长白山云冷杉林优势树种的竞争

优势种是植物群落各层次中占优势的植物种,混交林优势树种竞争关系的研究对合理经营混交林具有重要意义.本研究在吉林省汪清县金沟岭林场内,选择立地条件一致的云冷杉天然林,设置大小100 m×100 m样地.首先,用优势度分析法确定群落优势树种;其次,以优势树种为对象木,采用可描述单株林木侧方上方、种内种间竞争强度的林木竞争指数分析优势树种的竞争关系.结果表明: 该云冷杉天然林有3个优势树种:臭冷杉、红皮云杉、红松.样地中,小径级林木较多,群落林木趋于小龄化,3个优势树种的竞争树种主要有臭冷杉、红皮云杉、红松、枫桦、紫椴、青楷槭和白桦.3个优势树种受到的竞争最激烈的是臭冷杉(1412.48),其次是红皮云杉(439.17)、红松(245.28),都主要承受侧方挤占,臭冷杉、红皮云杉、红松的侧方挤占分别占各优势树种竞争强度的64.9%、65.2%、66.0%;3个优势树种侧方上方平均竞争强度大致随个体胸径的增大而减少,小径级林木的侧方上方平均竞争强度几乎相等,对象木径级越大,所承受的侧方挤占比例越大,大径级林木几乎不承受上方遮盖;3个优势树种的侧方上方竞争主要来源于臭冷杉、红皮云杉、红松、紫椴、枫桦、青楷槭和白桦.3个优势树种种间竞争均比种内竞争激烈,臭冷杉、红皮云杉、红松的种间竞争分别占各优势树种竞争强度的58.4%、87.1%、83.7%,且竞争强度大致随个体胸径的增大而减少.     

Crown profile of foliage area characterized with the Weibull distribution in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) stand

Summary Thirten sample trees of various sizes in a 29-year-old hinoki [Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb, et Zucc.) Endl.] plantation were felled and subjected to the stratified clip technique. Crown profile of foliage area fitted well with the Weibull distribution. The crown profile tended to be more skewed toward the top of crowns in smaller trees than in larger trees. This tendency was reflected in the value of the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution. The shape parameter ranged from 1.73 to 3.23 and gradually increased up to an asymptotic value with an increase of stem diameter at breast height. The scale parameter of the distribution ranged from 1.0 to 4.2 and tended to increase in proportion to stem diameter at breast height. Foliage area of a tree correlated well with stem diameter at breast height through an ordinary allometric equation. Tree height could be approximated fairly well by a generalized allometric equation as a function of stem diameter at breast height. On the basis of the census of stem diameter at breast height, canopy profile could be constructed synthesizing crown profiles of foliage area for individual trees in the stand. Leaf area index was estimated to be 6.6 ha ha^–1.     

几个树种枝叶水浸液处理杉木6年后其生物量及分配

分别用杉木、木荷、丝栗栲,马尾松枝叶不同浓度水浸液处理杉木6年后测定其各器官的生物量及其分配,结果表明丝栗栲,马尾松,木荷水浸液处理杉木6年后,各器官的生物量有不同程度的提高,随着浓度加大其促进作用增强,在低浓度时有利于皮、枝和枯枝落叶生物量分配率,高浓度时有利于叶、根、干的生物量分配率,杉木水浸液处理杉木6年后,各器官生物量有不同程度的降低,随着浓度加大其抑制作用增加,在低浓度时有利于叶、皮、根,枝和干等各器官生物量分配率,高浓度时有利于枯枝落叶生物量分配率。     

Angle distribution of foliage in individual Chamaecyparis obtusa canopies and effect of angle on diffuse light penetration

 The vertical distribution of foliage angle and area of three Chamaecyparis obtusa trees was determined by the triangle method, which calculates foliage geometry using measured coordinates of the leaf ”corners”, in a 43-year-old plantation in central Japan. Vertical distribution patterns of leaf area were different depending on tree size, but the boundary heights, which divide the canopy into sunlit and shaded parts, were similar in the three sample trees. The value of the average foliage angle [I(Z)] at a given depth (Z) from the tip of the stem decreased continually from the upper to lower layers within the canopy. The vertical patterns of changes in I(Z) were different among the three trees, but could be expressed by the following allometric equation as a function of depth.

The effect of crop rotation of six forest tree species on peat-bark substrate enzymatic activity

The paper focuses on the effect of a nine-year utilisation of the peat-bark substrate and crop rotation of six main forest tree species on changes in the substrate enzymatic activity during successive rotation cycles. The study was conducted in the forest nursery in the years 1989–1997. Seedlings of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, Norway spruce Picea abies, European larch Larix decidua, pendiculate oak Quercus robur, common beech Fagus silvatica, and silver birch Betula overrucosa were grown on peat-bark substrate. The activity of soil enzymes: betaglucosidase, invertase, urease, asparginase, acid phosphatase and dehydrogenases was assessed. The succession of three 3-year crop rotation cycles with species following each other according to the rotation plan was subject to observations. The obtained results have confirmed recent suppositions that the tree species and their rotation modify soil enzymatic activity. The enzymatic activity of the peat-bark substrate changed after each three-year crop rotation cycle and decreased with time. After the second crop rotation cycle the activity of betaglucosidase, urease, asparginase was found to be lower, and the activity of invertase and dehydrogenases — higher. After three crop rotation cycles the positive effect of appropriate species rotation on the enzymatic activity of the substrate was noted.     

广西主要树种(组)异速生长模型及森林生物量特征

基于广西11类主要树种(组)5个龄组(245株样木、345块样地)的生物量实测调查,建立了各树种(组)的生物量优化异速生长模型,探讨广西森林生态系统总生物量及不同森林类型、不同龄组、不同层次的生物量组成与分配。结果表明:(1)广西11类树种(组)叶、枝、干、根、全株生物量(除了杉树叶、桉树叶生物量)、地上-地下、胸径-树高的优化回归模型均为幂函数,经t检验均达到显著水平(P0.05),其中11类树种(组)以全株生物量的模拟效果最好;(2)广西森林总生物量为1425.37 Tg,平均生物量为105.36 Mg/hm2,各森林类型总生物量为松树林(366.14 Tg)硬阔(291.08 Tg)软阔(239.75 Tg)石山林(165.51 Tg)杉木林(164.01 Tg)桉树林(99.55 Tg)栎类(46.34 Tg)八角林(20.21 Tg)油茶林(19.59 Tg)竹林(13.19 Tg),均随年龄的增加而增加,各层次生物量均以乔木层占绝对优势,所占比例为78.30%—97.47%,各龄组地上生物量均大于地下生物量;(3)考虑统计学与实际应用之间的平衡及异速生长模型的可解释量、回归系数的显著性,以胸径为变量的生物量模型能有效估算广西主要树种(组)各器官及总生物量;(4)优化筛选的广西各树种(组)的地上-地下优化异速生长模型及推算的地上-地下生物量比,对于估计广西森林地下生物量具有重要参考价值。     

Microfilament bundles in the roots of a conifer,Chamaecyparis obtusa

Summary The distribution of microfilament bundles (MFBs) in the primary tissues ofChamaecyparis obtusa roots has been investigated by electron microscopy. Nomarski differential interference-contrast (NDIC) images of MFBs in sections of embedded materials are also presented to complement the ultrastructural observations. The peripheral phloem parenchyma cells, also known as precursory phloem, generally possess greater numbers of MFBs than do any other cell type. MFBs are apparently absent in the cortical, meristematic or root cap tissues. The number of MFBs seen in a transection of a cell varies according to its position in the ontogenetic sequence. While all the MFBs in peripheral phloem parenchyma cells lie within 2.0 m from and on occasion contact the plasmamembrane, some MFBs in other phloem and xylem cells are located in the central areas of the cytoplasm. The possible three-dimensional distribution of MFBs in a streaming peripheral phlowm parenchyma cell is discussed.     

基于无人机多源遥感数据的亚热带森林树种分类

树种多样性是生态学研究的重要内容,树木的种类和空间分布信息可有效服务于可持续森林管理。但在复杂林分条件下,获取高精度分类结果的难度大。而无人机遥感可获取局域超精细数据,为树种分类精度的提高提供了可能。基于可见光、高光谱、激光雷达等多源无人机遥感数据,探究其在亚热带林分条件下的树种分类潜力。研究发现:(1)随机森林分类器总体精度和各树种的F1分数最高,适合亚热带多树种的分类制图,其区分13种类别(8乔木,4草本)的总体精度为95.63%,Kappa系数为0.948;(2)多源数据的使用可以显著提高分类精度,全特征模型精度最高,且高光谱和激光雷达数据显著影响全特征模型分类精度,可见光纹理数据作用较小;(3)分类特征重要性从大到小排序为结构信息,植被指数,纹理信息,最小噪声变换分量。     

A central Amazonian terra firme forest. I. High tree species richness on poor soils

Tree size, density, and species richness were established for three one-hectare plots of terra firme forest in central Amazonian Brazil. In the three hectares, 1916 individual trees with DBH 10 cm were sampled. A total of 58 families, 181 genera, and 513 species were determined. Hectare A had 285 species, 138 genera, and 47 families; hectare B 280 species, 123 genera, and 48 families; and hectare C 280 species, 125 genera, and 44 families. Comparably high species richness in Amazonia has heretofore only been reported from western Amazonia. This dispels the idea that high species richness can only develop in areas with rich soils and relatively high rainfall. It is suggested that such high species richness is the result of a combination of habitat heterogeneity and geological history. These high diversity forests, because they occur on nutrient poor soils, can be protected with little or no impact on development in the region because the soils are essentially useless for agriculture and for supporting long-term cattle pasture.     

不同区域典型树木的空间分布格局及关联性

以温带长白山(CBS)、暖温带关帝山(GDS)、亚热带黑石顶(HSD)样地监测数据为基础,采用成对相关函数g(r)分析了3个样地共有的3科(松科、壳斗科、蔷薇科)树木的空间分布格局及其关联性.结果表明:不同样地3科树木分布数量及结构特征存在差异.松科在GDS分布数量较多,呈双峰型径级结构,在CBS和HSD分布数量少,径级结构近似正态分布;壳斗科在CBS和GDS分布数量少,分别呈双峰型和偏正态径级结构,在HSD分布数量多,呈倒"J"型径级分布;蔷薇科在GDS分布数量多,呈"L"型径级分布,在CBS和HSD分布相对较少,径级结构分别呈倒"J"型和"L"型分布.3科树木空间分布格局在不同样地表现也不同,松科的大径级个体在CBS和GDS小尺度上呈均匀分布,在HSD呈聚集分布,中、小径级在3个样地均呈聚集分布;壳斗科在CBS以大径级个体为主,呈近似随机分布,在GDS和HSD以中、小径级为主,呈聚集性分布格局;蔷薇科在3个样地均为聚集分布.3科树木的聚集程度均随尺度增加而降低.大径级的壳斗科个体在CBS和HSD与松科呈不相关或小尺度负相关关系,中、小径级的壳斗科在CBS和GDS与松科呈负相关关系,但在HSD与松科表现为正相关;松科与蔷薇科在3个样地均表现为负相关;中、小径级的壳斗科与蔷薇科在CBS和GDS呈正相关关系,但在HSD呈负相关关系.总之,3科树木空间分布格局及关联性随径级、尺度而变化且在不同样地内有不同表现.     

树种及多样性组配对南亚热带人工林早期树木生长的影响

为科学筛选提升南亚热带人工林生产力的树种配置模式,选择南亚热带8个乡土树种,采用随机区组的试验设计,建立了树种多样性梯度(1、2、4、6个树种)人工新造林试验平台,研究树种多样性及不同功能特性树种混交对人工林早期树木生长的影响。结果表明: 在树木生长第5年,树木生长并没有随树种多样性增加而增加;速生树种马尾松和米老排纯林生长量是珍贵树种红椎和格木纯林的2.5～4.5倍;2个树种混交和4个树种混交情况下,针阔树种混交、速生树种与固氮树种混交显著提高树木生长量51.5%～132.8%,而当6个树种混交时,不同树种组配对生长量没有显著影响。不同树种配置模式下土壤氮、磷养分是影响树木早期生长的主要因素。针阔树种混交、速生和固氮树种混交能显著提高南亚热带人工林树木的早期生长。     

A 5 year study of litter decomposition processes in aChamaecyparis obtusa Endl. forest

Decomposition of needle litter in aChamaecyparis obtusa forest was studied over a 5 year period using a litter bag method. Organic matter, nitrogen and carbon mass and faunal abundance were monitored. The pattern of weight loss was represented by three phases: the initial leaching of carbon and nitrogen (0–3 months), nitrogen immobilization (3–15 months), and nitrogen mobilization (15–60 months). The decomposition rate of needle litter was expressed by Olson's decomposition constant (k) which was−0.113 over a 5 year period. The decomposition rate decreased with the advance of decomposition processes. The role of soil fauna in the decomposition process was assessed by comparing decomposition rates between the control and defaunated plots. In the leaching phase, soil animals had no significant role in the decomposition processes. During the immobilization phase, soil animals contributed to the immobilization processes through their grazing activities, and there were significant differences in weight loss between the control and defaunated plots. In the mobilization phase, saprovorous soil animals such as Collembola and Acari contributed to the mobilization processes by feeding on decomposing litter. Decomposition processes observed in this study were compared with other similar studies.     

树种保护酶活性与PV曲线水分参数变化的关系

在水分胁迫条件下,树种间ＳＯＤ（超氧化物歧化酶）活性与其ＤＩ（抗旱性指数）值的排序结果基本一致,表明ＳＯＤ活性变化所反映的树木抗氧化伤害力大小与ＰＶ曲线水人参数所指示的树木耐旱性强弱具有密切的正相关性。但是树种间ＰＯＤ（过氧化物酶）活性变化与ＤＩ值之间的关系则不密切。其原因：①清除Ｈ２Ｏ２的抗氧化酶类较多（ＰＯＤ只是这一）;②某些树种中且存在歧化Ｈ２Ｏ２的抗氧化剂。在水分胁迫阶段,海红的ＤＩ值最大     

Spatial distributions of tree species in a subtropical forest of China

The spatial dispersion of individuals in a species is an important pattern that is controlled by many mechanisms. In this study we analyzed spatial distributions of tree species in a large-scale (20 ha) stem-mapping plot in a species-rich subtropical forest of China. O-ring statistic was used to measure spatial patterns of species with abundance >10. Ω_0–10, the mean conspecific density within 10 m of a tree, was used as a measure of the intensity of aggregation of a species. Our results showed: (1) aggregated distribution was the dominant pattern in the plot. The percentage of aggregated species decreased with increased spatial scale. (2) The percentages of significantly aggregated species decreased from abundant to intermediate and to rare species. Rare species was more strongly aggregated than common species. Aggregation was weaker in larger diameter classes. (3) Seed traits determined the spatial patterns of trees. Seed dispersal mode can influence spatial patterns of species, with species dispersed by both modes being less clumped than species dispersed by animal or wind, respectively. Considering these results, we concluded that seed dispersal limitation, self-thinning and habitat heterogeneity primarily contributed to spatial patterns and species coexistence in the forest.     

长白山阔叶红松林不同强度择伐后关键树种的竞争关系

天然林择伐改变了林分的树种组成和结构,导致林木竞争关系发生变化,进而影响树木的生长和种群的动态.关键树种在维持群落结构和生态系统功能方面具有至关重要的作用.为了弄清长白山区阔叶红松林典型林型关键树种竞争关系的特点,本研究以红松、紫椴和水曲柳为研究对象,运用Hegyi竞争指数分析了受不同程度采伐干扰后形成的原始林(未受干扰)、轻度择伐林、中度择伐林和重度择伐林的林分结构和竞争关系.结果表明: 与原始林相比,轻度择伐林中关键树种的种群结构没有显著变化;中度择伐林和重度择伐林中3个关键树种大树(胸径DBH≥20 cm)的密度和平均胸径均显著减少,但幼树(2 cm≤DBH<10 cm)的数量增加.所有样地中关键树种的竞争指数均随径级的增加而减小,且二者服从幂函数分布,而林木胸径生长到20 cm后,竞争指数进入稳定状态.在原始林、轻度和中度择伐林中,3个树种的幼树的竞争指数受到非冠层树种的影响最大,而红松小树(10 cm≤DBH<20 cm)和大树主要受红松种内和非冠层树种的影响;水曲柳主要受红松和非冠层树种的影响,紫椴主要受种内和红松的影响.重度择伐林中,白桦是3个树种的主要竞争来源,贡献率均超过50%.根据以上关键树种竞争关系的特点,抚育非冠层树种有利于3个关键种幼树的更新和生长;对于小树来说,还需要根据树种类型来采取相应措施,而大树不需要采用抚育措施.本研究对关键树种培育和天然林择伐后快速恢复具有指导意义.     

Prediction of plant species distributions across six millennia

The usefulness of species distribution models (SDMs) in predicting impacts of climate change on biodiversity is difficult to assess because changes in species ranges may take decades or centuries to occur. One alternative way to evaluate the predictive ability of SDMs across time is to compare their predictions with data on past species distributions. We use data on plant distributions, fossil pollen and current and mid-Holocene climate to test the ability of SDMs to predict past climate-change impacts. We find that species showing little change in the estimated position of their realized niche, with resulting good model performance, tend to be dominant competitors for light. Different mechanisms appear to be responsible for among-species differences in model performance. Confidence in predictions of the impacts of climate change could be improved by selecting species with characteristics that suggest little change is expected in the relationships between species occurrence and climate patterns.     

西双版纳热带季节雨林的树种组成和群落结构动态

研究了西双版纳热带季节雨林1 hm2(hectare)动态监测样地1993年与2007年之间树种组成和群落结构的变化。对样地中胸径≥5 cm的乔木进行了每木调查。目前其树种组成的热带分布科、属所占比例分别为91%和94%,具有较高比例的热带植物区系性质。在1993年与2007年两次调查之间,树种数量由145种增至179种,仅有1到2个个体的稀有树种所占比例从54%降为51.1%。从森林的垂直结构来看,A、B、C三层的个体死亡率分别为12.8%、12.9%和19.0%,各层树木的增长率分别为-8.5%、-1.4%和44.8%。与此相对应,C层小径级的树木所占比例有较大提高。虽然小径级的树木在种类和数量上比例增大,但个体数量和种类组成相对稳定的A、B层优势树种变化不大,维持了群落结构的稳定性。14 a间,群落中新增加的具有先锋性质的树种不超过5个。1993年时,A、B两层尚有先锋树种存在,2007年已经从A、B两层中退出。因此,从14 a间树种组成和群落结构的变化来看,虽然具有树木的死亡和增补,但其物种成分和群落结构的总体格局没有明显的变化,处于动态平衡过程中。     

Aggregated spatial distributions of species in a subtropical karst forest,southwestern China

Aims Spatial distribution patterns of species reflect not only the ecological processes but also the habitat features that are related to species distribution. In karst topography, species distribution patterns provide more specific information about their environments. The objectives of this study are as follows: (i) to analyse and explain the spatial distribution patterns of conspecific trees in an old-growth subtropical karst forest; (ii) to investigate pattern changes at different spatial scales; (iii) to test the spatial pattern similarity (or dissimilarity) between trees at different abundances, diameter at breast height classes, canopy layers and different functional groups (shade tolerance and seed dispersal mode); (iv) to examine whether habitat heterogeneity has an important effect on the species spatial distribution.Methods The spatial distributions of woody species with ≥20 individuals in a 1-ha subtropical karst forest plot at Maolan in southwestern China were quantified using the relative neighbourhood density Ω based on the average density of conspecific species in a circular neighbourhood around each species.Important findings Aggregated distribution is the dominant pattern in the karst forest, but the ratio of aggregated species in total species number decreases with an increase in spatial scale. Less abundant species are more aggregated than most abundant species. Aggregation is weaker in larger diameter classes, which is consistent with the prediction of self-thinning. Seed dispersal mode influences spatial patterns, with species dispersed by animals being less aggregated than those dispersed by wind and gravity. Other species functional traits (e.g. shade tolerance) also influence the species spatial distributions. Moreover, differences among species habitat associations, e.g. with rocky outcrops, play a significant role in species spatial distributions. These results indicate that habitat heterogeneity, seed dispersal limitation and self-thinning primarily contribute to the species spatial distributions in this subtropical karst forest.