教学网站开发技术

建立学科教学网站是信息技术与课程整合的一个重要途径。随着学科教学网站在各中小学校教学实践中的日益普及,网站的设计与应用问题显得非常重要。本文全面梳理了学科教学网站的结构、建设原则与建设中存在的误区,教学网站的教学应用模式与应用中存在的误区,教学网站评价的内容与方法等方面的研究成果,并指出了目前这一领域研究中存在的主要问题及今后进一步研究的方向。     

纳米生物学学科发展战略研究进展

正2017年1月,经中国科学院生命科学和医学学部常委会审议立项,由阎锡蕴院士牵头开展"纳米生物学学科发展战略研究". 2017年11月,该项目进一步提升为中国科学院学部和国家自然科学基金委员会联合资助的学科发展战略研究项目.本文总结了三年来纳米生物学学科战略的组织情况和研究进展.     

DHA和EPA的研究现状与趋势

本文综述了DHA和EPA的研究背景、生物体内的代谢、生理作用及开发应用,并据此提出今后进一步开展该方面研究的方向。     

综合医院研究型学科建设评价指标体系的构建与实践

以某军医大学附属医院的临床学科为研究对象,建立了研究型学科评价指标体系,并应用于医院研究型建设学科的遴选。该指标体系体现了研究型医院学科建设内涵、医院科技创新和科学管理理念、客观指标与专家评审、学科现状和发展愿景相结合的要求,具有较强的科学性和实用性。     

生物地理学理论的发展

生物地理学是一门占老而又年轻的学科,近几十年来又获得了新的发展。本文较详尽地介绍了该学科的基本思想和基本研究方法,并对生物地理学理论发展的历史和各种理论的基本论点及理论假说进行了重点讨论。此外,作者对该学科的发展提出了自己的思考。     

X连锁非特异性精神发育迟滞相关基因PAK3研究进展

PAK3基因突变会导致非特异性精神发育迟滞, 因而与人类一般和特殊认知能力密切相关。研究该基因的生物学功能和认知功能将为临床诊断和防治由此引起的精神发育迟滞患者提供参考。文章综述了对PAK3基因产物、基因的生物学与认知功能的研究现状, 并对今后的进一步研究工作进行了展望。     

微生态学的中国进程和学科结构探析——兼论中医药微生态学CSCD

微生态学在中国的发展始于20世纪50年代初大连医学院的人体菌群研究,经历了学科孕育期、学科初创期和学科扩张期3个发展阶段。从1988年中国第一部微生态学标志性专著问世以来,微生态学在30多年的演进历程中分化衍生出一系列分支学科,成为包含概观微生态学科、系统微生态学科、专类微生态学科、人体微生态学科、医疗微生态学科的学科门类。中医药微生态学作为微生态学在中国的“地标”性分支学科,在理论、实验和学科探索中都获得了可喜成果,今后需要积极拓展研究的广度和深度,加强学科元研究。     

中国糖工程研究的兴起与发展

糖工程研究是20世纪90年代在国际上兴起的一门新兴学科,本综述简要回顾了该学科的国际发展史,并介绍了该学科在中国的发展历程。     

与精神发育迟滞有关的IL1RAPL1基因研究进展

IL1RAPL1基因缺失、倒置以及突变会导致非特异性精神发育迟滞,因而与人类认知能力密切相关。研究该基因的生物学功能与认知功能将为临床诊断和防治精神发育迟滞提供参考。本文综述了IL1RAPL1基因产物、基因的生理功能与认知功能的研究现状,并对今后的进一步研究工作进行了展望。     

媒介生物学与媒介昆虫

媒介生物学是当今迅速发展的一门学科,其中媒介昆虫是其重要的研究对象。本文综述了媒介生物学与媒介昆虫相关研究进展,包括研究背景和意义,国内外研究历史和现状,提出了需进一步开展研究的重点领域,旨在提供媒介生物学与媒介昆虫研究领域的信息,促进该领域的研究和技术开发,提升媒介生物及其传播疾病的控制水平。     

大型公立医院学科建设发展战略探索与思考

学科建设发展战略是医院可持续发展的基础和核心竞争力，直接影响医疗质量、技术水平、人才培养能力和综合实力。在总结并介绍北京大学第三医院学科建设发展战略方面的探索的基础上，提出在学科建设方面，应注重学科建设的顶层设计和制定详尽的发展战略、注重人才培养与打造创新管理团队、注重以科学研究带动学科发展、注重完善学科建设的绩效管理与激励体系。     

Influence of cultural and disciplinary identity on the way teachers in agricultural education in France relate to knowledge in biotechnology

Socio-professional identity of teachers may have an impact on their way of teaching biotechnology. Livestock and crop production teachers have been trained according to the intensive agriculture model. They have been affected by the emergence of limits to this model; an identity crisis has appeared due to the gap between their disciplinary culture and new social demands. Biotechnology applications have various repercussions in different disciplinary fields, whether in the humanities or in science an technology. To identify the influence of the prevailing culture in various disciplines, a comparative study of opinions (arguments, emotions, behavioural intentions) on various biotechnology applications held among teachers of different disciplinary options has been made in agricultural education in France. In the fields of ethics, human health and the environment, the opinions among teachers in the humanities (economics, modern languages and history/geography) differed significantly from opinions among teachers with scientific and/or technical training (in biology and livestock and crop production). The former expressed more disquiet than the latter. Biology teachers felt less concern about the development of biotechnology applications.     

Disciplinary baptisms: a comparison of the naming stories of genetics, molecular biology, genomics, and systems biology

Understanding how scientific activities use naming stories to achieve disciplinary status is important not only for insight into the past, but for evaluating current claims that new disciplines are emerging. In order to gain a historical understanding of how new disciplines develop in relation to these baptismal narratives, we compare two recently formed disciplines, systems biology and genomics, with two earlier related life sciences, genetics and molecular biology. These four disciplines span the twentieth century, a period in which the processes of disciplinary demarcation fundamentally changed from those characteristic of the nineteenth century. We outline how the establishment of each discipline relies upon an interplay of factors that include paradigmatic achievements, technological innovation, and social formations. Our focus, however, is the baptism stories that give the new discipline a founding narrative and articulate core problems, general approaches and constitutive methods. The highly plastic process of achieving disciplinary identity is further marked by the openness of disciplinary definition, tension between technological possibilities and the ways in which scientific issues are conceived and approached, synthesis of reductive and integrative strategies, and complex social interactions. The importance--albeit highly variable--of naming stories in these four cases indicates the scope for future studies that focus on failed disciplines or competing names. Further attention to disciplinary histories could, we suggest, give us richer insight into scientific development.     

Mapping Interdisciplinary Fields: Efficiencies,Gaps and Redundancies in HIV/AIDS Research

While interdisciplinarity continues to increase in popularity among funders and other scientific organizations, its potential to promote scientific advances remains under-examined. For HIV/AIDS research, we examine the dynamics of disciplinary integration (or lack thereof) providing insight into a field''s knowledge base and those questions that remain unresolved. Drawing on the complete histories of two interdisciplinary journals, we construct bibliographic coupling networks based on overlapping citations to identify segregation into research clusters and estimate topic models of research content. We then compare how readily those bibliographic coupling clusters account for the structuring of topics covered within the field as it evolves over two decades. These comparisons challenge one-dimensional and/or cross-sectional approaches to interdisciplinarity. Some topics are increasingly coordinated across disciplinary boundaries (e.g., vaccine development); others remain relatively segmented into disconnected disciplinary domains for the full period (e.g., drug resistance). This divergence indicates heterogeneity in interdisciplinarity and emphasizes the need for critical approaches to studying the organization of science.     

Marine scientific research and marine pollution in China

Abstract

In recent years coastal states everywhere in the world have paid attention to the preservation of the marine environment and the conduct of marine scientific research. The scope and nature of China's marine scientific research have been expanded and diversified since the late 1970s because of the growing importance of the ocean for the “Four Modernization “ programs. More and more programs have been designed and executed to find fishing resources, search for offshore oil and gas, promote maritime defense, help alleviate the marine pollution problems, reinforce China's territorial claim in the South China Sea, participate in Antarctic scientific research, and to better understand the whole marine environment. This article first examines China's attitude toward the legal regimes of marine pollution and marine scientific research. It depicts China's marine scientific research activities from the early 1950s. Finally it suggests that more scientific research programs will be designed in support of China's ocean development plans in the future.     

利用综合评价方法和等级模型评价乐安江水体重金属污染

采用1992-1995年在江西乐安江所获得的野外调查数据。对化学、毒理学和生态学数据的性质进行分析比较,分析了不同类型评价参数的性质和综合利用时存在的问题。并提出了三者综合的评价方法和一个等级模型。来评价江西省乐安江河流重金属污染及潜在的生态影响。结果表明对于复杂的河流生态系统,采用多指标综合评价方法是描述污染和预测污染生态效应的一种有效途径。     

老工矿区污染生态问题与今后研究展望

老工矿区的环境污染及其引发的生态问题,已成为当今制约经济与社会可持续发展的世界性技术难题.对老工矿区这一概念的基本定义与范畴仍有争议,本文首先对这一概念从理论上进行了探讨;然后从剖析我国老工矿区现状尤其是其环境污染现实问题的复杂性入手,对老工矿区的区域二次污染这一科学前沿给予了重点关注;在深入阐述老工矿区环境污染问题复杂性与其特点的基础上,建议今后从国家层面上开展老工矿区二次污染发生机理与控制的系统研究,以及从分子生态毒理学角度系统开展有关新型疾病对环境污染响应的研究,是21世纪初环境科学和生态学研究的两大关键科学问题,这无疑是今后我国环境保护战略的重要组成部分.     

Academic Cross-Pollination: The Role of Disciplinary Affiliation in Research Collaboration

Academic collaboration is critical to knowledge production, especially as teams dominate scientific endeavors. Typical predictors of collaboration include individual characteristics such as academic rank or institution, and network characteristics such as a central position in a publication network. The role of disciplinary affiliation in the initiation of an academic collaboration between two investigators deserves more attention. Here, we examine the influence of disciplinary patterns on collaboration formation with control of known predictors using an inferential network model. The study group included all researchers in the Institute of Clinical and Translational Sciences (ICTS) at Washington University in St. Louis. Longitudinal data were collected on co-authorships in grants and publications before and after ICTS establishment. Exponential-family random graph models were used to build the network models. The results show that disciplinary affiliation independently predicted collaboration in grant and publication networks, particularly in the later years. Overall collaboration increased in the post-ICTS networks, with cross-discipline ties occurring more often than within-discipline ties in grants, but not publications. This research may inform better evaluation models of university-based collaboration, and offer a roadmap to improve cross-disciplinary collaboration with discipline-informed network interventions.     

Identifying the spatial effects and driving factors of urban PM2.5 pollution in China

Exploring exactly where air pollution comes from, and identifying the key factors that influence it, can provide a scientific basis for the rational formulation and effective implementation of air pollution policies in China. Based on the data from 2001 to 2012 covering PM_2.5 concentrations in 285 Chinese cities, we use dynamic spatial panel models to empirically analyze the key driving factors of this air pollution. Results show that China’s urban smog demonstrates both obvious global spatial autocorrelation and local spatial agglomeration. There is a significant inverted “U-shaped” curve between economic development level and air pollution, and most cities are in the phase in which pollution is increasing in conjunction with improvements to the economy. Due to a rapid increase in population in built up areas, a high-proportion of secondary industry, a coal-dominated energy structure and increasing traffic intensity, China’s smog problem is becoming more and more serious. FDI probably will not play a future role in mitigating the air pollution. Central heating in winter in northern China further aggravates local smog to a certain extent. Because China’s haze pollution presents path-dependent characteristics and spatial spillover effects in the time dimension and in the space dimension respectively, so smog alleviation policies should be implemented based both on the strategies of maximizing effort and regional joint prevention and control.     

New trends in microbial technology

Microbial technology includes not only the production of materials in bioreactors, or the production of new catalysts by genetic engineering but extends to aspects of both human and animal health care, waste and pollution management, enhanced oil recovery, mineral leaching, advanced plant breeding, diagnostics and analytical equipment, biosensors, bioelectronics and renewable energy system based on biomass feedstocks. National strategies of industrialized countries are being developed which identify microbial technology as a substantial factor in the attainment of industrial and economic goals. Although extremely promising microbial technology is not a quick fix and its application will only arise as a result of systematic programme of research and development. Such programme requires a broad base of disciplinary underpinning in molecular biology, genetics and bioengineering. The development of expertise of this kind in the tertiary educational institutions is the essential starting point. It should be developed by appropriate programmes and networking systems.