枸杞根际土壤真菌群落多样性的高通量测序

【目的】为了解不同枸杞产区枸杞根际真菌多样性的差异,从枸杞根际土壤真菌群落的角度试图解释宁夏枸杞优良品质与其土壤微生物菌群的联系。【方法】采用Mi Seq高通量测序方法,分别将我国4个不同地区枸杞根际土壤样品进行ITS区的高通量测序,并分析了物种组成和丰度、Alpha多样性、Beta多样性和菌群结构,测定不同产区枸杞主要有效成分,同时对枸杞品质和其土壤理化因子及枸杞根际真菌种群多样性的相关性做了分析。【结果】多糖含量和甜菜碱含量均是中宁枸杞高于兴仁和精河,格尔木含量最低;宁夏兴仁、宁夏中宁、新疆精河3个地区菌群结构类似,子囊菌门和结合菌门占总菌群的80%左右,而青海格尔木除了子囊菌门占58%外,壶菌门和新丽鞭毛菌门远远高于其他3个地区,比例占总菌群的近25%;4个地区枸杞根际土壤真菌菌群结构相似性依次为宁夏兴仁、新疆精河、宁夏中宁、青海格尔木。【结论】枸杞根际土壤样品真菌物种组成丰富,不同地区枸杞根际土壤真菌种群结构有一定差异;枸杞主要有效成分含量与枸杞根际土壤真菌种群结构具有一定相关性。     

宁夏野生枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)苦味性状研究

采用植物学分类、常规杂交、PCR-SSR分子标记检测、超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱[UPLC-MS(HRMS)]等方法,围绕宁夏野生苦味枸杞的苦味性状进行了研究。结果表明:野生苦味枸杞花丝、花柱的长度、种子大小和颜色等方面与其他中国枸杞种质资源存在较大差异,其花蕾中的雄蕊花丝、雌蕊花柱呈弓曲状,多数情况下其浆果簇状着生。PCR-SSR分子标记检测结果表明,宁夏野生苦味枸杞DNA扩增出了栽培枸杞品种宁杞1、2、3、4、5、7号等所没有的条带;在111~147 bp之间,扩增出了略高于中国枸杞其他种质资源的条带,其分子量高于中国枸杞其他种质资源相应的DNA的分子量,遗传差异明显。以宁杞7号作母本与宁夏野生苦味枸杞杂交,所得到的F_1成熟浆果出现苦味、甜味分离个数比例接近1∶1。宁杞7号作母本与野生半苦味枸杞杂交的F_1浆果苦、甜味的分离个数比例为1∶4。其反交F_1浆果均为苦味。野生苦味枸杞苦味基因可能是杂合的。苦味性状可能受多个显性加性基因控制,并与细胞核、质遗传物质互作有关。而甜味性状可能受隐性基因控制。初步判定,苦味物质是具有二氢槲皮素结构的黄酮类化合物。     

宁夏不同地域枸杞多糖和总糖含量与土壤环境因子关系的研究

通过对宁夏4个主要枸杞产区土壤理化冈子及枸杞果实主要成分枸杞多糖和总糖含垃进行分析,研究不同土壤理化因子对枸杞有效成分枸杞多糖和总糖含量的影响。结果表明：宁夏4个主产区枸杞多糖累积与肥力因子间尤显著相关性,而总糖含量与肥力因子间呈负相关,其中与速效氮呈显著负相关,与速效磷呈极显著负相关。宁复枸杞果实内多糖和总糖含量与土壤盐分呈正相关。宁夏4个主要产区枸杞多糖含量差异不显著,但枸杞总糖含量差异显著,其中新产区惠农和同心总糖含量比老产区中宁、园林场含量高。     

无籽枸杞新品种选育研究

采用组织培养技术与化学诱变相结合及幼胚培养等育种手段,初步选育出优良三倍体株系99－3。99－3三倍体株系与目前生产中最优栽培品种宁杞1号（二培体）相比,总糖含量高37．59％,多糖含量高20．00％,氨基酸含量高9．50％,千粒果重高8．60％,且含籽数降低58．70％,饱籽数降低88．80％,第一年产量略高于宁杞1号。通过上述指标综合评定,三倍体枸杞99－3是一个理想的枸杞深加工品系。     

Variation in fruit sugar composition of Lycium barbarum L. and Lycium chinense Mill. of different regions and varieties

In this study, the contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) and total sugar were determined in the fruits of different cultivated varieties of L. barbarum and of the congeneric species Lycium chinense from different regions. The results showed that the sugar accumulated mainly in the form of hexoses (glucose & fructose). Significant correlations among metabolism-related sugars, LBP and total sugar in the fruit of Ningqi No.1 implied the important role of sugar metabolism in the syntheses of LBP and total sugar. The LBP content of Ningqi No.1 in Ningxia region was the highest among all the cultivated varieties and species. The sugar accumulation was significantly affected by ecological factors such as HCO₃⁻, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Cl⁻ in soil total salt, pH, soil organic matter and available nitrogen. These findings have profound implications for proper fertilization management and any attempt to grow L. barbarum in new sites.     

清水河枸杞，宁夏茄科一新种

描述了宁夏茄科枸杞属一新种,清水河枸杞。此新种与黑果枸杞相接近,但其枝条直伸,不成"之"字形曲折,花1~4朵簇生,花萼钟形或筒状钟形,花萼裂片边缘无毛,花冠筒部与冠檐近等长;雄蕊着生于花冠筒的喉部,花丝连同花冠无毛或被稀疏短柔毛;浆果扁圆球形,顶端常微凹,深红褐色;种子1~4枚而与后者不同。     

Sequential optimization approach for enhanced production of glutamic acid from Corynebacterium glutamicum 2262 using date juice

To improve glutamic acid production from Corynebacterium glutamicum 2262 using date juice, a culture medium was screened and optimized using the statistical experimental designs of Plackett-Burman and response-surface methodology. In the first step, a two-level Plackett-Burman design was adopted to select the most important nutrients influencing the glutamic acid production, which showed that the date juice sugars, urea, peptone, and glycine betaine were the most significant ingredients (P < 0.05). Finally, response surface Box-Behnken design was employed to develop a mathematical model to identify the optimum concentrations of key components for higher glutamic acid production, which revealed the following: date juice (45 g/L), urea (16.9 g/L), peptone (15 g/L), and glycine betaine (12 g/L). The high correlation between the predicted and observed values indicated the validity of the model. Glutamic acid concentration increased significantly with optimized medium (33.2 g/L) when compared with non-optimized medium (12 g/L).     

Up‐regulation of crystallins is involved in the neuroprotective effect of wolfberry on survival of retinal ganglion cells in rat ocular hypertension model

Wolfberry (fruit of Lycium barbarum Linn) has been known for balancing ‘Yin’ and ‘Yang’ in the body, nourishing the liver and kidney, improving visual acuity for more than 2,500 years in oriental countries. The active components in wolfberry include L. barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), zeaxanthine, betaine, cerebroside and trace amounts of zinc, iron, and copper. Each of them confers distinct beneficial effects and together they help to explain widespread use of wolfberry in the eastern world. Earlier study reported the neuroprotective effects of LBP on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) in an experimental model of glaucoma and the underlying in vivo cellular mechanisms of LBP neuroprotection deserve further exploration. In this study, we adopted proteomics, functional genomics, to evaluate pharmacological effects of LBP on the neuronal survival pathways. Among the significantly changed proteins induced by LBP feeding on ocular hypertension (OH) retinas, only proteins in crystallin family were focused in this study. The proteomic results were further confirmed using the Western blotting of the retinas and immunohistochemical staining of the retinal sections. We demonstrated that neuroprotective effect of—wolfberry extract—LBP on the survival of RGCs may be mediated via direct up‐regulation of neuronal survival signal βB2‐crystallin. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 311–320, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

基于高遗传转化率及低幼苗玻璃化率的黑果枸杞叶片组合培养体系

【目的】建立高效稳定的黑果枸杞遗传转化体系,有效降低其再生幼苗玻璃化率,促进其基因功能研究和提高遗传改良效率。【方法】以黑果枸杞叶片作为外植体,利用农杆菌(LBA4404、EHA105)介导的遗传转化法,通过调整基础培养基类型并添加相应浓度的植物激素,筛选出最适愈伤组织诱导培养基、分化和选择培养基、生根诱导培养基,将黑果枸杞遗传转化率提高到65%以上,同时降低幼苗玻璃化率至10%以下。【结果】(1)黑果枸杞叶片高效组合培养体系中最佳农杆菌侵染浓度(OD₆₀₀)为0.6,侵染时间为25 min,在此条件下侵染叶片抗性愈伤诱导率达78.2%～96%;(2)黑果枸杞遗传转化中最适分化和选择培养基为：MS+肌醇50 mg/L+烟酸0.25 mg/L+维生素B₆ 0.25 mg/L+铁盐母液1 mL/L+甘氨酸1.0 mg/L+维生素B₁ 0.05 mg/L+6-BA 0.25 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂6 g/L+卡那霉素30 mg/L+特美汀300 mg/L (pH=6.0);最适生根诱导培养基为：WPM+IBA 0.2...     

外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞光合功能的改善

研究了外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞扦插苗叶片光合功能的影响。结果表明,外源甜菜碱能使盐胁迫下的枸杞叶片叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fo、Fm、Fv、Fv／Fm、Fm／Fo和Fv／Fo增高,使光合色素叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量明显增加,叶绿素a与b的比值(Chla／Chlb)升高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值(Car／Chl)降低,说明外源甜菜碱有利于植物对光能的捕获、吸收、传递和转换,提高叶片的光合活性,降低盐胁迫对植物的抑制作用。     

宁夏枸杞传粉生态学初步研究

田间观察检测了宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)9个品系的开花物候、开花动态、花粉活力、柱头可授性及其繁育系统,并对花粉萌发、花粉管生长以及访花者的种类和访花行为进行了初步研究.结果表明,宁夏枸杞整个居群有长达5个月的花期,单花的花期仅为3～4 d,花粉活力可保持15 d左右,柱头可授性在72 h左右,雌雄生殖单位在持续时间上有较长的相遇期;花粉数量与胚珠比(P/O)为4 000左右,杂交指数(OCI)介于3或4,繁育系统为异交型,需要传粉者;荧光显微观察表明,参试的3个品系的花粉均能在柱头上萌发,2个有自交不亲和现象,其位置发生在花柱的上半部分和子房内.访花昆虫有17种,分属双翅目、膜翅目和鳞翅目,花的结构和开花式样适合以意大利蜜蜂和食蚜蝇为主的多种昆虫传粉.     

Conjugated linoleic acid and betaine affect lipolysis in pig adipose tissue explants

Consumers’ demand of leaner meat products is a challenge. Although betaine and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) have the potential to decrease porcine adipose tissue, their mode of action is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to determine the lipolytic effect of betaine and CLA in the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs. Adipose tissue explants from five pigs (38 kg BW) were prepared from dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples and cultivated for 2 h (acute experiments) or 72 h (chronic experiments). Treatments included 100 µM linoleic acid (control), 100 µM trans-10, cis-12 CLA, 100 µM linoleic acid + 1 mM betaine and 100 µM trans-10, cis-12 CLA + 1 mM betaine (CLABET). To examine the ability of betaine or CLA to inhibit insulin’s suppression of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis, test medium was amended with 1 µM isoproterenol ±10 nM insulin. Media glycerol was measured at the end of the incubations. Acute lipolysis (2 h) was increased by CLA and CLABET (85% to 121%; P < 0.05) under basal conditions. When lipolysis was stimulated with isoproterenol (1090%), acute exposure to betaine tended to increase (13%; P = 0.071), while CLA and CLABET increased (14% to 18%; P < 0.05) isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis compared with control. When insulin was added to isoproterenol-stimulated explants, lipolytic rate was decreased by 50% (P < 0.001). However, supplementation of betaine to the insulin + isoproterenol-containing medium tended to increase (P = 0.07), while CLABET increased (45%; P < 0.05) lipolysis, partly counteracting insulin inhibition. When culture was extended for 72 h, CLA decreased lipolysis under basal conditions (18%; P < 0.05) with no effect of betaine and CLABET (P > 0.10). When lipolysis was stimulated by isoproterenol (125% increase in rate compared with basal), CLA and CLABET decreased glycerol release (27%; P < 0.001) compared with control (isoproterenol alone). When insulin was added to isoproterenol-stimulated explants, isoproterenol stimulation of lipolysis was completely blunted and neither betaine nor CLA altered the inhibitory effect of insulin on lipolysis. Isoproterenol, and especially isoproterenol + insulin, stimulated leptin secretion compared with basal conditions (68% and 464%, respectively; P < 0.001), with no effect of CLA or betaine (P > 0.10). CLA decreased leptin release (25%; P < 0.001) when insulin was present in the media, partially inhibiting insulin stimulation of leptin release. In conclusion, betaine and CLA produced a biphasic response regarding lipolysis so that glycerol release was increased in acute conditions, while CLA decreased glycerol release and betaine had no effect in chronic conditions. Furthermore, CLA and CLABET indirectly increased lipolysis by reducing insulin-mediated inhibition of lipolysis during acute conditions.     

吸湿率和上浮率在枸杞产地检测中的可行性分析

宁夏枸杞（Lycium barbarum）是我国西北地区的一种重要的药食同源的经济作物。为探索一种可行的枸杞产地溯源的方法,对西北地区24个产区枸杞的干果吸湿率和上浮率进行验证。结果表明,枸杞的吸湿率受品种、树龄和果实采收时期的影响,上浮率不受采收季节、干燥方式和树龄的影响。不同地区的枸杞干果吸湿率和上浮率均有差异,产自固原的枸杞干果吸湿率分别为1.47%,显著低于除靖远、玉门、武威外的其他地区（P<0.05）,而产自瓜州地区的枸杞干果吸湿率（2.87%）显著高于其他产区（P<0.05）。产自乌拉特前旗、惠农、靖远、中宁的枸杞干果上浮率分别高达95.56%、95.00%、94.44%、93.29%,显著高于产自共和、格尔木、武威、尉犁、精河、瓜州、阿尔泰地区的（分别为76.67%、73.89%、73.13%、71.67%、67.67%、66.39%、65.00%）（P<0.05）。PCA分析表明,同一产区的枸杞分布集中,产自瓜州、固原和武威等地区的枸杞能与大部分地区区分。因此,吸湿率和上浮率可应用于枸杞的产地检测。     

Combined effect of betaine and trehalose on osmotic tolerance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> in mineral salts medium

In mineral salts medium, supplementing with betaine in combination with increased production of endogenous osmoprotectant from a second copy of the trehalose biosynthetic genes (otsBA) improved growth of E. coli and increased the MIC for xylose, glucose, sodium lactate and NaCl. With these compounds, this combination was more effective than either betaine or trehalose alone. With succinate, this combination was no more effective than betaine alone. Neither approach improved tolerance to ethanol. A combination of betaine and increased trehalose may improve strain productivity for many bioproducts by promoting growth in the presence of high sugar concentrations.     

Effects of particulate materials and osmoprotectants on very-high-gravity ethanolic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The effects of osmoprotectants (such as glycine betaine and proline) and particulate materials on the fermentation of very high concentrations of glucose by the brewing strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae (uvarum) NCYC 1324 were studied. The yeast growing at 20 degrees C consumed only 15 g of the sugar per 100 ml from a minimal medium which initially contained 35% (wt/vol) glucose. Supplementing the medium with a mixture of glycine betaine, glycine, and proline increased the amount of sugar fermented to 30.5 g/100 ml. With such supplementation, the viability of the yeast cells was maintained above 80% throughout the fermentation, while it dropped to less than 12% in the unsupplemented controls. Among single additives, glycine was more effective than proline or glycine betaine. On incubating the cultures for 10 days, the viability decreased to only 55% with glycine, while it dropped to 36 and 27%, respectively, with glycine betaine and proline. It is suggested that glycine and proline, known to be poor nitrogen sources for growth, may serve directly or indirectly as osmoprotectants. Nutrients such as tryptone, yeast extract, and a mixture of purine and pyrimidine bases increased the sugar uptake and ethanol production but did not allow the population to maintain the high level of cell viability. While only 43% of the sugar was fermented in unsupplemented medium, the presence of particulate materials such as wheat bran, wheat mash insolubles, alumina, and soy flour increased sugar utilization to 68, 75, 81, and 82%, respectively.     

HPLC-MS trace analysis of atropine in Lycium barbarum berries

The dried ripe fruits of Barbary wolfberry, Lycium barbarum L. are widely used in China for medicinal purposes and as a functional food. Previous investigations reported to have found atropine in Barbary wolfberries from India. These results have been questioned. Since then, however, there has been a discussion on whether the berries are suitable for human consumption. In order to determine the content of atropine, we have analysed eight samples of berries from China and Thailand for traces of atropine, using highly selective and sensitive HPLC-MS methods. Atropine was found in all examined samples in concentrations of maximally 19 ppb (w/w). Therefore, the content is far below toxic levels.     

宁夏枸杞雄性不育种质个体YX-1的发现与鉴定

从宁夏枸杞主栽品种宁杞1号生产园内发现雄性不育种质YX-1个体,本研究对其生殖发育进行了进一步的实验验证,结果表明:YX-1植株花柱超长,柱头高于雄蕊;雄蕊花丝较短,花药外形正常且花药开裂,但无花粉粒散出,染色实验未见着色的花粉粒;强制自交结实率为0,异花人工授粉座果率为100%,成熟鲜果平均单果重为宁杞1号的180%以上;经花药发育及小孢子发生过程观察,YX-1败育主要发生在四分体时期,表现为四分体无法正常释放形成单核花粉粒,绒毡层细胞径向伸长和液泡化,之后延迟解体而整体脱落.初步研究结果表明YX-1种质表现雄性不育且杂种优势明显,具有良好的利用前景.     

微波法提取枸杞叶甜菜碱工艺的研究

研究微波法提取枸杞叶中甜菜碱的最佳工艺,考察工艺参数对枸杞叶中甜菜碱提取率的影响.以甜菜碱提取率为指标,通过L9(3(4))正交实验与方差分析优选出枸杞叶中甜菜碱最佳提取工艺条件.结果表明,最佳工艺为固液比为(g:ml)1:10,20 min,微波功率200 w.枸杞叶中甜菜碱最佳提取率平均值可高达4.48%.该工艺简...     

宁夏枸杞‘中科绿川1号’果实和叶片的主要成分分析

以国家林业局审定的宁夏枸杞新品种‘中科绿川1号’为实验材料,研究不同月份采集的枸杞叶片芦丁含量,以及果实总黄酮、总多糖、总类胡萝卜素、玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯的含量变化。结果显示,叶片芦丁含量在枸杞盛果期较低,抽条期较高;果实总黄酮、总类胡萝卜素、玉米黄素双棕榈酸酯的含量在头茬果中含量较高,盛果期果实含量较低;果实总多糖可能与果实量呈负相关;褐化果(俗称"油果")总黄酮含量与正常果差异不大,可用作提取枸杞黄酮类物质的原材料。研究结果可为枸杞果实分级、成分提取提供新思路。     

Betaine Tripled the Volumetric Productivity of d(-)-lactate by Escherichia coli Strain SZ132 in Mineral Salts Medium

Osmotic stress restricts glycolytic flux, growth (rate and yield), d-lactate productivity, and d-lactate tolerance in Escherichia coli B strain SZ132 during batch fermentation in mineral salts medium with 10% (w/v) sugar. Addition of 1 mm betaine, a non-metabolized protective osmolyte, doubled cell yield, increased specific productivity of d-lactate and glycolytic flux by 50%, and tripled volumetric productivity (from 8.6 to 25.7 mmol l⁻¹ h⁻¹; 0.8 to 2.3 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹). Glycolytic flux and specific productivity in mineral salts medium with betaine exceeded that in Luria broth, substantially eliminating the need for complex nutrients during d-lactate production. In mineral salts medium supplemented with betaine, SZ132 produced approximately 1 mol d-lactate (90 g) per 100 g sugar (glucose or sucrose). Revisions requested 17 January 2006; Revisions received 7 February 2006