川西三大干流水电开发影响区种子植物区系研究

在对川西雅砻江、大渡河和岷江三大干流水电开发影响区种子植物进行调查的基础上,对其区系特征进行了统计分析和比较研究,结果表明:(1)岷江和大渡河影响区裸子植物科、属、种数量多于雅砻江,被子植物属、种数量远少于雅砻江.(2)在科水平上均具有明显热带区系性质;在属水平上显示出热带和暖温带性质,雅砻江影响区热带属的比例高于温带属,岷江和大渡河则相反.(3)中国种子植物属15大分布区类型在岷江影响区均有分布,在雅砻江、大渡河各有1项没有出现.(4)大渡河和岷江影响区优势科属较雅砻江明显.(5)大渡河影响区属的系数"相对最低,区系丰富度较大.(6)岷江影响区特有属最多,雅砻江最少.(7)雅砻江和岷江影响区珍稀濒危及保护物种较大渡河多.     

1967—2006年太子河流域径流系数的变化特征

利用太子河流域6个主要支流（海城河、南沙河、北沙河、兰河、细河、太子河南支）1967—2006年日均降水和径流资料,分析了各支流径流系数的变化趋势及其与降水的关系.结果表明：1967—2006年,位于高山丘陵区的太子河南支的年均径流系数较大,而人类活动影响较多的海城河流域的年均径流系数较小;除南沙河的年径流系数总体呈上升趋势外,其余各条支流的年径流系数均呈下降趋势,以南支和兰河的下降趋势尤为明显;除细河流域的年径流系数没有发生突变外,其余各条支流的年径流系数都发生了突变,且突变出现的年份各不相同;年降水量对年径流系数的影响极显著.     

华南沿海西部美丽小条鳅基于线粒体控制区的种群遗传变异及亲缘地理格局

为研究其种群遗传变异和亲缘地理格局,分析了107尾采自华南西部和海南岛的12条水系的美丽小条鳅(Micronoema-cheilus pulcher Nichols)控制区934-938 bp的序列,其中有79个核苷酸变异位点。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,种群间的遗传变异占46.88%,种群内的遗传变异占55.06%。基于36个单倍型的系统树显示,12条水系的种群聚成两支。其中,广西沿海诸独立水系(防城河、峒中河、北仑河、南流江)和西江水系与广东漠阳江和潭江水系关系密切,而海南岛万泉河和南渡江与广东鉴江水系关系密切。根据嵌套进化枝系地理分析(NCPA)推测,防城河周边地区可能是美丽小条鳅的扩散中心,该物种可由此区域通过两条途径扩散:(1)沿西江水系向广西沿海独立水系至广东漠阳江和潭江水系扩散;(2)向海南岛诸水系再至雷州半岛的鉴江水系扩散。在演化过程中,曾发生片断化事件、长距离建群和持续的分布区扩张。     

1967-2006年太子河流域径流系数的变化特征

利用太子河流域6个主要支流(海城河、南沙河、北沙河、兰河、细河、太子河南支)1967-2006年日均降水和径流资料,分析了各支流径流系数的变化趋势及其与降水的关系.结果表明:1967-2006年,位于高山丘陵区的太子河南支的年均径流系数较大,而人类活动影响较多的海城河流域的年均径流系数较小;除南沙河的年径流系数总体呈上升趋势外,其余各条支流的年径流系数均呈下降趋势,以南支和兰河的下降趋势尤为明显;除细河流域的年径流系数没有发生突变外,其余各条支流的年径流系数都发生了突变,且突变出现的年份各不相同;年降水量对年径流系数的影响极显著.     

Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, in the Poyang Lake belong to the Ganjiang River Population Rather than the Changjiang River Population

The Poyang Lake is the largest lake and the main nursery area in the middle basin of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. We compared molecular genetic markers of silver carp among populations of the Changjiang River, the Ganjiang River and the Poyang Lake using the ND5/6 region of mtDNA. Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of this region revealed distinct variation between the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River populations. The Poyang Lake is linked with the Ganjiang River and the Changjiang River. Shared RFLP fragments between the Ganjiang River population and the Poyang Lake population are as high as 61.4%. The value is 47.74% between the populations of the Changjiang River and that of the Poyang Lake. Frequencies of bands peculiar to the Ganjiang River population are the same as in the Poyang Lake population. We conclude that the Poyang Lake silver carp population consists mainly of the Ganjiang River population. The water level of the Poyang Lake outlet, which is higher than that of the Changjiang River in the silver carp spawning season, supports this conclusion.     

罗霄山脉地区鱼类物种多样性

罗霄山脉是赣江和修水流域与湘江流域的分水岭, 是中国生物多样性保护的关键地区之一。然而, 罗霄山脉地区的鱼类缺乏系统性的研究, 其鱼类物种组成、分布以及受威胁因素尚不清楚。为此, 我们于2014-2018年对罗霄山脉地区11条河流的鱼类进行了系统的调查。结果表明, 该地区共有鱼类5目17科64属113种, 山脉东坡鱼类108种, 高于西坡的72种。从生态类型看, 罗霄山脉鱼类以肉食性、底栖性、定居性类群为主。区系组成上以东亚江河平原类群为主。从物种多样性看, 遂川江、袁水、蜀水和修河的鱼类物种多样性较高, 锦江和富水的鱼类物种多样性较低; β多样性指数揭示遂川江与锦江、禾水、富水间鱼类物种出现一定的分化现象。     

无定河流域不同地貌区径流变化归因分析

分析了无定河流域干流与其支流(黄土丘陵区的大理河和风沙区的海流兔河)的年径流变化(1960—2012)及其成因,并预测了其径流的变化趋势。结果表明:无定河及其不同地貌区支流海流兔河和大理河流域1960—2012年径流量均显著下降,但年降水量未发生显著变化;无定河和海流兔河流域年蒸散量未发生显著变化,仅大理河流域年蒸散量在1990s年代后期显著增加。无定河流域径流变化突变点发生在1979年和1996年,海流兔河流域径流变化突变点在1971年和1990年,而大理河流域径流突变点发生在1971年。人类活动对大理河流域1972—2012年径流减少的贡献大约占50%,对海流兔河流域1972—1990年和1991—2012年两个时期径流减少的贡献率分别为44.4%和82.4%。未来,无定河及其支流年径流量均呈持续下降趋势。归因分析表明大规模的水土保持治理措施减少了大理河流域侵蚀产沙量的同时,也在一定程度上减少了大理河流域的径流量,而过度的农田灌溉引水是海流兔河径流量下降的主要原因。因此,未来在大理河流域要优化现有植被建设布局,减少流域蒸散发,减缓径流下降;在海流兔河流域要进一步退耕还林(草),适当控制农田灌溉面积,提高灌溉用水效率,在减少灌溉用水的同时提高流域水源涵养能力。     

New data about distribution of lower Amur grayling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus tugarinae</Emphasis> and Baikal-Lena grayling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus</Emphasis> sp. (Thymallidae) in the basins of the upper Amur River and Zeya River

New findings of lower Amur grayling (Lower Amur grayling) Thymallus tugarinae and Baikal-Lena grayling Th. sp. (Th. baicalolenensis) in the basins of the upper Amur River and Zeya River are reported for 2010?2014. Lower Amur grayling has been registered in the tributaries of Argun River and in the middle stream of Ingoda River. Baikal-Lena grayling has been found for the first time in the headstream of Ingoda River. New data about the distribution of this species in the basin of upper stream of Zeya River are reported; particularly, Baikal-Lena grayling has been found in Okonon Lake; this is the first finding of a representative of Thymallidae family in the alpine lakes of the watershed area of Amur River. In the basins of upper Amur River and Zeya River, the summer ranges of upper Amur grayling Th. grubii grubii and lower Amur grayling overlap to some extent; on the other hand, the ranges of Baikal-Lena grayling and lower Amur grayling are disjoint. During the summer period, upper Amur grayling and Baikal-Lena grayling together inhabit the basin of upper stream of Zeya River, but only Baikal-Lena grayling has been found in the headstream of Zeya River. In the basin of upper Amur River (the headstream of Ingoda River), the joint range of these species is still unknown; the sympatric zone is located in Dzhermoltai River (the basin of Onon River).     

黄斑巨鳖分布的历史变迁

通过考古、文史和动物学文献的考证,对黄斑巨鳖Rafetus swinhoei分布的历史变迁进行了研究,该种历史上曾广泛分布于黄河、长江、太湖、钱塘江、红河、马江流域和台湾澎湖水道,这些区域历史上记录的"鼋"都应为黄斑巨鳖而非亚洲圆鳖Pelochelys cantorii。黄斑巨鳖在台湾澎湖水道仅记录于1万年前,主要是由于人为影响,黄河种群自11世纪后未再有记载,近代其分布区更是急剧缩小,长江中游种群于19世纪末即已绝灭,长江下游和钱塘江种群在20世纪中叶绝灭,太湖流域目前已野生绝灭,红河和马江流域分布区虽未有明显变化,但在最近30年中密度急剧下降,野生种群濒临灭绝。建议重点在红河流域开展研究和保护工作。红河与钱塘江之间是否有分布仍存疑问,需要进一步研究。     

池养长江蟹、辽河蟹生长性能及其遗传-环境交互作用分析

在江苏省高淳县和安徽省绩溪县两地同时进行中华绒螯蟹长江种群和辽河种群二龄成蟹生长比较试验。①在同一饲养环境里 ,4— 9月 ,两种群间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。②长江蟹比辽河蟹生长期长一个月 ,长江蟹 1 0月底出池 ,故其商品蟹体重大于 9月底出池时辽河蟹体重 (P <0 0 5 )。③长江蟹成活率高于辽河蟹 (P <0 0 1 )。④两种群的雄性个体都大于雌性个体 (P <0 0 1 ) ;但雌、雄差异明显增大的时间是 ,辽河蟹始于 7、8月份 ,长江蟹始于 8、9月份。⑤在绩溪山区池塘低温和饵料贫乏的生态环境中 ,两种群的生长、成活率都比在高淳平原池塘的较好生态环境下低 (P <0 0 1 )。种群与环境、性别与环境的交互作用都极显著 (P <0 0 1 )。在优良环境中 ,长江种群的生长优势和两种群内雄性的生长优势才能得到发挥     

黄河兰州段鱼类多样性与保护

兰州市是黄河唯一穿城而过的省会城市, 是黄河流域综合治理与高质量发展的重要区域, 了解其鱼类多样性现状及变化趋势对黄河流域水生态保护尤为重要。本文于2020年7-10月对黄河干流兰州段及其4条支流(庄浪河、大通河、湟水河和宛川河)开展了鱼类多样性、分布及影响因素调查, 以Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Cody和Routledge指数、Bray-Curtis相异性系数对黄河兰州段5条河流鱼类群落进行评估, 同时通过相对多度(relative abundance, RA)判定优势种, 利用非度量多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)展示物种空间分布格局。本次调查获得鱼类20种, 隶属于4目6科15属。其中, 国家II级重点保护野生动物1种, 受威胁鱼类4种, 中国特有鱼类7种, 黄河特有鱼类4种。区系组成属青藏高原区高原西北亚区, 其中鲤形目种类占绝对优势, 优势种为东方高原鳅(Triplophysa orientalis)、粗壮高原鳅(T. robusta)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)。庄浪河和黄河干流的α多样性较高。β多样性分析结果表明, 黄河干流与庄浪河、大通河、湟水河和宛川河间的鱼类物种明显不相似; 大通河与湟水河之间以及黄河干流与宛川河之间的鱼类物种组成相似性较高。NMDS分析表明, 黄河兰州段鱼类被划分为地理空间上相近的4个地理群。水利设施建设、外来物种和水体污染可能影响了黄河兰州段鱼类多样性和分布。本研究为黄河兰州段鱼类多样性保护和科学管理以及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供了基础调查数据。     

南水北调工程（中段）对汉江中下游流域水环境的影响

The Hanjiang River is the most important tributary ofthe Changjiang River,which has alength of1570km.Theconfluence of the river withthe Yangtze Riveris at Wuhancity.Fromthe Danjiangkoutothe Nianpanshanextendsthemiddle reach of the Hanjiang River,whichis240kmlongand represents a forkriver section,havingtributaries suchas the Bei River,the Nan River,the Tangbai River,andothers.The lower reach extents from Nianpanshan to theestuary,stretching over409km.,This stretchis a curvedriver sectio…     

The influence of flow impoundment and river regulation on the distribution of riverine macroinvertebrates at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, U.S.A.

The effects of impoundment by a low-head dam and hypolimnetic release from a reservoir on benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages were studied in two lowland rivers. The first river (Green River) was initially divided into three zones (impounded, transitional, erosional) according to hydrological characteristics. The entire reach of the second river (Nolin River) was a regime unit. Only the Green River erosional zone was free-flowing with a linear sequence of riffle-run-pool reaches. A detrended correspondence analysis showed that the Green River impounded and transitional zones were taxonomically indistinguishable while the Green River erosional zone and the Nolin River were each distinct. A canonical correspondence analysis revealed that higher surface velocity, higher summer water temperatures and more turbid conditions, and lower water temperatures were contributing parameters to the separation of the Green River erosional zone, Green River transitional/impounded zones, and the Nolin River, respectively, in ordination space. A series of one-way ANOVA’s testing for differences of macroinvertebrates assemblages between the three Green River zones according to five metrics showed that the Green River erosional zone demonstrated significantly higher values and the transitional and impounded zones were ecologically similar.     

Postglacial dispersal of longnose suckers, Catostomus catostomus, in the Mackenzie and Yukon Drainages

The role played by stream transfers and reversals in the postglacial dispersal of fish populations in the Yukon and Mackenzie River drainages of Canada was analysed using genetic and meristic data from longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus Forrester) populations. The hypothesis the suckers dispersed from the Yukon River into the Mackenzie River via the Peel River was evaluated. Meristic data (gill rakers and lateral line scales) were uninformative for this analysis. Genetic affinity between the Yukon River and upper Peel River populations, and between Mackenzie and lower Peel River populations is suggested by transferrin allele frequencies. These affinities support the view that longnose suckers inhabiting the middle and upper regions of the Peel River are derived from Beringian and Mississippian ancestors, while suckers in the lower Peel are descended from Mississippian stock. Evidence for dispersal by way of the Eagle River was not found. Affinities of sucker populations in other river systems in the region are also described.     

我国古代扬子鳄减少原因考证

曾经在我国古代黄河、长江流域生存的扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)如今已成濒危物种,其减少原因在长江流域与黄河流域是有区别的。黄河流域扬子鳄灭绝与栖息地生态恶化有关,而长江流域扬子鳄的减少主要是因古人稻作生产所致,此外气温变化和人类捕杀也影响了它的生存数量。     

Genetic diversity and population structure of white-spotted charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis, in the Lake Biwa water system inferred from AFLP analysis

The genetic variations—and the time dependence of such variations—of natural populations of the white-spotted charr ,Salvelinus leucomaenis, in the Lake Biwa water system as well as those of a hatchery-reared population were inferred from AFLP. Upon the application of principal coordinate analysis using 118 polymorphic AFLP fragments based on the Jaccard similarity index, specimens of each of six natural local populations from the inlet rivers of Lake Biwa grouped roughly together, suggesting that each local population was genetically differentiated. The hatchery-reared population was shown to be closely related to the local population in the Seri River, suggesting that the Seri River population originated from hatchery-reared charr due to extensive stocking. Furthermore, specimens of the Yasu River grouped in a somewhat different position from the other natural populations, agreeing well with its geographic distance from the other populations. The nucleotide diversities of six natural populations (Harihata River, Ishida River, two reaches of the Takatoki River, Ane River, and Yasu River) in 2002 or 2003 were relatively low (π = 0.067–0.146%) compared with that of the Seri River (0.278%) and the hatchery-reared charr (0.316%). The nucleotide diversity in the five local populations (Ishida River, two reaches of the Takatoki River, Ane River, and Yasu River) remained at a low level from 1994 to 2002/2003, but only the nucleotide diversity in the Harihata River actually decreased. From 1994 to 2002/2003, the nucleotide diversity in the Seri River remained at a higher level among the natural populations from 1994 to 2002/2003; it was enhanced by the artificial release of hatchery-reared charr before 1994. In order to conserve the genetic diversity of the white-spotted charr in the Lake Biwa water system, it is necessary to prevent the stocking of hatchery-reared charr in reaches where hatchery-reared charr have not previously been stocked.     

北盘江光唇裂腹鱼年龄结构、生长特征和生活史类型

光唇裂腹鱼(Schizothorax lissolabiatus)主要分布于珠江水系南北盘江、元江、澜沧江和怒江等。以2008-2009年在北盘江采集的261尾光唇裂腹鱼为材料,研究了光唇裂腹鱼的年龄和生长特征。选用鳞片作为年龄鉴定的主要材料,并结合主鳃盖骨、匙骨、背鳍条等材料,对光唇裂腹鱼个体进行了年龄鉴定。结果表明:这4种材料年龄鉴定结果趋于一致,吻合性高。光唇裂腹鱼体长与鳞径的最佳函数关系为线性函数L=20.202R+65.726,体长与体重的最佳拟合方程呈幂函数关系W=4×10-5L2.8208。Von Bertalanffy方程、Logistic方程、Gompertz方程均为光唇裂腹鱼拟合性较好的生长方程,并以Von Bertalan-ffy方程的拟合度最高;光唇裂腹鱼Von Bertalanffy生长方程为:Lt=475.51[1-e-0.138(t+1.1397)],Wt=1424.93[1-e-0.138(t+1.1397)]2.8208;体重生长拐点为6.37龄。1~4龄为光唇裂腹鱼生长的快速阶段,而5龄以上个体的生长速度明显降低。根据r-选择和k-选择的典型特征以及渐近体长(L∞)、渐近体...     

雅砻江和大渡河干旱河谷植被物种多样性比较:气候、地形与空间的影响

干旱河谷植被是我国西南横断山区的一类特殊的隐域性生态系统, 影响不同河谷之间植物群落差异的因素与作用大小尚不清楚。本研究调查了四川省雅砻江和大渡河流域干旱河谷段植被组成, 并比较了两个地区在植物多样性上的差别。结果表明: (1)影响两个地区植被类型的主要因素不同, 雅砻江干旱河谷植被主要受海拔和地形(坡度和坡向)影响, 大渡河干旱河谷植被主要受年平均降水量影响。(2)雅砻江和大渡河干旱河谷植物物种丰富度均随着年均温升高而降低。(3)坡向由北至南, 雅砻江干旱河谷灌木、草本物种丰富度减小, 而大渡河干旱河谷灌木、草本丰富度增加。(4)坡度越大, 雅砻江和大渡河干旱河谷灌木的丰富度越高。(5)雅砻江、大渡河干旱河谷植物β多样性受环境距离影响大, 受地理距离影响小。两条江植被间地理隔离效应约为地理距离产生差异的5倍。本研究弥补了干旱河谷研究中对于雅砻江和大渡河干旱河谷植物多样性研究的空白, 为相关区域植被保护提供了参考信息, 同时还为定量估计地理隔离效应对区域间生物多样性差异的影响提供了可行方法。     

Helminth assemblages of the turtle Emydura macquarii (Pleurodira: Chelidae) Queensland, Australia

The helminth fauna of 76 Emydura macquarii from 3 river systems in central and northern Queensland was examined. Eleven species were found, including 2 nematodes, 6 trematodes, 1 aspidogastrean, 1 cestode, and 1 monogenean. Analysis of helminth diversity showed that the Fitzroy and Ross River turtles had communities of comparable diversity, but the helminth communities in Proserpine River turtles were much less diverse. The helminth communities in all localities were dominated by trematodes. Polystomoides australiensis was the most prevalent, being found in 60% of the Ross River turtles, 57% of the Fitzroy River turtles, and 46% of the Proserpine River turtles. Notopronocephalus peekayi was the most abundant species, with mean abundances of 5.9 in the Ross River turtles and 9.8 in the Fitzroy River turtles. Species richness, Simpson's Reciprocal Index, was highest, 4.68, for the Ross River helminth community, Sorensen's Qualitative Index showed 95% similarity between the Ross River and Fitzroy River communities, although Sorensen's Quantitative Index indicated only 35% similarity between the 2 sites. Host feeding patterns are likely the most important factor affecting species richness of the helminth infracommunities, as the majority of helminth species are transmitted by food-web interactions involving intermediate hosts.     

Range‐wide assessment of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson, 1905) relative condition

Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus relative condition has been observed to be declining along the Nebraska reach (rkm 1212.6–801.3) of the Missouri River over the past several years; therefore, pallid sturgeon capture data was synthesized from the entire Missouri and Middle Mississippi rivers to document and compare how pallid sturgeon condition varies spatially and temporally throughout much of their current range. The study area was subdivided into four river reaches based on a priori statistical differences for pallid sturgeon catches from 2003 to 2015. Pallid sturgeon in the Middle Mississippi River (Alton Dam [rkm 321.9]) to the confluence of the Ohio River (rkm 0.0) were in the best condition while pallid sturgeon in the Middle Missouri River (Fort Randall Dam [rkm 1416.2]) to the Grand River confluence (rkm 402.3) were in the poorest condition. Furthermore, pallid sturgeon condition in the Upper Missouri River (Fort Peck Dam [rkm 2850.9] to the headwaters of Lake Sakakawea [rkm 2523.5] and lower Yellowstone River) and the Lower Missouri River (Grand River confluence to the Mississippi River confluence [rkm 0.0]) were significantly less than in the Middle Mississippi River but significantly higher than the Middle Missouri River. Temporally, pallid sturgeon condition was highly variable. Relative condition in the Middle Mississippi River was consistently above average (Kn = 1.1). Comparatively, Kn throughout the Missouri River rarely exceeded “normal” (Kn = 1.0), with Kn in the middle and lower reaches of the Missouri River having declined to the lowest observed. As pallid sturgeon recovery efforts continue, understanding the range‐wide differences and effects on condition could be critical, as poor condition may cause maturation delays, reproductive senescence or even mortality, which affects the likelihood of natural reproduction and recruitment.