en présence d'-ecdysone ou de -ecdysone; en revanche les maxima d'incorporation de leucine et de proline sont plus élevés en présence d'-ecdysone que de -ecdysone.Ces résultats montrent que l'-ecdysone—et à un degré moindre la -ecdysone—peuvent induire les synthèses de macromolécules nécessaires au développement des appendices in vitro.

---

RNA and protein synthesis inDrosophila leg discs cultured in vitro

Summary Imaginal leg discs from late third instarDrosophila larvae were cultured in Mandaron's medium without hormone or with -ecdysone or -ecdysone. Incorporation of labelled precursors (tritiated uridine, tritiated leucine or tritiated proline) was studied as a function of the stage of in vitro disc development.In the absence of moulting hormone, uridine incorporation decreased as soon as the discs were explanted; leucine and proline incorporation however began to decrease only after 6 to 12 h.- and -ecdysone stimulated the incorporation of all three precursors; however the rate of the incorporation varied as a function of the morphological disc development.The maxima and minima of uridine incorporation preceeded in time those of proline and leucine incorporation.The peaks of incorporation were coincident with salient morphological events of development: evagination, secretion of pupal and imaginal cuticles.There were no significant differences in uridine incorporation in the presence of -ecdysone or -ecdysone. Leucine and proline incorporation maxima however were significantly higher in the presence of -ecdysone than of -ecdysone.The results show that -ecdysone—and to a lesser extent also -ecdysone—can induce the macromolecular syntheses required for the development of the appendage in vitro.

---

---

Ce travail a été réalisé avec l'aide du CNRS (Action thématique programmée «Différenciation cellulaire», contrat n^o A 6554324)

---

Ce mémoire représente une partie de la thèse qui sera soutenue par l'auteur devant l'Université Scientifique et Médicale de Grenoble     

Sur des aspects particuliers des protéines élaborées dans la glande mammaire. Etude au microscope électronique chez la lapine en lactation

Résumé L'étude au microscope électronique de la glande mammaire de la lapine en lactation a montré 1) des remaniements dans le cytoplasme des protéines élaborées et 2) une localisation inhabituelle des grains de protéine dans les espaces inter-cellulaires et le tissu conjonctif péri-acineux. Ces phénomènes répondent vraisemblablement à une stase lactée avec réabsorption du produit sécrétoire.

---

Summary The electron microscopic study of the mammary gland of the lactating rabbit has shown 1) a fusion and probably rearrangement within the cytoplasm of the secreted proteins, and 2) an unusual localization of protein granules in the intercellular spaces and the periacinar connective tissue. These phenomena probably indicate a stasis of the secretory product accompanied by its reabsorption.

---

---

En hommage au Professeur W. Bargmann.     

Hydrolyse enzymatique des protéines par les bactéries du rumen

The hydrolysis of proteins in the rumen is a process brought about mainly by bacteria, of which many species produce proteases. The majority of endopeptidases are cysteine proteases, whereas exopeptidases are mainly aminopeptidases. Prevotella ruminicola is distinguished from other bacterial species by its capacity to produce dipeptidases such as type I dipeptidyl aminopeptidase. The mechanisms controlling the synthesis of endo- and exopeptidases have been little studied. Enzyme production seems to depend on the concentrations of peptides, amino acids and carbohydrates. Proteolytic activity varies in relation to pH, and the concentrations of ions and phenolic compounds. Various works have shown that hydrolysis of a protein by enzymes depends on its three-dimensional structure and possible bonding to non-protein structures. These properties determine the peptide and amino acid concentrations that occur in the rumen. The molecular weight, hydrophobic property and primary structure of the peptides are the main factors that affect the hydrolysis and/or uptake of these compounds by rumen bacteria. The methodological problems inherent to assaying these compounds do however lead to current divergences of opinion concerning the physico-chemical characteristics of the peptides that escape rumen fermentation.     

Étude de l'effet de la température sur la division des cellules séparées de feuilles deCalystegia sepium (L.) R.Br.

Cells mechanically isolated from homogenized leaves ofC. sepium dividein vitro. The rate of cell division is strongly influenced by temperature with the optimum between 31 and 34 °C. The rate of cell division increases proportionally with a rise in temperature up to 31 °C and is accompanied by a reduction in the length of the preparatory phase of the division. A supraoptimal temperature (40 °C) inhibits or stops the cell division which can be restored provided that the cells are transferred to 31 °C. If the preparatory phase to the commencement of cell division is accomplished at 17 °C the cells then exposed to 31 °C divide more rapidly than if they are exposed directly to 31 °C.     

Importance de l'étude de la répartition écologique pour la taxonomie des éponges calcaires

Résumé 1. Les travaux deSarà (1953) et deBurton (1963) ont remis en question la valeur systématique des caractères morphologiques dans la classification des Eponges Calcaires, et ont proposé de considérer de nombreuses formes connues comme des variétés individuelles et régionales d'espèces très plastiques et variables. Nous avons essayé de préciser, par l'observation directe en plongée libre, la distribution et les préférences écologiques des Calcaires, de définir ainsi les limites naturelles de leurs populations, et d'étudier ensuite la variabilité des caractères morphologiques à l'intérieur de ces populations.2. Nous exposons ici l'exemple des espèces des genresClathrina etAscandra, étudiées en Adriatique, dans les régions de Marseille et de Roscoff. Leur distribution est en rapport direct et très précis avec l'exposition aux vagues et à la lumière, à tel point que sur une surface réduite plusieurs espèces se succèdent et se remplacent en fonction de l'exposition de l'endroit. Dans la règion de Roscoff cette distribution est plus large ce qui est dû aux effets des marées, mais les zones écologique préférentielles pour les espèces deClathrina ont pu être établies en fonction de l'importance de l'apport des sédiments par les eaux côtières.3. La possibilité de définir des populations dont la distribution est très précisemment délimitée malgré une coexistence dans un espace réduit, et qui ne sont pas réliées par les formes transitoires, permet d'éliminer l'hypothèse de la cospécificité de ces populations. Elle permet également d'établir les variations morphologiques possibles au sein d'une espèce, de retenir les caractères significatifs pour la classification, et finalement de distinguer les espèces qui se ressemblent morphologiquement. Dans le cas d'animaux qui, commeClathrina, possèdent très peu de caractères utilisables en systématique, c'est la seule façon de résoudre les problèmes de leur taxonomie.

---

The importance of research on the ecological distribution for the taxonomy of calcareous sponges

The particular difficulties of the taxonomy of calcareous sponges are due to their great plasticity and their capacity for adaptation which obscure the natural limits of species. An attempt was made to define the natural populations of the Mediterranean species of the generaClathrina andAscandra through a study of their ecological distributions. The populations not connected by the transitory forms were defined by their ecological preferences, and, as they are found in a close cohabitation, were treated as having the specific values. The variability of different morphological features is discussed, the features significant for taxonomy are pointed out and the morphologically close species are defined.

     

Nouveaux traceurs TEMP : exemple des traceurs des protéoglycanes et de la mélanine

The majority of research program on new radiopharmaceutics turn to tracers used for positron emission tomography (PET). Only a few teams work on new non fluorine labeled tracers. However, the coming of SPECT/CT gamma cameras, the arrival of semi-conductors gamma cameras should boost the development of non-PET tracers. We exhibit in this article the experience acquired by our laboratory in the conception and design of two new non fluorine labelled compounds. The ^99mTc-NTP 15-5 which binds to proteoglycans could be used for the diagnosis and staging of osteoarthritis and chondrosarcoma. The iodobenzamides, specific to the melanin, are nowadays compared to ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose in a phase III clinical trial for the diagnosis and detection of melanoma metastasis. Our last development focus on BZA heteroaromatic analogues usable for melanoma treatment.     

Sur quelques propriétés physico-chimiques des protéines séparées des sérums par la méthode à l'acétone

Sans résuméCes diverses études conduisent toutes à cette conclusion que la séparation des protéines effectuée à basse température par la méthode dite à l'acétone de MM.Piettre etVila respecte l'intégrité des molécules protéiques.     

Le rôle des protéines liant les odeurs (OBP) dans la transduction olfactive

This paper reviews biochemical and functional properties of a family of proteins involved in the transduction process of chemical signals. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small soluble proteins highly concentrated in the chemosensory organs of Insects and Vertebrates. They are preferentially expressed in the nasal mucus of Vertebrates and in the sensillar lymph of Insects. They have been found to bind reversibly small hydrophobic molecules detected via the olfactory system. The vertebrate OBPs bind non-specific odorants with low affinities. They belong to the lipocalin family as well as other proteins involved in chemical communication and associated to different organs and functions. Nevertheless, no specific ligand for OBPs has been yet identified in Vertebrates. However, the large microdiversity of OBPs in the same animal suggests that OBPs could be involved in the discrimination of odors. Chemical communication in Noctuid moths was used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of odor recognition. The pheromonal system is extremely sensitive and specific since the male is able to detect only few molecules of the pheromone and to recognize specific blends of the same molecules. The chemical signals were identified for a large number of Lepidopteran species and the associated behaviours they elicit were fully characterized. The Lepidopteran OBPs are divided into two sub-classes according to their ligands: pheromone-binding proteins (PBP) are expressed in sensilla trichodea responding to pheromonal compounds while general odorant binding proteins (GOBP) are associated with sensilla basiconica tuned to the detection of general odors, such as plant volatiles. The PBPs selectively bind components of the female sex-pheromone with measurable affinities. The ligand binding site was localized in the 40–60 aminoacids region. Substitutions in the binding site of different proteins are correlated with the fixation of different ligands, leading to the hypothesis that the primary structure encodes the ligand specificity. Other proteins expressed in chemosensory organs of other orders of Insects were cloned or purified. In absence of functional data, they were called OBP-like. Some of them were localized in the gustatory organs and could be common carriers of odors in both olfactory and gustatory systems. Many arguments are in accordance with an active role of the OBPs in the early steps of odor discrimination. The heterogeneity of OBPs inside species and between species, the spatial segregation in their expression and the different binding affinities of PBPs towards pheromonal compounds support the hypothesis that the coding of odors is realized as soon as the level of OBPs. More, the complex OBP/odor could be the stimulus for olfactory receptors cloned in Vertebrates and still putative in Insects. This hypothesis suggests that OBPs take part as an essential element of the chemosensory transduction.     

Étude expérimentale des variations de la teneur en eau au cours de la déshydratation et de la réhydratation chez la Fougère:Notochlaena vellea R. Br.

Experimental Study of changes in water content during dehydration and rehydration of the Fern: Notochlaena vellea R. Br.—This study takes place after studies made on otherPolypodiaceen Ferns. We have shown that, in these ferns, the survival duration was longer for the subterranean organs than for aerial ones. The problem was to show that this difference is due to a lower dehydration of the subterranean tissues. As far as we looked at the total water deficiency, we did not find any significant difference between the leaves and the meristematic parts of the subterranean organs: the main difference is the rate of rehydration which is higher in subterranean parts.     

État et problèmes de l'étude et de l'utilisation en U.R.S.S. des entomophages dans la lutte biologique contre les insectes nuisibles

Summary The biological control in the U.S.S.R. is used against about 20 insect pests. The development of biological control realized in these lines:a) guarding and accumulation of useful entomophagous insects in nature;b) laboratory breeding, seasonal colonization and overflooding in breeding places of pests;c) introduction and acclimatization of the effective foreign entomophagous insects;d) inland distribution;e) use of indigenous entomophagous insects and raising of their effectivness by selection and hybridization.

---

Резюме Биологический метод боръбы в СССР исполъзуется примерн о против 20 видов вредних насекомых. Развитие биологического метода борщбы с вредителями идет в направлениях: а) охраны и “накопления” энтомофагов в природе; б) искусственного размножения энтомофагов в лаборатории и сезонной колонизации их в очагах размножения вредителей; в) интродукции и акклиматизации испытанных иноземных энтомофагов; г) внутриареeлъного расселения эффективных, но локалъно распространенных полезных видов энтомофалов; д) исполъэования местных, абориленных энтомофагов, путем повыщения их эффективности методами отбора и гибридизации.

     

Distances éntre l'homme et les singes anthropoïdes basées sur la mobilité électrophorétique des protéines et enzymes

Electrophoretic mobilities of ten homologous serum proteins and enzymes in Man and anthropoid apes led to estimations of the genetic distances between five species (Homo, Pan, Gorilla, Pongo and Symphalangus). The separation of the Symphalangus (Siamang) lineage from that leading to the great apes and Man is obvious. Less evident is the cluster containing only humans and chimpanzees, and also the fact that orang-utans are placed closer to Man than gorillas.