Phylogenetic tree of vascular plants reveals the origins of aquatic angiosperms

Although aquatic plants are discussed as a unified biological group, they are phylogenetically well dispersed across the angiosperms. In this study, we annotated the aquatic taxa on the tree of vascular plants, and extracted the topology of these aquatic lineages to construct the tree of aquatic angiosperms. We also reconstructed the ancestral areas of aquatic families. We found that aquatic angiosperms could be divided into two different categories: the four aquatic orders and the aquatic taxa in terrestrial orders. Aquatic lineages evolved early in the radiation of angiosperms, both in the orders Nymphaeales and Ceratophyllales and among basal monocots (Acorales and Alismatales). These aquatic orders do not have any extant terrestrial relatives. They originated from aquatic habitats during the Early Cretaceous. Asia would have been one of the centers for early diversification of aquatic angiosperms. The aquatic families within terrestrial orders may originate from other areas besides Asia, such as America or Australia. The lineages leading to extant angiosperms diversified early in underexploited freshwater habitats. The four extant aquatic orders were relicts of an early radiation of angiosperm in aquatic environments. Their extinct ancestors might be aquatic early angiosperms.     

Consumption of aquatic subsidies by soil invertebrates in coastal ecosystems

Routes of aquatic allochthonous inputs (aquatic subsidies) to detrital food webs are studied, as is the effect of aquatic subsidies on the functional and taxonomic structure of soil invertebrate communities in coastal ecosystems. The study took place in the coastal zone of an oxbow lake of the Pra River in the Oka Reserve. The results indicate a strong dependence of soil animals in the coastal habitats on aquatic subsidies. Isotopic analysis shows that aquatic resources enter soil food webs not only via predators feeding on flying insects or aquatic prey, but also via saprophages decomposing organic debris of aquatic origin. The contribution of aquatic subsidies to the energy balance of soil invertebrates decreases rapidly with increasing distance from the lake. The fraction of aquatic carbon in tissues of collembolans and saprophages is negligible already a few meters from the water edge. The dependence of predatory invertebrates on aquatic resources can be traced at somewhat greater distance (tens of meters).     

流式细胞术在水体微型生物研究中的应用

综述了流式细胞术（flow cytometry)在水体微型生物研究中的应用。包括微型生物的识别、记数和生物量研究,微型生物的细胞周期分析以及生态与生理学研究。讨论了FCM在淡水微型生物和环境生物学中的应用。FCM技术与食品的改进将促进水体微型生物的研究,从而有助于对水生生态系统的深入认识。     

Species-specific foraging behavior of birds in a riparian forest

In riparian forest, insectivorous birds are largely dependent on aquatic preys. However, the contribution made by aquatic preys to bird diets varies considerably among bird species. In the present study, bird foraging behaviors were observed in order to examine the relationship between bird foraging method and the variation in the contribution of aquatic preys. The great tit, the black-faced bunting, and the wren are largely dependent on aquatic preys by capturing them on the ground. Sallyers, the brown flycatcher, the pale-legged willow warbler, and the narcissus flycatcher are also largely dependent on aquatic preys and capture them mostly during flight. The narcissus flycatcher frequently utilises aquatic invertebrates dwelling on the ground. The leaf and branch gleaner, the crowned willow warbler, does not depend on aquatic prey as much. Although both the pygmy woodpecker and nuthatch are branch and trunk gleaners, the nuthatch utilises aquatic preys frequently by capturing them on the ground as well as during flight, but the pygmy woodpecker does not depend on aquatic preys. The marsh tit also does not depend on aquatic preys but carefully searches terrestrial prey that hide in the vegetation. The differential dependence on aquatic preys among species can lead to the heterogeneous distribution of birds within a riparian forest, suggesting that the indirect effect of aquatic preys on a forest ecosystem via birds can vary within a forest–stream ecotone.     

水生态功能区划流程:双关系树框架与概念模型

水生态区划和水生态功能区划是流域水环境管理与水生态系统合理利用的重要基础,国内已经研究十年有余.本文针对该领域的一些共性问题,通过对水生态区划分与水生态功能类型划分的系统分析,探讨了水生态区划与水生态功能区划的关联性,提出了基于双树结构的RFCH流程和钻石概念模型;并以辽河流域为例,参照其他研究者的区划方案,开展了以水生态三级区为基础的水生态功能分类,为流域水生态功能区划提供了一种可借鉴的流程框架.     

水生态保护目标制定的理论与应用

我国目前处于生态环境管理的转型期,尚未形成统领水生生物、生物栖息地、水质与水量等要素的水生态保护体系。在总结相关水生态研究成果的基础上,梳理形成了基于水生态系统时空尺度和状态梯度效应理论的水生态保护目标制定构想与方法,分析了淡水生物完整性对自然地理要素、水环境压力、栖息地质量的响应机制,提出以水生态“功能分区-状态评价-问题诊断-目标预设-可达性评估-目标确定”为主线的水生态保护目标制定技术体系,研发了生物完整性评价、水生态保护目标预设和可达性分析等技术方法。以江苏省常州市为典型水生态功能区应用案例,验证了技术体系的适用性与可行性,取得良好的应用效果。水生态保护目标制定理论和方法方面的研究探索可为全国相关工作提供参考依据。     

水生植物在渔业生态养殖中的开发应用(综述)

阐述水生植物的生态功能特性与生态修复原理,以及近年来水生植物在渔业生态养殖中作为水产动物绿色饲料与病害生态防治环境友好药物的来源、有害有毒藻类控制的化感解毒生物资源、污水生物净化与渔业水域生态修复的开发应用。同时就水生植物在水产生态养殖与渔业水域环境修复开发应用中存在的问题进行探讨,并提出相应的建议。     

Aquatic Versus Terrestrial Feeding Modes: Possible Impacts on the Trophic Ecology of Vertebrates

On the basis of experimental work, a clear dichotomy in designof the feeding mechanism between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrateshas been found. The aquatic medium combined with suction andthe hydrodynamic tongue offer an unparalleled array of preycapture opportunities for aquatic vertebrates. In the terrestrialfeeding model, prey capture and prey processing require a precisefunctional design to match the nature of the prey. It is proposedthat this dichotomy in basic design would result in fundamentaldifferences in the aquatic and terrestrial paradigms in vertebrateecology. Four hypotheses and their respective supporting evidenceare presented: (1) Increased opportunism, more extensive preyswitching and food overlap are prevalent in aquatic systems;(2) Convergent evolution which is so pervasive in terrestrialfeeding systems is uncommon among aquatic vertebrate feedingsystems; (3) Competition is relaxed and character displacementis absent in aquatic vertebrate feeding systems; and (4) Patternsof diversity in aquatic vertebrate feeding systems defy theterrestrial paradigm.     

湖泊底质与水生植物相互作用综述

简要阐述了湖泊生态系统中底质和水生植物的概念及重要性,综述了底质理化性质对水生植物生长的影响,以及水生植物对底质营养盐的释放和底质再悬浮的作用。通过大量的研究综述回顾论述了不同的湖泊底质类型在一定程度上决定了水生植物的生长状态,适合的底质营养盐范围能促进水生植物生长,不同水生植物对底质营养盐的耐受性有差异。水生植物能促进底质沉降并减少再悬浮,水生植物的存在对沉积物中磷的活性有显著的影响。污染底泥的修复能为水生植物的立地与生长提供了良好的底质条件,有利于富营养化湖泊水生植被的恢复与重建。     

水生昆虫对汞的吸收、富集和水-陆转移

汞是一种人体非必需且有毒的重金属元素,全球性的汞污染因对人类健康具有损害而备受社会关注。自然界中的汞绝大部分会通过江河径流和雨雪尘土的沉降而进入水生生态系统,每年进入水生生态系统的汞至少有10 000吨。水生昆虫作为重要的消费者生物存在于水生生态食物网中,是其重要的组成部分,在水生生态系统的物质循环中扮演着重要角色。本文介绍了近年来水生昆虫与汞之间的相关研究,重点总结了水生昆虫对汞的吸收和富集程度,分析了水生昆虫在汞的水-陆转移中的作用。研究数据表明,水生昆虫对汞的吸收程度与环境因素有关,并通过不同的途径转移到陆地生态系统中,对陆地生态系统上层食物链的生物存在一定的威胁,同时也需注意在对水生昆虫进行开发利用的同时,考虑汞是否超标的因素。     

Dynamics of aquatic insect flux affects distribution of riparian web-building spiders

The flux of emerging aquatic insects from streams can provide a significant energy subsidy to riparian web-building spiders. However, despite the high temporality of aquatic insect emergence, the effects of such aquatic insect dynamics on spider distribution are poorly understood. To examine the relationship, the aquatic insect flux from a headwater stream in a northern Japanese deciduous forest was experimentally manipulated by using a greenhouse-type covering, during May to July. Under natural conditions, the aquatic and terrestrial insect abundances dramatically decreased and increased from May through July, respectively. The experimental reduction of aquatic insect flux depressed the density of horizontal orb weavers (Tetragnathidae) in both May and June, but not in July when aquatic insects were scarce, indicating a temporal limitation on spider distribution by aquatic insect flux. In contrast, the densities of both vertical orb weavers (Araneidae) and sheet weavers (Linyphiidae) were unaffected by the manipulation throughout the study period. These various responses, differing among months or spider guilds, may be attributed to the degree of specialization for aquatic prey in the spiders and their mobility in response to aquatic insect flux. The experimental results provided direct evidence that the temporal dynamics of aquatic insect flux, as well as spider characteristics, were primary factors determining the distributional patterns of riparian web-building spiders.     

水生植物引种的生态安全评价

随着水生植物的大量应用,水域环境的生态安全越来越受到关注。水生植物入侵具有一定的生物学、区系地理、生态位和生境特征,对水生植物的生态安全评价可在一定程度上防止水生植物引种的盲目性。该文针对来自水生外来入侵植物的生态安全威胁,分析了水生外来入侵植物的入侵特征及其危害,提出了水生植物引种的生态安全评价的内容、程序、指标体系和方法。     

异质生境中水生植物表型可塑性的研究进展

水生植物是一类以草本植物为主、与水紧密相关的生态类群, 大多数具有克隆性。面对水环境的变化, 水生植物在形态、行为和生理上表现出多样化的表型可塑性, 对异质生境具有很强的适应能力。表型可塑性研究已在陆生植物的多个类群展开, 然而目前对异质生境下水生植物的生态适应对策, 尤其是表型可塑性的研究尚重视不够。本文在阐明克隆植物表型可塑性主要实现方式及其关系、水生环境异质性及其特点的基础上, 重点从形态可塑性、觅食行为、克隆整合、克隆分工和风险分摊等5个方面讨论了水生植物如何通过表型可塑性适应异质性水生环境。在今后的水生植物表型可塑性研究中, 建议着重探讨以下问题: (1)表型可塑性的变化规律及机理; (2)克隆整合对群落和生态系统的影响; (3)克隆整合与克隆片段化的权衡; (4)不同克隆构型的表型可塑性及其内在机制; (5)表型可塑性的适应性进化; (6)水生植物与其他类群/营养级物种的关系; (7)水生生态系统对全球变化的响应。     

Radioactive contamination of aquatic organisms of the Yenisei River in the area affected by the activity of the Mining-and-Chemical Combine

The study was done to investigate the content of manmade radionuclides in aquatic organisms of the Yenisei River near the Mining-and-Chemical Combine (MCC) and to estimate the exposure dose rates to organisms from various sources. The results of the investigation and calculations suggest that the main source of radioactive contamination of aquatic organisms is the coolant of the third MCC reactor, which is still being released into the Yenisei. Gamma-spectrometric analysis revealed 23 manmade radionuclides in the biomass of aquatic plants. The aquatic animal Phylolimnogammarus viridis and diatoms also contain manmade radionuclides. Among aquatic organisms, the highest dose rate is received by aquatic plants (up to 39 microGy/day). For most aquatic organisms under study, the dose received from the technogenic irradiation is an order of magnitude higher than the dose received from natural irradiation. The water moss (Fontinalis antipyretica) features the highest capacity to accumulate manmade radionuclides; hence, it accumulates the largest technogenic exposure dose among the study aquatic organisms.     

洞庭湖区三个湖泊水生植物多样性的比较研究

比较研究了洞庭湖区华容县东湖、益阳市大通湖和岳阳市郊南湖水生植物多样性的现状,讨论了30年来3个湖泊水生植物多样性丧失的情况及与其所受人为干扰的关系,探讨了野菱、密齿苦草和菹草对人为干扰的适应机制、大通湖和南湖水生植物多样性及其退化水生态系统恢复的途径。主要结论如下：（1）199－2000年东湖、大通湖与南湖各分布有水生植物61种、56种和32种,其分别隶属于29科43属、26科39属和20科27属;各有水生植物群丛8个、6个和4个;水生植被覆盖率分别为26．17％、10．60％和9．99％。（2）30年来三个湖泊分别有3种、9种和13种水生植物消失,2个、5个和5个水生植物群丛类型消失。（3）水生植物多样性的现状是：东湖＞大通湖＞南湖,多样性下降的程度与其所受干扰强度成正相关。     

湖泊形态与水生植物多样性关系——以长江中下游湖群典型湖泊为例

通过野外调查、资料收集并结合GIS方法对长江中下游9个湖泊岸线形态演变和水生植物多样性现状及变化进行了研究。结果显示,近几十年来长江中下游一些湖泊岸线长度和计盒维数均显著降低;水生植物物种多样性总体呈下降趋势。相关性分析表明,湖泊岸线发育系数和湖泊计盒维数均与水生植物多样性呈显著相关;湖泊岸线形态特征显著影响沉水、漂浮植物物种多样性。本研究表明湖泊岸线形态对水生植物的生长及分布影响显著,保护湖泊岸线形态对维持水生植物多样性及湖泊生态系统功能具有重要作用。     

河西走廊水生植物多样性格局、群落特征及影响因素

水生植物是湿地生态系统重要组成部分,研究水生植物多样性分布格局及其影响因素对地区水生植物资源保护具有重要意义。通过野外调查并结合气候等环境因素,研究了河西走廊主要水生植物群落类型、数量特征、水生植物多样性分布格局及影响因素,并对中域效应假说进行了验证。研究结果表明:(1)河西走廊地区共有水生植物29科42属84种,群落的聚类分析可将河西走廊水生植物群落划分为15个主要群落类型;(2)河西走廊水生植物群落类型主要受到水温、海拔、经纬度等环境因子影响,群落物种多样性指数与盐度以及溶解性固体总量呈显著性相关;(3)河西走廊水生植物多样性空间格局呈现出"∩"型的单峰格局,中域效应模型能较好地解释该地区水生植物多样性水平的纬度格局及海拔垂直分布格局,对该区域水生植物物种丰富度在纬度和海拔梯度上的变异解释率分别为57.56%、63.5%。分析表明,河西走廊水生植物物种丰富度格局由几何(边界)限制和随机过程及其他未知因素共同控制,且几何(边界)限制和随机过程贡献率较大;同时本研究中未考虑的环境异质性、气候、人为干扰等因素也对河西走廊水生植物多样性空间分布产生重要影响。     

水产动物行为及其在渔业中的应用研究进展

水产动物的行为研究是渔业领域的重要研究方向,对理解水产动物的行为表型与功能,对提升渔业生产效果有着重要的理论和应用价值。现阶段水产动物行为学的研究成果已被广泛应用于水产动物人工养殖、渔业资源保护和捕捞渔业等多个领域。文章综述了水产动物行为的研究现状,水产动物主要的行为类型,每种行为的发生及其机理,行为间的相互影响及行为在渔业中的应用状况。同时,针对当前水产动物行为学研究存在的问题,提出了今后水产动物行为学的研究方向和研究重点。文章旨在为水产动物行为学领域的研究提供借鉴与启发,并为水产动物行为学研究成果在渔业中的应用提供理论参考。     

水生维管植物克隆繁殖方式的多样性

克隆繁殖是植物界的一种重要的繁殖方式 ,具有很大的多样性 ,特别是水生维管植物更是如此。通过对水生维管植物克隆繁殖方式的进行深入分析 ,不仅揭示了克隆繁殖在水生维管植物适应环境中的意义 ,而且也阐明了克隆繁殖方式作为水生维管植物的生存对策之一 ,在水生维管植物的生态和演化以及进化过程中的重要作用。     

The Effect of Typhoons on the Diversity and Distribution Pattern of Aquatic Plants on Hainan Island,South China

Typhoons are an important meteorological feature of the tropical southwest Pacific. However, little is known about their effects on aquatic plants. Here, we describe the potential influence of typhoons on the diversity and distribution of aquatic plants on Hainan Island, South China. Using a combination of field survey and published data, 266 species or sub‐species belonging to 115 genera in 57 families were found across typhoon impacted regions of the island. Multiple regression analysis indicated that species richness of aquatic plants was correlated with typhoon incidence rather than the area of aquatic habitat within each region. Heavy rainfall, flooding, and strong winds are likely to create suitable habitats and increase the diversity of aquatic habitats in regions frequently affected by typhoons, which may explain the higher species richness found in those regions. Beta diversity and cluster analyses showed that distinct aquatic floras occurred in regions that were impacted by different typhoon pathways. By comparing the aquatic floras of the Philippines and the typhoon‐affected regions of Hainan, we suggest that typhoons have the potential to transport aquatic plants long distances, although there are a number of other potential explanations for the patterns observed in the aquatic flora of Hainan Island.