环境微生物资源信息库的构建及应用

[目的] 开发一个收集环境微生物信息并能快速合成环境治理微生物群体的网站。[方法] 在“中国科学院战略生物资源服务网络计划”的支持下，依托资源丰富的环境微生物实体保藏库，完善菌株功能、环境适应及生理生化相关信息，建立了环境微生物资源信息库（网址：http：//www.envimicrobe.com）。[结果] 该信息库主要包含“资源库”、“群体合成系统”两个模块，其中资源库收集整合了环境微生物实体库中菌株的功能特性、环境适应性、生理生化特性等信息；群体合成系统则将这些功能菌特征信息与目标污染治理对象的污染物信息、环境条件参数信息相匹配，快速合成针对性强的环境治理微生物群体，研制环境微生物复合菌剂产品。[结论] 该信息库的应用，不仅可以帮助研究者快速获取相关微生物资源信息，高效快速地开展环境微生物相关研究，而且也将会促进环境微生物资源的产业化推广应用。     

桂滇黔脆弱生境草地农业系统持续性研究

广西、云南、贵州三省交界地区 ,由于特定的地质、地貌、气候、生物和人类活动等因子的综合作用 ,使这里的原始喀斯特森林自然地理景观 ,逐步演变成了现代的土地石漠化、物种简单化、生境脆弱化现状[1,2 ]。对于这样的脆弱生态环境如果不采取有效的控制措施 ,在现有高度密集的人口压力下 ,就会不可避免地导致其环境进一步恶化和当地经济的贫困化[3]。近年来有些研究指出[4～ 7],草地农业对于恢复和改善退化土地的生产性能 ,提高大农业系统的生物学效率具有良好的作用。尤其在我国西南贫困山区 ,发展草地农业有利于促进当地农村环境、资源、…     

遥感和GIS支持的土地利用动态监测研究——以黄河三角洲垦利县为例

以黄河三角洲垦利县为例,对比分析了目视解译、机助分类等遥感土地利用信息提取方法,采用1981、1991和1995年3时相土地利用现状信息,研究确定了统一的监测分类系统,提出了土地利用面积及其空间分布动态监测方法.在此基础上,分析了垦利县地类面积增减变化,在GIS支持下分析了1981～1995年土地利用空间动态变化,同时进行了实地监测点土地利用变化分析,探明了该县土地利用动态变化规律.     

遥感和GIS支持的土地利用动态监测研究--以黄河三角洲垦利县为例

以黄河三角洲垦利县为例 ,对比分析了目视解译、机助分类等遥感土地利用信息提取方法 ,采用 1981、1991和 1995年 3时相土地利用现状信息 ,研究确定了统一的监测分类系统 ,提出了土地利用面积及其空间分布动态监测方法 .在此基础上 ,分析了垦利县地类面积增减变化 ,在GIS支持下分析了 1981～ 1995年土地利用空间动态变化 ,同时进行了实地监测点土地利用变化分析 ,探明了该县土地利用动态变化规律 .     

土壤湿度和植被盖度对土壤风蚀的影响

1　引　　言随着土地承载量的不断增大 ,土壤风蚀已经成为干旱半干旱区农牧业发展的限制因素之一[4] .孙建中等[8] 研究表明 ,处于农牧交错带东段的河北坝上滦河源区是土壤轻度风蚀与未风蚀的交界带 .赵雪等[10 ] 对河北坝上脆弱生态环境进行了分析 ,指出该区农业发展中存在的问题之一是土壤风蚀和土地沙化 .赵文智[9] 对河北坝上半干旱 半湿润过渡带土壤水分状况研究表明 ,植被盖度的增大能够提高土壤保水能力 .贺大良等[5,6] 在土壤属性方面研究了降雨与起沙风速之间的关系 ,发现降水与土壤湿度关系十分密切 ,而土壤表层水分的增加可减弱…     

基于遥感数据的晋陕蒙交汇区景观格局定量分析——以榆林幅1／25万TM影像分析为例

1　引　　言景观生态学的产生与发展 ,给传统生态学与地理学带来了活力与许多新思想 .其研究方法与成果为资源开发和环境生态保护提供了新的科学方法和决策依据 .景观异质性是景观生态学的核心概念之一 .景观格局是景观异质性的表现[2 ,3 ,5,9] .景观格局分析是景观生态学研究任务之一 ,是定量研究斑块在景观中的分布规律 .空间格局分析的目的是从无序的景观上发现潜在的有意义的秩序和规律[5] .而景观格局分析是因为景观格局对其中元素流产生影响 ,不同景观格局或景观格局动态演变导致区域景观功能发生变化[7] ,景观格局会影响到物种的丰度…     

兼容性立木生物量非线性模型研究

1　引　言资源和环境问题,是人类社会面临的严峻挑战。森林作为一种再生资源和重要的环境资源,不仅可持续提供社会发展所必不可少的林产品,而且在全球环境保护方面占有独一无二的地位。因此,在当今森林资源监测中,森林生物量作为重要监测项目已在全球范围内得到普遍承认,并被国际林联(ＩＵＦＲＯ)在《国际森林资源监测大纲》中列为最主要的监测项目之一[1]。由于生物量测定的难度大,对于区域性的生物量清查,最切实可行的方法是将其作为清查项目兼容于已有的森林资源监测体系中。就我国情况而言,首先应建立能与立木材积模型兼容且生物总量与…     

云南碧塔海自然保护区生态旅游开发模式研究

1　引　　言自然保护区作为生态旅游开发的主要对象 ,在发挥其旅游功能为自己的保护寻到经济支撑[1,2 ,17] ,为当地经济发展和社区人民脱贫提供资源[5,19] 的同时 ,面临一大问题 ,即如何有效地保护其自然生态环境[6] .把旅游业作为支柱产业来培植的云南省拥有各级自然保护区 10 7个 ,是中国自然保护区数量最多的省份[13] .该省把生态旅游产品作为旅游业可持续发展的主打产品 ,并十分重视旅游资源及环境的保护[19] ,采取审慎开发的态度 ,选试点进行示范区开发 ,取得经验后再逐步推广 .位于滇西北香格里拉腹地的迪庆藏族自治州州府的中甸县 ,…     

遥感和GIS支持的土地利用动态监测研究：以黄河三角洲垦利县 …

以黄河三角洲垦利县为例,对比分析了目视解译、机助分类等遥感土地利用信息提取方法,采用１９８１、１９９１和１９９５年３时相土地利用状信息,研究确定了统一的监测分类系统、提出了土地利用面积及其空间分布动态监测方法,在此基础上,分析了垦利县地类面积增减变化,在ＧＩＳ支持下分析了１９８１－１９９５年土地利用空间动态变化,同时进行了实地监测点土地利用变分析,探明了该县土地利用动态变化规律。     

果粮间作模式优化调控研究Ⅳ:系统养分管理及其优化对策探讨

我国农林复合经营(Ａｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ)历史悠久,有许多实践已证明的成功模式类型,果农间作就是分布面积最大的代表类型[1～3,8]。目前,已有的研究主要集中于类型划分[1,2,8]生态和经济效益定量观测和评价[1～10]、模式的建立[3,4,8]、资源的经营利用特点[1,2,5～10]等方面,基本上都是针对现状而进行,尚缺乏对进一步提高果农间作模式效益的优化调控研究。果粮间作条件下最大的矛盾是果与粮相互竞争可利用资源(光、热、水和土壤养分等)而导致粮食的减产和土壤的过渡利用[1,6,7]。如何优化调控,以进一步提高生态和经济效益,达到提高土地…     

Spatial-based assessment of land use,soil erosion,and water protection in the Jeneberang valley,Indonesia

Soil erosion by water is considered as one of the most significant forms of land degradation that affects sustained productivity of agricultural land use and water quality. It is influenced by a considerable number of factors (including climate, soil, topography, land use and types of land management), so that the information on the spatial distribution of soil erosion rate and its related effects can be effectively employed as a baseline data for land use development and water protection. The principal aim of this study is three-fold: (i) to map existing land use; (ii) to assess and map the spatial distribution of average annual rate of soil losses in the study area; (iii) to evaluate spatial matching between existing and proposed land use including a distance analysis from the water body (the Bili-Bili Dam). An analytical procedures used, respectively, include supervised classification of satellite imagery, application of RUSLE (Revised USLE), and overlay analysis in a raster GIS environment, utilising available information in the region covering some parts of Jeneberang catchment, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results suggest that the outputs of this study can be used for the identification of land units on a cell-basis with different land use types, rate of soil loss, inconsistency between proposed and planned land use, as well as the threat of land degradation to the main river and the dam. The analytical procedures developed in this research may be useful in other areas, particularly in the studies related to the assessment and mapping of land use and erosion for the importance of sustainable land use at a relatively large area.     

鄂尔多斯市土地利用生态安全格局构建

合理构建区域土地利用生态安全格局来实施管理对策和改善区域生态安全水平,已经成为区域生态环境保护的新需求。以位于中国北方农牧交错区的鄂尔多斯市为研究区,基于自然地理数据、社会经济统计数据、土地利用/覆被数据等,借助多目标优化模型和GIS空间分析技术,构建了鄂尔多斯市土地利用生态安全格局,结果表明:(1)不适宜性耕地所占比重较大,林地和草地分布比较合理,适宜的未利用地面积所占比重较大,后备土地资源丰富;(2)多目标优化结果显示,耕地、林地、水域和建设用地面积呈现增加的趋势;草地面积基本保持不变;未利用地面积大幅度下降;(3)土地利用生态安全格局显示,耕地面积增加,主要分布在水分条件较好的河流、湖泊和水库等的周边地区以及城镇和乡村居民点周围;林地面积大幅度增加,主要分布在达拉特旗北部和准格尔旗东部;草地略有增加,广泛分布于库布齐沙漠和毛乌素沙地以外的地区;建设用地增加面积主要来自于重点发展城镇的扩展和规划的重点矿产资源开采区;未利用地大幅度减少,主要集中在杭锦旗境内的库布齐沙漠以及乌审旗和鄂托克旗境内的毛乌素沙地。研究结果对鄂尔多斯市土地资源管理和生态安全建设具有重要指导意义。     

基于GIS的中国土地生产潜力研究

在地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）及全国农业空间数据库和属性数据库的支持下,在前人关于农业生产潜力研究的基础上,进行了全国土地生产潜力的研究。首先探讨了基于ＧＩＳ的土地生产潜力研究方法;然后,就土地生产潜力的“土壤有效系数”进行重点研究,探讨了其计算方法与模型;并应用机制法,通过光、温、水、土逐级衰减,具体计算了全国分县土地生产潜力;最后,通过分析统计和分析制图,分析了中国土地生产潜力的数值分布和空间分布特     

Mapping Soil Properties of Africa at 250 m Resolution: Random Forests Significantly Improve Current Predictions

80% of arable land in Africa has low soil fertility and suffers from physical soil problems. Additionally, significant amounts of nutrients are lost every year due to unsustainable soil management practices. This is partially the result of insufficient use of soil management knowledge. To help bridge the soil information gap in Africa, the Africa Soil Information Service (AfSIS) project was established in 2008. Over the period 2008–2014, the AfSIS project compiled two point data sets: the Africa Soil Profiles (legacy) database and the AfSIS Sentinel Site database. These data sets contain over 28 thousand sampling locations and represent the most comprehensive soil sample data sets of the African continent to date. Utilizing these point data sets in combination with a large number of covariates, we have generated a series of spatial predictions of soil properties relevant to the agricultural management—organic carbon, pH, sand, silt and clay fractions, bulk density, cation-exchange capacity, total nitrogen, exchangeable acidity, Al content and exchangeable bases (Ca, K, Mg, Na). We specifically investigate differences between two predictive approaches: random forests and linear regression. Results of 5-fold cross-validation demonstrate that the random forests algorithm consistently outperforms the linear regression algorithm, with average decreases of 15–75% in Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) across soil properties and depths. Fitting and running random forests models takes an order of magnitude more time and the modelling success is sensitive to artifacts in the input data, but as long as quality-controlled point data are provided, an increase in soil mapping accuracy can be expected. Results also indicate that globally predicted soil classes (USDA Soil Taxonomy, especially Alfisols and Mollisols) help improve continental scale soil property mapping, and are among the most important predictors. This indicates a promising potential for transferring pedological knowledge from data rich countries to countries with limited soil data.     

Ecosystem service state and trends at the regional to national level: A rapid assessment

The concept of ecosystem services has helped rationalize humanity's dependence on and benefits from nature, pushing the paradigm of environmental sustainability from a charity in the direction of a necessity. However, globally many ecosystem services are declining despite their eminent value for society. A prime cause of this decline is allocated to land use change. While the body of empirical research showing various consequences of land use is growing, and the ecosystem service concept has helped make trade-offs more graspable, a lucid approach that neatly summarizes the extent of land use trade-offs is still lacking.In this paper, we introduce a rapid assessment to analyze both the state and trends of selected ecosystem services associated with given land use categories. Theoretically, the assessment can be performed for any given spatial unit, but the regional to national level appears to be the most appropriate spatial resolution. Each land use-ecosystem service relationship is classified from a strong disservice to a strong service. The results are displayed in adapted flower diagrams, which legibly display information on the ecosystem services in each land use, thus clearly summarizing trade-offs associated with changing land use.We illustrate this rapid ecosystem service assessment method by applying it to three land use categories on the spatial extent of Switzerland. We found that the simple but systematic approach is more flexible than traditional mapping approaches, i.e. it allowed us to combine a variety of spatially non-explicit but highly detailed indicators with spatially explicit indicators. Also, we were able to proceed faster than with a mapping approach, where many known and unknown spatial inaccuracies may arise have allowed. This flexible incorporation of spatially explicit and non-explicit data provides high quality information on the state and trends of ecosystem services at regional to national extents. For that reason, we are convinced that the rapid assessment method has the potential to advance knowledge of ecosystem services and land use trade-offs, especially in areas with low data availability and monitoring activity.     

Remote sensing of upland vegetation: the potential of high spatial resolution satellite sensors

Aim Traditional methodologies of mapping vegetation, as carried out by ecologists, consist primarily of field surveying or mapping from aerial photography. Previous applications of satellite imagery for this task (e.g. Landsat TM and SPOT HRV) have been unsuccessful, as such imagery proved to have insufficient spatial resolution for mapping vegetation. This paper reports on a study to assess the capabilities of the recently launched remote sensing satellite sensor Ikonos, with improved capabilities, for mapping and monitoring upland vegetation using traditional image classification methods. Location The location is Northumberland National Park, UK. Methods Traditional remote sensing classification methodologies were applied to the Ikonos data and the outputs compared to ground data sets. This enabled an assessment of the value of the improved spatial resolution of satellite imagery for mapping upland vegetation. Post‐classification methods were applied to remove noise and misclassified pixels and to create maps that were more in keeping with the information requirements of the NNPA for current management processes. Results The approach adopted herein for quick and inexpensive land cover mapping was found to be capable of higher accuracy than achieved with previous approaches, highlighting the benefits of remote sensing for providing land cover maps. Main conclusions Ikonos imagery proved to be a useful tool for mapping upland vegetation across large areas and at fine spatial resolution, providing accuracies comparable to traditional mapping methods of ground surveys and aerial photography.     

The integration of crop rotation and tillage practices in the assessment of ecosystem services provision at the regional scale

The provision of ecosystem services at the landscape level can be significantly influenced by land management practices. Within an agriculturally dominated case study area in Saxony, Germany, a more detailed land use classification, which includes differentiated information on agricultural management practices, was utilized within the raster-based planning support tool GISCAME. “Management” refers to typical, regional crop rotations and soil tillage practices.The focus of this research was based on an indicator-based approach to assess ecosystem services and the development of land use change (LUC) and land management change (LMC) scenarios. The EuroMaps Land Cover data set was specifically developed for the case study and included remote sensing information for the general land use classification and terrestrial mapping information. Furthermore, statistical data on detailed regional agricultural land management were included. The raster-based planning support tool GISCAME was then used to simulate scenarios and visualize results. The LUC and LMC scenarios showed that the more detailed land use classification provided better output for the prioritization of planning alternatives. Further it enabled a refined assessment of the provisioning services (i) food and fodder provision, (ii) biomass provision, the regulation services, (iii) soil erosion protection, (iv) drought risk regulation, (v) flood regulation, (vi) returns from land-based production (i.e. the market value of biomass provision), and (vii) ecological integrity. The results of this study support the view that the application of improved management measures, such as conservation tillage, can significantly enhance the provision of ecosystem services (e.g. soil erosion protection and drought risk regulation) at the landscape level. The study also indicates that a combination of strategic LUC, such as afforestation and LMC, might be an effective way to enhance regulating services with acceptable trade-offs regarding provisioning services. Our approach presents a refined foundation for ecosystem services assessment, which is designed to better support regional planning and the provision of information to non-experts in the participatory processes. For transfer into other regions, standardized land use and land management classification will have to be defined.     

多源数据融合技术在汶川地震生态环境影响应急评估中的应用

在实施汶川地震生态环境影响应急评估工作过程中,考虑到时间紧、范围大的现实情况,对空间数据处理技术与方法上进行了深入探索,成功地采用多源数据集成与融合技术,将不同传感器、不同空间分辨率、光谱分辨率、时间分辨率和不同格式的数据进行了集成与融合,大大提高了遥感影像的有效覆盖范围和灾害信息判读精度,快速、全面地实现了地震灾害对生态环境影响的初步评估,探索出应对巨灾后生态环境遥感监测与评估的基本方法与技术。最后,建议我国要加强生态环境本底数据库建设,完善部门间数据共享机制,促进多源数据集成与融合技术的推广与应用,为更好应对未来的生态灾难做准备。     

环渤海沿海地区土地承载力时空分异特征

沿海地区是中国未来社会经济发展的重点区域,近年来沿海地区人地矛盾越来越突出,研究沿海地区土地承载力具有重要意义。针对以往评价中的不足,采用韦伯-费希纳定律确定指标评价标准;利用D-S证据理论进行主客观综合权重的计算,运用可变模糊集理论及模型对土地承载力进行综合评价,并以环渤海沿海地区进行实例分析。研究结果表明,2000—2011年,环渤海地区土地承载力整体呈持续上升趋势,但空间分布差异显著,天津、唐山、大连、盘锦、青岛、烟台、东营、威海土地承载力相对较高,锦州、营口、秦皇岛、滨州、潍坊、日照属于中等水平,沧州、丹东、葫芦岛四市土地承载力相对较低。可变模糊评价模型应用于土地承载力评价,计算简便,可操作性强,评价结果可信度高。