Phenylethanoid glycosides from the leaves of Magnolia hodgsonii

Three new phenylethanoid glycosides, 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl 1-O-β-d-allopyranoside (hodgsonialloside A, 1), 2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl 1-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-β-d-allopyranoside (hodgsonialloside B, 2) and 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl 1-O-β-d-allopyranoside (hodgsonialloside C, 3) were isolated from the leaves of Magnolia hodgsonii in addition to six known compounds, tyrosol 4-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), kaempferol 3-O-neohesperidoside (5), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (6), kaempferol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (7), (+)-syringaresinol O-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), and oblongionoside C (9). The structure elucidation of these compounds was based on analyses of physical and spectroscopic data including 1D and 2D NMR experiments.     

中国木兰属部分种的核型分析

对我国木兰属（Ｍａｇｎｏｌｉａ）１２个种的核型进行了分析,ｘ＝１９,厚朴、凹叶厚朴、红花山玉兰、山玉兰、天目木兰、夜合为二倍体,２ｎ＝２ｘ＝３８;紫玉兰、玉兰、玉堂春为四倍体,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝７６;乐东木兰、荷花玉兰、狭叶荷花玉兰为六倍体,２ｎ＝６ｘ＝１１４,该属具有属内多倍体（次生多倍化）。核型分析结果表明：木兰属种间核型差异较小,大部分为中部着丝粒染色体（ｍ）,少数为具近中部着丝粒染色体（ｓｍ）,二倍体种中只有一对具近端部着丝粒染色体（ｓｔ）,其核型均为２Ｂ型。     

Reciprocal crosses between Magnolia stellata and Magnolia kobus do not show significant reproductive barriers in seed formation

Congeneric invasive species reduce genetic endemism of native species through hybridization and sometimes cause extinction through genetic or demographic swamping. In the range of Magnolia stellata, a native rare subtree species, Magnolia kobus, an invasive planted/escaped tree species, can also be found. In order to examine possible natural hybridization between the two species, a reciprocal cross-pollination experiment was conducted, and fruit set, seed set, female reproductive success in seed formation (FRS; fruit set × seed set) and seed weight were estimated. With M. stellata as the maternal tree, there were no significant differences in all measurements between intra- and interspecific crosses. With M. kobus as the maternal tree, there were also no significant differences in all measurements except fruit set. These results suggest that there are no reproductive barriers between the two species and planted/escaped M. kobus near the natural habitat of M. stellata presents a threat through hybridization.     

荷花玉兰休眠芽幼叶的形态和发育特征

对荷花玉兰休眠芽的形态和发育特征进行了解剖观察。结果表明:幼叶多直立,个别旋抱状;叶片沿中脉向近轴面,在同株和异株的芽间随机性向左或向右纵向对折;叶芽内的外1～3层和花芽内的幼叶常枯死;花芽最内一层幼叶柄与其托叶贴生,并且叶片多完全退化,个别发育出较小的正常叶片。芽内幼叶枯死,是适应性的生理退化而非病害或营养不良现象,在演化上可能与其托叶替代幼叶作为芽鳞进行保护作用有相关性。     

Cultural manipulations affecting callus formation from seedling explants of the pearl lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet)

The influences of several cultural factors were investigated in relation to callus formation from seedling explants of L. mutabilis Sweet. The interaction of low culture temperature (18°C), light differences, rapid callus transfer, and media additions led to the successful abolition of media browning which usually accompanied callus senescence. The supplement of activated charcoal slowed down the growth rate of the callus produced, and made it appear friable. Low levels of picloram and dicamba were found to produce large quantities of friable callus especially when combined with kinetin. The availability of nitrogen, as well as type of explant, markedly influenced callus induction and growth, whilst the addition of glutamine enhanced callus formation.     

用matK序列分析探讨木兰属植物的系统发育关系

用木兰科Magnoliaceae 57种植物的matK基因序列构建了该科的系统发育分支图。结果表明: (1)木兰属Magnolia L.是一个因为性状的趋同演化而建立的多系类群; (2)木兰亚属subgen. Magnolia和玉兰亚属subgen. Yulania (Spach) Reichenb.亲缘关系较远, 支持将后者从该属中分出建立玉兰属Yulania Spach, 木兰亚属作为木兰属保留; (3)木兰亚属的sect. Splendentes Dandy ex Vazquez组与皱种组sect. Rytidospermum Spach的两个美洲种M. macrophylla Michaux和M. dealbata Zucc.亲缘关系较近, 荷花玉兰组sect. Theorhodon Spach与常绿组sect. Gwillimia DC.的亲缘关系较近; (4)盖裂木属Talauma Juss.可以成立, 而其分布于亚洲的Blumiana Blume组可归入木兰属; (5)拟单性木兰属Parakmeria Hu &; Cheng、华盖木属Manglietiastrum Law以及单性木兰属Kmeria (Pierre) Dandy形成一个单系群, 与玉兰亚属和含笑属Michelia L.的亲缘关系较近。花的着生位置不足以作为木兰科的分族依据, 含笑族Michelieae和木兰族Magnolieae的特征及其界定应做修改。将玉兰亚属从木兰属分出后, 木兰属与含笑属无性状交叉,成为两个区别明显的属。     

Plastid and nuclear phylogenomic incongruences and biogeographic implications of Magnolia s.l. (Magnoliaceae)

Magnoliaceae, an assemblage of early diverged angiosperms, comprises two subfamilies, speciose Magnolioideae with approximately 300 species in varying numbers of genera and monogeneric Liriodendroideae with two species in Liriodendron L. This family occupies a pivotal phylogenetic position with important insights into the diversification of early angiosperms, and shows intercontinentally disjunct distribution patterns between eastern Asia and the Americas. Widespread morphological homogeneity and slow substitution rates in Magnolia L. s.l. resulted in poorly supported phylogenetic relationships based on morphology or molecular evidence, which hampers our understanding of the genus’ temporal and spacial evolution. Here, based on the newly generated genome skimming data for 48 Magnolia s.l. species, we produced robust Magnolia phylogenies using genome-wide markers from both plastid genomes and single nucleotide polymorphism data. Contrasting the plastid and nuclear phylogenies revealed extensive cytonuclear conflicts in both shallow and deep relationships. ABBA-BABA and PhyloNet analyses suggested hybridization occurred within sect. Yulania, and sect. Magnolia, which is in concordance with the ploidy level of the species in these two sections. Divergence time estimates and biogeographic reconstruction indicated that the timing of the three tropical Magnolia disjunctions coincided with the mid-Eocene cooling climate and/or late Eocene climate deterioration, and two temperate disjunctions occurred much later, possibly during the warm periods of the Miocene, hence supporting the boreotropical flora concept of Magnolia s.l.     

广西木兰属一新种

描述了广西木兰属(木兰科)一新种, 即木论木兰。     

Bioactive Neolignans and Other Compounds from Magnolia grandiflora L.: Isolation and Antiplasmodial Activity

Bioassay‐guided fractionation of a methanol extract of Magnolia grandiflora against Plasmodium falciparum yielded two new ( 1 and 2 ) and six known ( 3 – 8 ) bioactive compounds. The structures of the new compounds were assigned by mass spectrometric and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR data. Known compounds were identified by comparison of ¹H‐NMR and MS data with literature data. The two known neolignans 3 and 4 showed moderate antiplasmodial activity with the IC₅₀ values of 2.8 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 0.1 μm , respectively. Weak antiplasmodial activity was recorded for compounds 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 , with the IC₅₀ values of 38 ± 2, 23 ± 2, 16.5 ± 0.2, 86 ± 1, 44 ± 4, and 114 ± 9 μm , respectively.     

Genetic Structure in Remnant Populations of an Endangered Andean Magnolia

By genetically characterizing adult individuals, we documented the presumed prefragmentation population structure of an endangered Andean tree, Magnolia espinalii. Our sample included all known surviving individuals for this species. Genetic diversity was high, but genetic distance was not related to geographic distance between sites. Magnolia espinalii apparently was originally distributed in numerous semi‐isolated demes. The lack of evidence of recruitment around most adults in this species suggests a fragmentation‐related disruption of their reproductive ecology. Artificial propagation projects should obviously attempt to involve all 23 known surviving trees.     

Major clades and a revised classification of Magnolia and Magnoliaceae based on whole plastid genome sequences via genome skimming

With more than 300 species, the Magnoliaceae family represents a major Magnoliid lineage that is disjunctly distributed in Asia and the New World. The classification of Magnolia s.l. has been highly controversial among taxonomists, varying from one genus with several subgenera, sections, and subsections to several (up to 16) genera. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic study of Magnoliaceae on the basis of sequences of the complete chloroplast genomes with a broad taxon sampling of 86 species. The phylogenetic analyses strongly support 15 major clades within Magnolia s.l. due to the non‐monophyly of subgen. Magnolia, the previous subgeneric treatment that recognizes three subgenera, is not supported. Based on the phylogenetic, morphological, and geographic evidence, we recognize two subfamilies in Magnoliaceae: Liriodendroideae and Magnolioideae, each with one genus, Liriodendron and Magnolia, respectively. Magnolia is herein classified into 15 sections: sects. Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia, Gwillimia, Gynopodium, Kmeria, Maingola, Oyama, Rytidospermum, Splendentes, Talauma, Tuliparia, Macrophylla, Tulipastrum, and Yulania.     

Magnolialide: A novel eudesmanolide from the root bark of Magnolia grandiflora

The hitherto unknown γ-isomer of the two eudasmanolides santamarine and reynosin was found to occur naturally in the root bark of M. grandiflora L. Its identity was established by studying its spectral data and by synthesis by cyclizing costunolide-1,10-epoxide. It was named magnolialide.     

北方引种二乔木兰育苗技术及经济意义

二乔木兰(Magnolia soulangeana Soul.-Bod.)分布于我国广州、杭州、昆明等地。经引种,二乔木兰在辽宁西部(北纬41°12′～42°17′)这块高寒之地也能生长,且已开花结实并培育出引种后的子代苗木。1991年引入二乔木兰栽植成功。1995年开花,2000年该批树木结实。2005年试验播种、扦插等育苗,直到2015年才初步完成播种育苗关。9月下旬采种,种子需经低温储藏100～150天,种子6℃始萌动,催芽需20～25℃,播种25～30天出苗。二乔木兰是辽宁乃至东北少有的阔叶花卉树种,其栽培育苗成功具有重要经济价值。     

Investigating the potential of Andean lupin as a lignocellulosic feedstock for Europe: First genome-wide association study on Lupinus mutabilis biomass quality

The development of multipurpose crops will drive the transformation of agricultural “waste” into added-value products, helping to meet biomass demands without competing with food production or increasing environmental pressure. Lupinus mutabilis, has been proposed not only as a valid source of protein and oil for Europe but also as a possible source of lignocellulosic feedstock for the biorefinery industry. In this study, the quality of L. mutabilis lignocellulosic biomass and its genetic architecture are investigated for the first time, using a panel of 223 accessions planted across three locations in two different European cropping conditions. Biomass quality was evaluated based on the estimation of neutral detergent fiber, cellulose, hemicellulose and acid detergent lignin fractions, and on the basis of the monosaccharide composition of cell wall polysaccharides. The broad variation in yield and composition of biomass encountered in the panel confirms the potential of L. mutabilis as lignocellulosic feedstock and points out the value of this panel as a breeding tool for the improvement of biomass quality. A genome-wide association study was conducted to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with biomass quality, both across locations and per specific location. Scanning of 16,781 SNPs across the whole genome identified 46 unique quantitative trait loci for biomass quality, 4 of which were detected as common either among traits or GWAS models. For each of the traits analyzed, between 3 and 10 SNPs were detected, explaining 2.7%–15.9% of the phenotypic variation. Underlying these loci, 28 genes were proposed as candidate genes for biomass quality. Important genes involved in cellulose and sucrose synthesis (CESA4, SPP1,WRKY33, GONST2), monolignol biosynthesis (SKIP31, WAT1, CCR-SNL6) and pectin degradation (RAV1, PE) were identified and will require validation to confirm their value for application in L. mutabilis breeding.