华根霉产脂肪酶发酵培养基的研究

我对摇瓶培养基存在的豆饼粉含量较高,发酵过程中产生大量泡沫,放大困难的问题,在用华根霉发酵生产脂肪酶中,以豆饼粉－蛋白胨培养基为出发培养基,经优化后的培养基组成为：工业蛋白胨６％,豆饼粉２％,卵磷脂１％,葡萄糖１％,磷酸氢二 酸镁０．０５％。与优化前相比,不仅减少了发酵过程中产生的泡沫,有利于大罐发罐,而且减少了豆饼粉残留,酶活提高１０％。     

华根霉液态培养生产脂肪酶不同形态菌体的转录组差异分析

【背景】作为发酵工业中一类重要的生产菌株,丝状真菌目的产物的形成与菌体形态有着紧密的联系。华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)CCTCC M201021是从我国传统酿造浓香型白酒大曲中筛选到的一株丝状真菌,其生成的包括脂肪酶在内的酶蛋白具有较高的工业应用价值。【目的】华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)CCTCC M201021在脂肪酶液态发酵中形成两种不同形态菌体,发酵表现差异明显。本研究考察华根霉不同菌体形态及其细胞代谢在转录组水平的内在差异。【方法】基于RNA-Seq高通量转录组测序,分别对液态培养获得的不同形态华根霉菌体高表达和显著差异表达的转录基因进行功能分析。【结果】两种形态菌体转录组存在明显的差异。利用RPKM值对表达量最高的前20个基因进行分析,聚集态菌体高表达基因主要为不同类别的核糖体蛋白,而分散态菌体中与细胞形态相关的几丁质酶及与信号传导相关的基因也是高表达基因。在两种形态菌体显著差异表达的20个基因中,除了涉及代谢的基因有明显不同外,分散态菌体中也有一些涉及"细胞过程与信号"的基因上调表达显著。两种形态菌体中独有表达基因总体表达量均较低,但聚集态菌体独有表达基因在基因种类和表达量上都要明显高于分散态菌体。同时,转录分析表明,华根霉脂肪酶在聚集菌体中较高的生产水平与脂肪酶基因的高水平转录有关。【结论】菌体形态的差异显著影响了华根霉的转录组,不仅不同形态菌体高表达基因和显著差异表达基因有明显不同,而且功能相同的蛋白在不同菌体形态下也多是由不同基因表达,它们可能承担着不同的作用。总体而言,华根霉聚集态菌体中存在更为复杂的生理过程,而分散菌体中受到信号的传导和调控似乎更多。菌体形态的改变可能是细胞分化的结果,伴随着菌体对细胞微环境改变的一种响应。研究结果为深入了解丝状真菌形态分化的内在机制及其影响提供了一些线索。     

华根霉合成活性脂肪酶液态发酵菌体形态调控的研究

华根霉(CCTCC M201021)膜结合脂肪酶在非水相中具有突出的催化酯合成的能力,在生物香料、生物柴油生产等工业应用中具有良好的前景.与许多丝状真茵形态影响其初级及次级代谢产物的生产相类似,华根霉在液态发酵中也会形成不同的茵体形态,显著影响合成活性膜结合脂肪酶的发酵水平.本研究以华根霉菌体形态及脂肪酶合成活性为指标...     

Culture conditions for intracellular lipase production by Rhizopus chinensis and its immobilization within biomass support particles

Acetone-dried cells of Rhizopus chinensis (with a 1,3-positional specificity lipase) were investigated for the interestierification reaction of olive oil and methyl stearate. First, the culture conditions for intracellular lipase production were examined, and then the activities of dried cells obtained from immobilization in Biomass Support Particles (BSPs) were compared with those of freely suspended cells.It was clear from cultivation of freely suspended cells that intracellular lipase activity for the interesterification reaction was enhanced sifnificantly by the presence of oleic acid, oil, and tea oil, but that the presence of glucose reduced the activity.The specific activity of dried cells within BSPs increased 7-fold compared with that obrained from freely suspended cells.The process presented here, using immobilization within BSPs, can provide cells directly as a catalyst with high activity, where cells become immobilized simply during batch operation, and no special preparation of cells is necessary. Therefore, the reaction system using dried cells immobilized within BSPs is a promising interesterifcation process for industrial applications.     

Rhizopus sp.PW358菌脂肪酶固态发酵生产

研究了Rhizopus sp.PW358菌的固态生长和产脂肪酶条件。结果表明：黄豆饼粉为培养基的基本成分,用来生产脂肪酶。培养基中可加入淀粉和蛋白胨作为碳源和源,有利于脂肪酶的合成,培养基的含水量以及金属离子Ca^2 ,Mg^2 的浓度也影响Rhizopus sp.PW358菌和脂肪酶 产生。在优化条件下,12g豆粉中含1.0g淀粉及0.5g蛋白胨、15ml营养盐中Ca^2 ,Mg^2 离子浓度分别为8．0和4．0g/L,培养基含水量为55．6％,在接种后培养48h,酶活力可达最大值320IU／g干培养基。脂肪酶的基本性质研究表明,酶的最适反应温度和PH分别为35℃和7．0,酶的半失活温度为53．5℃,不同的PH环境中,30℃保温1h后酶在PH6．5－8．5范围内较为稳定。     

Membrane-bound 'synthetic lipase' specifically cultured under solid-state fermentation and submerged fermentation by Rhizopus chinensis: a comparative investigation

Rhizopus chinensis was able to produce synthetic lipases under both solid-state and submerged fermentations. These lipases were extracted from cell membrane using Triton X-100, and purified to homogeneity through ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Judging from SDS-PAGE, the specific synthetic lipases associated with SSF (named as SSL) and SmF (named as SML) were different in the apparent molecular mass (62 and 40kDa). In term of hydrolytic activity, both enzymes exhibited maximum values at pH 8.0 and 40 degrees C; SSL appeared to be more pH tolerant and thermostable than SML. PMSF negligibly affected SSL but strongly reduced the activity of SML. Both enzymes showed clear preference for long-chained p-nitrophenyl esters, yielding maximum activity towards p-nitrophenyl palmitate (with SSL) and p-nitrophenyl laurate (with SML). In term of synthetic activity, lyophilized enzymes gave the highest values both at 30 degrees C, but at different pH memories (7.5 for SSL and 6.5 for SML). Most of ethyl esters synthesized by the two enzymes achieved good yields (>90%), and tetradecanoic acid and laurate acid separately served as the best acyl donors.     

易错PCR提高华根霉脂肪酶的热稳定性

为了提高华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的热稳定性,运用定向进化-易错PCR的方法,经两轮易错PCR引入突变,利用fast-blue RR顶层琼脂法对突变文库进行筛选,第一轮易错PCR后筛选到2株突变菌株,第二轮筛选到4株突变株。第二轮最佳突变株Ep2-4,其中3个氨基酸发生了突变：A129S、P168L和V329A。该突变酶ep2-4在60 ℃下半衰期相对原始酶r27RCL提高5.4倍,T50值提高7.8 ℃。酶学性质研究表明,突变酶ep2-4在热稳定性提高的基础上,仍保有良好的催化活性。蛋白质三维结构模拟显示,突变A129S可以和Gln133形成氢键,增加了酶表面的亲水性和极性;P168L可以与邻近的Leu164形成疏水键,导致突变酶的热稳定性提高。     

Culture medium improvement for Isaria fumosorosea submerged conidia production

Submerged conidia and blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea are produced in several liquid culture media. However, yields and the ecological fitness of these propagules vary according to culture media composition. In most culture media, hyphae, blastospores and submerged conidia are white but we found that in some media they develop a brown pigmentation. A dark pigment was extracted from brown-pigmented propagules and analyzed by IR spectroscopy. Adsorption bands coincided to those characteristics of melanins.Hadamard's matrices were employed in order to increase submerged conidia yields and brown pigmentation of fungal propagules. Media containing 20–30 mg/l of FeSO₄·7H₂O and 6–12 mg/l of CuSO₄·5H₂O allowed reaching the highest pigmentation (9 in a hedonic scale). A maximal concentration of submerged conidia of 1.0 (±1.2) × 10¹² cell/l was achieved after 120 h of liquid culture in a improved culture medium, containing 25 ml/l of Polyethylene glycol (MW 200), substance which enhanced submerged conidia production, reducing free mycelia or mycelial pellets formation. In the improved medium, it was estimated that more than 60% of produced biomass corresponded to submerged conidia and blastospores, while in other media, mycelia were the main product (80–97%).     

Yeast whole-cell biocatalyst constructed by intracellular overproduction of Rhizopus oryzae lipase is applicable to biodiesel fuel production

Yeast whole-cell biocatalysts for lipase-catalyzed reactions were constructed by intracellularly overproducing Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) in Saccharomvces cerevisiae MT8-1. The gene encoding lipase from R. orvzae IFO4697 was cloned, and intracellular overproduction systems of a recombinant ROL with a pro-sequence (rProROL) were constructed. When rProROL from R. oryzae IFO4697 was produced under the control of the 5'-upstream region of the isocitrate lyase gene of Candida tropicalis (UPR-ICL) at 30 degrees C for 98 h by two-stage cultivation using SDC medium (SD medium with 2% casamino acids) containing 2.0% and 0.5% glucose, intracellular lipase activity reached levels up to 474.5 IU/l. These whole-cell biocatalysts were permeabilized by air-drying and used for the synthesis of methyl esters (MEs), a potential biodiesel fuel, from plant oil and methanol in a solvent-free and water-containing system. The ME content in the reaction mixture was 71 wt% after a 165-h reaction at 37 degrres C with stepwise addition of methanol. These results indicate that an efficient whole-cell biocatalyst can be prepared by intracellular overproduction of lipase in yeast cells and their permeabilization.     

Pilot scale ceramic membrane microfiltration for Pichia pastoris cells separation in production of Rhizopus chinensis lipase

在重组毕赤酵母生产脂肪酶的提取中,应用并优化了陶瓷膜微滤除菌工艺,确定了最佳条件为膜截留分子量500 kDa、膜操作压力0.3 MPa、温度20℃、湿菌体含量35％,先对发酵液稀释1.5倍后再进行洗滤.40L处理量的小试结果显示,在5h处理时间内,能获得高达92.70％的酶活回收率.560 L处理量的中试放大,酶活回收率为89.91％,耗时5.5h.在膜的清洗与再生中,采用2％ NaClO和2％NaOH在60℃、0.3 MPa膜压力下进行清洗40 min,清水膜通量恢复率为98.14％.陶瓷膜与板框除菌的比较试验发现,两种方法都获得了微生物限量合格的产品和较高的酶活回收率,但陶瓷膜微滤的滤液微生物检出量更低,处理时间较短,动力能耗更低,易与超滤膜耦合提取,废水产生量更少,菌体废渣易于回收,是一种节能减排、清洁环保的新型除菌工艺.     

Combinatorial approach of statistical optimization and mutagenesis for improved production of acidic phytase by Aspergillus niger NCIM 563 under submerged fermentation condition

Combination of statistical optimization and mutagenesis to isolate hypersecretory strains is studied to maximize phytase production from Aspergillus niger NCIM 563 under submerged fermentation. The overall results obtained show a remarkable 5.98-fold improvement in phytase production rates when compared to that using basal medium. Optimization of culture conditions from parent strain is studied first by the Plackett–Burman technique to evaluate the effects of 11 variables for phytase production. The results showed that glucose, MgSO₄, KCl, incubation period, and MnSO₄ are the most significant variables affecting enzyme production. Further optimization in these variables, using a central composite design technique, resulted in 3.74-fold increase in the yield of phytase production to 254,500 U/l when compared with the activity observed with basal media (68,000 U/l) in shake flask. Our experiments show that the phytase from A. niger NCIM 563 exhibits desirable activity in simulated gastric fluid conditions with low pH and also improved thermostability when compared to commercial phytase. The improved yield demonstrates the potential applicability of phytase enzyme as a source of phytase supplement for phosphorus nutrition and environmental protection in animal feed industry. Physical and chemical mutagenesis experiments were carried out in parallel to isolate hypersecretory mutants that could possibly further enhance the enzyme production. Using optimized media conditions of the parent strain, our results show that mutant strain A. niger NCIM 1359 increased the phytase activity by another 1.6-fold to 407,200 U/l.     

重组毕赤酵母产华根霉脂肪酶的陶瓷膜微滤除菌工艺研究

在重组毕赤酵母生产脂肪酶的提取中,应用并优化了陶瓷膜微滤除茵工艺,确定了最佳条件为膜截留分子量500kDa、膜操作压力0．3Ⅷa、温度20℃、湿菌体含量35％,先对发酵液稀释1．5倍后再进行洗滤。40L处理量的小试结果显示,在5h处理时间内,能获得高达92．70％的酶活回收率。560L处理量的中试放大,酶活回收率为89．91％,耗时5．5h。在膜的清洗与再生中,采用2％NaC10和2％NaOH在60℃、0．3MPa膜压力下进行清洗40min,清水膜通量恢复率为98．14％。陶瓷膜与板框除菌的比较试验发现,两种方法都获得了微生物限量合格的产品和较高的酶活回收率,但陶瓷膜微滤的滤液微生物检出量更低,处理时间较短,动力能耗更低,易与超滤膜耦合提取,废水产生量更少,菌体废渣易于回收,是一种节能减排、清洁环保的新型除茵工艺。     

华根霉脂肪酶有机相合成酶活的研究

通过比较7种微生物脂肪酶的有机相合成酶活、水相水解酶活及在正庚烷中催化己酸乙酯合成的能力,证明了合成酶活与水解酶活相关性不高,合成酶活比水解酶活更能反映脂肪酶的合成能力。通过比较两株华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)脂肪酶酶活,发现合成酶活相差较大,表明相同种属微生物的脂肪酶合成酶活存在不同。对．Rhizopus chinensis-2液态发酵产脂肪酶进程研究发现,水解酶活高峰先于合成酶活高峰大约12h。将不同培养时间的Rhizopus chinensis-2全细胞脂肪酶用于催化己酸乙酯合成,具有高合成酶活的全细胞脂肪酶催化己酸乙酯合成反应较快。因此,全细胞脂肪酶用于催化有机相酯合成反应时,具有高脂肪酶合成酶活的菌体具有较好的催化酯合成能力。     

桦褐孔菌菌丝体及甾类化合物的发酵条件优化

对桦褐孔菌深层发酵培养基进行了筛选,以菌丝体及甾类化合物产量为目标对发酵条件进行了优化,确定最佳发酵条件为：30g/L葡萄糖,2.5g/L黄豆粉,2.5g/L蛋白胨,3g/L KH2PO4,0.8g/L MgSO4,0.8g/L CaSO4,初始pH4.0,接种量15%,装液量100mL/500mL,转速150r/min,28℃恒温培养。此条件下培养11d,菌丝体干重达12.52g/L,甾体类化合物的产量达112.44mg/L。     

Protease production by Rhizopus oligosporus in solid-state fermentation

Rice bran was superior to other proteinaceous substrates for protease production by Rhizopus oligosporus ACM 145F in solid-state fermentation. Maximum protease yield was after 72 h. The optimal initial moisture content was 47% (a _w=0.97). Dried, ground and resuspended fermented rice was the most pratical and effective inoculum preparation, although, in the laboratory, spore suspensions prepared directly from agar slants were more convenient. Inoculum density (from 10² to 10⁷ spores/g substrate) and age (3, 5, 7 and 9 days) had little effect on protease yield.The authors are with the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia     

Culture medium improvement for Isaria fumosorosea submerged conidia production

Submerged conidia and blastospores of the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea are produced in several liquid culture media. However, yields and the ecological fitness of these propagules vary according to culture media composition. In most culture media, hyphae, blastospores and submerged conidia are white but we found that in some media they develop a brown pigmentation. A dark pigment was extracted from brown-pigmented propagules and analyzed by IR spectroscopy. Adsorption bands coincided to those characteristics of melanins.Hadamard's matrices were employed in order to increase submerged conidia yields and brown pigmentation of fungal propagules. Media containing 20–30 mg/l of FeSO₄·7H₂O and 6–12 mg/l of CuSO₄·5H₂O allowed reaching the highest pigmentation (9 in a hedonic scale). A maximal concentration of submerged conidia of 1.0 (±1.2) × 10¹² cell/l was achieved after 120 h of liquid culture in a improved culture medium, containing 25 ml/l of Polyethylene glycol (MW 200), substance which enhanced submerged conidia production, reducing free mycelia or mycelial pellets formation. In the improved medium, it was estimated that more than 60% of produced biomass corresponded to submerged conidia and blastospores, while in other media, mycelia were the main product (80–97%).     

Conversion of a Rhizopus chinensis lipase into an esterase by lid swapping

In an effort to explore the feasibility of converting a lipase into an esterase by modifying the lid region, we designed and characterized two novel Rhizopus chinensis lipase variants by lid swapping. The substrate specificity of an R. chinensis lipase was successfully modified toward water-soluble substrates, that is, turned into an esterase, by replacing the hydrophobic lid with a hydrophilic lid from ferulic acid esterase from Aspergillus niger. Meanwhile, as a comparison, the lid of R. chinensis lipase was replaced by a hydrophobic lid from Rhizomucor miehei lipase, which did not alter its substrate specificity but led to a 5.4-fold higher catalytic efficiency (k*_cat/K*_m) toward p-nitrophenyl laurate. Based on the analysis of structure-function relationships, it suggests that the amphipathic nature of the lid is very important for the substrate specificity. This study provides new insight into the structural basis of lipase specificities and a way to tune the substrate preference of lipases.     

戴尔根霉发酵麸皮酶解液制备富马酸的研究

拟通过根霉菌发酵小麦麸皮纤维质实现其高效生物转化制备富马酸的目标。在单因素试验研究基础上,对发酵工艺进行响应曲面法优化,并开展代谢机理初步探索。通过单因素试验确定了酵母浸粉、硫酸镁及硫酸锰质量浓度为主要影响因素,响应曲面研究结果显示:当发酵水解液总糖浓度80.0g/L、硫酸铵2.00g/L、酵母浸粉0.29g/L、硫酸镁0.26g/L、硫酸锰0.07g/L、硫酸亚铁0.05g/L时,富马酸产量最高,其值为27.423g/L。对戴尔根霉Rhizopus delemar CICC41341的木糖代谢途径的初步分析结果表明木酮糖激酶为该菌株木糖代谢的关键限速酶。论文研究结果可为纤维质糖液工业发酵制备平台有机酸提供一定支持。