茅苍术资源再生的研究

通过对茅苍术Ａｔｒａｃｔｙ　ｌｏｄｅｓｌａｎｃｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）ＤＣ．有性繁殖及营养繁殖后代的研究,论述其资源再生的若干生物学特性的基本规律。结果表明,茅苍术在根茎形态、干物质量、化学成分的种类和含量上都随年龄有一定的动态变化规律,并存在个体差异。繁殖方式对干物质量的增长速率无明显影响。根茎中挥发油成分的含量随年龄的变化有一下降后再缓慢增加的趋势。同时还讨论了两种繁殖方式在茅苍术生产中的意义。     

茅苍术药材不同年限部位品质差异研究

茅苍术药材不同部位的物质积累特征及品质差异尚不清楚,本研究针对这一问题研究该药材不同部位的性状、含水量、可溶性糖、淀粉、挥发油含量及成分差异,为阐明该药材不同部位的品质差异及有效成分在药材中的分布和积累规律提供帮助。本研究以2年生茅苍术药材为研究材料,根据其生长部位分离出一年生和二年生药材,利用扫描电子显微镜和常规形态鉴定方法研究药材性状差异,并利用水蒸气蒸馏法测定挥发油含量、蒽酮比色法测定可溶性糖和淀粉含量、GC-MS法分析挥发油成分。结果显示,在性状上,一年生药材断面颜色偏白,二年生药材稍偏黄,且一年生药材较二年生药材松软。与二年生药材相比,一年生药材可溶性糖含量低30.26%,含水量、淀粉、挥发油含量则无显著差异,但二者挥发油成分有所不同。GC-MS共检测出22个成分,15个为二者共有成分。一年生药材中β-桉叶醇和香附烯含量较二年生药材高,而莪术烯、石竹烯等8个成分含量较二年生药材低。茅苍术药材不同部位的性状、初生和次生代谢产物积累均有所差异。     

水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响

通过控制茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea（Thunb．）DC．]不同生长期的土壤含水量,研究了轻度和重度干旱胁迫与涝渍胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长及挥发油含量的影响。结果表明,在不同生长期,茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油成分含量对不同土壤水分条件的反应不同,其中生殖生长期对水分胁迫较敏感,干旱和涝渍胁迫均会导致根茎生长量和挥发油含量下降。水分胁迫对茅苍术根茎生长量和挥发油含量的影响效应是一致的,导致根茎生长量显著下降的水分条件可使挥发油含量下降,对根茎生长量影响不显著的水分条件则有利于挥发油成分的积累。在果后期进行适当的涝渍胁迫（土壤含水量35．5％～38．5％）有利于茅苍术根茎生长和挥发油含量的提高。     

野生与栽培茅苍术挥发油成分的比较分析

采用气相色谱法分析茅苍术〔Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.〕在原产地及引种栽培1年后5个主要挥发油成分的含量变化。结果表明,江苏产茅苍术挥发油成分以苍术酮和苍术素为主;湖北产茅苍术挥发油的主要成分为茅术醇和β-桉叶醇;不同产地野生茅苍术挥发油的主要成分和含量明显不同;引种栽培至同一环境(江苏南京)后,茅苍术挥发油的主要成分及含量差异明显减小,表明产地对茅苍术挥发油有效成分的组成有一定的影响。     

茅山特产——茅苍术

茅山,是我国著名的道教胜地,也是江苏省境内有名的风景旅游区。主峰四周,低山丘陵绵延起伏,郁郁葱葱。这里曾是苏南野生植物分布最集中的地区,也是著名药材———茅苍术的主要产地。茅苍术系菊科苍术属多年生草本植物,根状茎作苍术入药。目前国内临床上作苍术用的植物主要有两种：一种叫北苍术（Atractylodeschinensis）,又名“津苍术”,主要分布于东北、华北、甘肃、宁夏等地;另一种便是茅苍术（A．lancea）,也名“南苍术”,除茅山地区有产外,江苏省内其它地区以及邻近的浙江、安徽、福建等省也有分布,不过以茅山地区出产的…     

芸香草和西昌香茅挥发油的化学成分

芸香草和西昌香茅挥发油的化学成分张荣，苏中武，李承祜（第二军医大学药学院，上海２００４３３）关键词芸香草，西昌香茅，挥发油ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｓｏｆｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｏｉｌｓｆｒｏｍＣｙｍｂｏｐｏｇｏｎｄｉｓｔｏｎｓ（ＮｅｅｓｅｘＳ...     

东北产苍术属植物的细胞学研究

报导了中国东北产三种苍术属植物的核型资料,核型公式分别为;北苍术「Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（ＤＣ．）Ｋｏｉｄｚ．」Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝１２ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋６ｓｔ（４ＳＡＴ）,关苍术「Ａ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ Ｋｏｉｄｚ．」（２ｎ）＝２４＝１４ｍ＋１０ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）朝鲜苍术「Ａ．ｋｏｒｅａｎａ（Ｎａｋａｉ）Ｋｉｔａｍ．」Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２４＝１０ｍ＋１４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,三者核型对称性均为２Ｂ     

白术的真伪鉴别

白术为常用中药,市场上经常有以菊科植物中的菊三七[Gynura segetum（Lour．）Merr．]的根茎、土木香（Inula heleniumL．）的根、木香（Aucklandia Lappa Bence）的根、茅苍术FAtractylodeslancea（Thunb．）DC．]的根茎、北苍术[Atractylodes chinensis（DC．）Koidz]的根茎以及关苍术（Atractylodes japonica koidz ex kitam）的根茎假充白术药用的情况。为区别真伪。正确用药,现将以上7种植物的性状特征、横切面及粉末显微特征归纳比较,以利于简便、快速、准确地鉴定白术品种。     

艾叶挥发油化学成分研究进展

艾叶挥发油是艾叶发挥药理作用的主要活性成分,由100余种化学成分组成,主要含单萜及其衍生物、倍半萜及其衍生物,也有少量的醛、酮、酚类化合物。本文对近十年艾叶挥发油化学成分研究的相关文献进行了分析与总结,发现产地、提取方法和采收期对艾叶挥发油化学成分数量和含量的测定结果均有较大影响,进而影响对艾叶药材的质量评价和应用。因此建议根据不同的药用目的选择采用不同产地的艾叶药材和相应的挥发油提取方法,为艾叶挥发油化学成分的进一步研究和临床应用提供参考。     

苍术（Atractybeslancea（Thunb．）DC．）种内遗传多样性分析

分析了苍术（Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｌａｎｄｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）ＤＣ．）５种等位酶（ＭＤＨ,ＧＤＨ,ＰＰＯ,ＳＯＤ,ＰＥＲ）１２个位点上２５个等位基因的分化特征。结果表明：群体内多态位点比例平均为０．６１,每个位点的平均杂合率为０．２６,每个位点发现的平均等位基因数为１．７８。苍术种内基因多样性的８６％产生在群体内,群体间分化的明显效果为１４％。所有配对组合,群体间的平均遗传距离是０．１１,遗传同一性是０．９０。说明苍术种内变异很大。同时探讨茅苍术的分类位置,认为茅苍术不是苍术和白术的杂交种。     

A study on the medicinal plants of the genus Atractylodes

Genus Atractylodes (Fam. Compositae) is the main source of two important Chinese traditional drugs, “Baizhu”and “Cangzhu”, both being long used as a stomachic. After a general survey and taxonomical study, it has been found that “Baizhu” was only derived from A. macrocephala Koidz. (A. ovata auct. Fl. Orient. Asiat. non A. P. DC.), while “Cangzhu” were mainly from A. lancea (Thunb.) DC. and A. lancea DC. var. chinensis Kitam. Comparison of the components in the rhizomes of Chinese Atractylodes has been made by TLC and GLC. The results have shown to be in accordance with their morphological features and pharmaceutical merits. “Baizhu”, A. macrocephala, with its leave pinnately incised, is characterized by the presence of rich atractylon and absence or lack of atractylodin. As for “Cangzhu”, A. lancea and A. lancea var. chinensis with their leave not incised or only lobed, are characterized by high contents of atractylodin, β-eudesmol and hinesol, but poor in atractylon. The above conclusion may be of value to both the classification and utilization of this group of Chinese medicinal plants.     

中药郁金的挥发油成分研究

本文报道了对5种植物来源的中药郁金中挥发油的比较研究结果,测定了不同采收期以及不同加工方法郁金中挥发油含量,并采用GC-MS-DS法分析比较了郁金挥发油的组成及各组分含量。     

On the nomenclature of Chinese drug “Cangzhu”

This paper is the documentation of specimens and literature reffered to Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. etc. As a result, it is found that, in taxonomy of the genus Atractylodes, what represcents by four long-established names, i. e. Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC., A. ovata (Thunb.) DC., A. chinensis (Bunge) Koidz. and A. lyrata Sieb. et Zucc., in fact, is the one and same species. According to the law of priority in nomenclature, the first name should be given to Chinese drug “Cangzhu”, while theother three names have to be treated as its synonyms.     

药材道地观与中药材生产

本文阐述了现代道地中药材的概念演变,道地中药材是经过千百年来的疗效认证而普遍得到人们认可的优质中药材。通过对中药材栽培历史的分析,本文认为道地中药材的优质性主要来自野生资源。多数中药栽培发展较晚,栽培生产技术与环境结合尚未达到最优化的程度。从道地中药材成因的角度分析,野生中药材在生长年限、种质、生境、性状、成份等各方面与栽培中药材都与明显的差异,其质量也一定不同,因此对栽培中药材的道地性的应有待于进一步认识。同时,通过将现代栽培技术与中药材栽培相结合,会对栽培中药材的质量稳定和提高发挥重要作用。     

Antimutagenicity of extracts from crude drugs in Chinese medicines

The antimutagenicity of extracts from crude drugs was studied by the Ames bioassay system. The crude drugs chosen were medical plants used very frequently as Chinese medicines. Each crude drug was extracted with hot water similar to the method of Chinese medical treatment. Antimutagenicity of the extract was found with 4 kinds of crude drugs, Paeoniae radix, Bupleuri radix, Hoelen and Glycyrrhizae radix. Each extract of the crude drug showed a different type of antimutagenic action from the others.     

中药贝母类的资源利用研究

贝母为传统中药,中国药典（1990）收载了川贝母（Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don.)、暗紫贝母（F. unibracteata Hsiao et K.C.Hsia)、甘肃贝母（F.przeuxalskii Maxim ex Batak.）、梭砂贝母（F.delapayiFranch.）、浙贝母（F.thambergii Miq.）和平贝母（F.ussuriensis Maxim）.等8种。最近对四川、甘肃、新疆、湖北、浙江和江苏等省区的药源调查结果表明,各地药用的贝母有25个种和变种,其中最常用的有暗紫贝母、甘肃贝母、梭砂贝母、伊贝母、新疆贝母、托理贝母、平贝母和湖北贝母。20余种贝母所含生物碱的TLC和HPLC分析结果表明各种贝母所含生物碱有一定区别,并与产地有关,产于湖北、浙江和江苏省的种类都含有去氢贝母碱,大多含贝母碱和异贝母碱;产于四川、甘肃和新疆的种类都含有西贝素和去氢梭砂贝母碱,大多含茄次碱,产于四川的种类都含去氢川贝碱,产于新疆的种类都含梭砂贝母碱。本研究为建立贝母的品质评价方法和开发药用资源提供了科学依据。     

抗抑郁药用植物研究进展

近年来,虽然药用植物被用于临床治疗精神紊乱和行为异常等相关性疾病,如:抑郁、焦虑、癫痫、记忆力衰退、失眠、老年痴呆和药物中毒等,但是,有关药用植物抗抑郁作用的研究性报道较少,且不够系统。本综述主要归纳和总结了具有抗抑郁作用的药用植物及其活性提取物,包括药用植物粗提物和单体活性成分等天然产物,为充分开发利用我国药用植物资源以及民间传统用药提供科学依据,促进高效安全抑郁症治疗方法的研究。     

Simultaneous determination of cytotoxic bufadienolides in the Chinese medicine ChanSu by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detections

ChanSu (toad venom) is a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of serious liver and gastric cancers. The major cytotoxic compounds in ChanSu are bufadienolides. In this paper, a strategy combining qualitative LC/MS analysis and quantitative HPLC determination of major bufadienolides was used for global quality control of ChanSu crude drug. Majority of the bufadienolides in methanol extract of ChanSu were unambiguously characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/APCI-MS/MS), and by comparing with pure compounds. In addition, eight major bufadienolides were simultaneously determined in one single HPLC run within 30 min with photodiode array detection (DAD). All compounds showed good linearity in a wide concentration range, and their limits of detection (LOD) were around 1 ng. Thus, > 95% of the bufadienolides in ChanSu could be characterized, and > 90% of them were quantitated. The established method is rapid, simple and sensitive, and could be used for the routine analysis of ChanSu crude drug and its preparations. This research sets a good example for the comprehensive quality control of traditional medicine.     

Two new iridoid glucosides from Gardenia jasminoides fruits

From the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides which have been employed as Chinese crude drug “Shan-zhii”, two further new iridoid glucosides, gardoside (8,10-dehydrologanic acid) and scandoside methyl ester have been isolated and their structures have been established.     

Japanese modified traditional Chinese medicines as preventive drugs of the side effects induced by tumor necrosis factor and lipopolysaccharide

It was found that the capacity for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by Japanese modified traditional Chinese medicines and crude drugs broadly paralleled their antitumor activity. Pretreatment with these drugs prevented the lethal and marked side effects of recombinant human TNF (rhTNF) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) without impairing their antitumor activity. These drugs are thought to decrease the oxygen radicals and stabilize the cell membranes, with a deep relation to the arachidonic cascade. The release of prostaglandins and leukotriene B4 was suppressed by pretreatment with Shosaiko-to. Thromboxane B2 was transiently increased, followed by suppression. After pretreatment with Hochu-ekki-to or Juzen-taiho-to, suppression of leukotriene B4 could not be observed. The release of prostaglandin D2 was suppressed in mice pretreated with Shosaiko-to, Juzentaiho-to or Ogon (Scutellariae Radix) but it increased following pretreatment with Hochu-ekki-to. Chemicals that could prevent the lethality of rhTNF and LPS also revealed suppression of prostaglandins, leukotriene B4 and thromboxane B2. In general, drugs that prevented the lethality of rhTNF and LPS without impairing the antitumor activity could inhibit the release of leukotriene B4 and/or prostaglandin D2. rhTNF could activate the arachidonic cascade in combination with LPS. The lethality of rhTNF and LPS could be prevented by pretreatment with Japanese modified traditional Chinese medicines and the crude drug, Ogon.