辽西樟子松人工林净生态系统碳交换

樟子松是三北地区造林的主要树种之一,研究樟子松人工林净生态系统碳交换(NEE)及其影响要素对理解我国人工林碳平衡有重要意义。本研究以辽西樟子松人工林为对象,采用涡度相关系统及其配套设备于2020年对樟子松人工林NEE和环境要素进行了原位连续观测。结果表明: 在0.5 h尺度上,1—12月夜间为碳源,白天为碳汇,且受干旱影响5—8月下午碳吸收受到明显抑制。在日尺度上,受干旱影响,控制夜间NEE季节动态的主要要素为土壤温度和土壤湿度,控制白天NEE季节动态的主要要素为土壤湿度和饱和水汽压差;土壤干旱时降水可促进夜间和白天NEE,并导致光合呼吸参数升高。在月尺度上,白天NEE与表观量子利用效率和最大光合速率均呈显著负相关,当空气温度小于5 ℃时,10 ℃生态系统呼吸和生态系统呼吸温度敏感性随空气温度降低而呈线性增加。2020年辽西樟子松人工林NEE积累量为-145.17 g C·m^-2,表现为弱碳汇。     

华北低丘山地人工林蒸散的季节变化及环境影响要素

蒸散（ET）是生态系统水分平衡和能量平衡的重要组分,中国人工林对区域水分循环及平衡发挥着重要作用。本文基于2007—2008年涡度相关观测资料,分析了华北低丘山地近30年生栓皮栎-刺槐-侧柏人工林生态系统蒸散的变化特征及其环境影响要素。结果表明,2007—2008年实验区气候较常年偏暖、偏旱。ET表现出单峰季节变化特征,秋冬季节较低,春夏季节（4—9月）蒸散旺盛。全年最高值出现在每年5月份,日峰值出现于午后13时左右。2007—2008年平均蒸散量为546.1 mm,降水量为354.1 mm,夏季（7—8月）和冬季（12—1月）的日蒸散量分别为2.19 mm/d和0.44 mm/d。温度是驱动ET季节变化的主要环境因子,饱和差也是影响蒸散季节变化的重要环境要素。土壤含水量对ET季节变化的影响并不显著,有近1/3日数的土壤含水量为0.16—0.18 m3/m3,期间日蒸散量平均值为1.0 mm/d。年蒸散量均高于降水量,蒸散量高于降水量的部分来自深层土壤水分的供给。     

辐射变化对中亚热带杉木人工林净CO2交换的影响

太阳总辐射是影响森林生态系统碳交换的重要因子.为认识辐射变化对杉木人工林碳交换的影响,本研究利用开路式涡度相关系统和气象梯度观测系统测得的CO2通量和气象因子长期定位监测数据,用晴空指数(kt)表示太阳辐射情况,分析了kt对中亚热带杉木人工林生长季(4-10月)净C02交换(NEE)的影响.结果 表明:晴天时的太阳总辐...     

北京八达岭林场人工林净碳交换及其环境影响因子

2011年11月-2012年10月,采用涡度相关法对北京市八达岭林场4年生针阔混交人工林的碳交换特征进行了连续观测.结果表明： 观测期间,该森林生态系统在7、8月为碳汇,其余月份均为碳源,净碳释放量与吸收量分别在4月和7月达到最大.生态系统净生产力为(-256±21) g C·m^-2·a^-1,其中生态系统呼吸为(950±36) g C·m^-2·a^-1,总初级生产力为(694±17) g C·m^-2·a^-1.生态系统呼吸与10 cm深度土壤温度呈较好的指数关系,其温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)为2.2.在5-9月,白天生态系统净碳交换对光合有效辐射的响应符合直角双曲线方程,表观量子效率呈明显的季节变化(0.0219～0.0506 μmol CO₂·μmol^-1),生态系统最大光合速率和白天平均生态系统呼吸强度与光合有效辐射和温度的季节变化趋势相似.此外,7、8月饱和水汽压差与土壤含水量对白天生态系统净碳交换有显著的影响.
     

北京松山天然落叶阔叶林生态系统净碳交换特征及其影响因子

森林生态系统在陆地碳循环过程中发挥着重要作用,关于温带落叶阔叶林生态系统碳平衡过程影响机制的讨论尚未统一。本研究于2019年对北京松山典型落叶阔叶林生态系统的净碳交换量(NEE)及空气温度(T_a)、土壤温度(T_s)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、饱和水气压差(VPD)、土壤含水量(SWC)、降雨量(P)等环境因子进行原位连续监测,分析松山落叶阔叶林生态系统净碳交换特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: 在日尺度上,NEE生长季(5—10月)各月平均日变化均呈“U”字形变化,日间为碳汇,夜间为碳源。其他月份NEE均为正值,变化平缓,表现为碳源。在季节尺度上,NEE呈单峰曲线变化规律,全年NEE为-111 g C·m^-2·a^-1,生态系统呼吸总量(R_e)为555 g C·m^-2·a^-1,总生态系统生产力(GEP)为666 g C·m^-2·a^-1。碳吸收与释放量分别在6月与11月达到最大值。PAR是影响日间净碳交换量(NEE_d)的主导因子,二者关系符合Michaelis-Menten模型,VPD是间接影响NEE_d的主导因子,最适宜日间净碳交换的VPD范围为1～1.5 kPa。土壤温度是影响夜间净碳交换量(NEE_n)的主导因子,SWC是NEE_n的限制因子,SWC过高或过低均会对NEE_n产生抑制,最适值为0.28 m³·m^-3。     

盐生荒漠净生态系统碳交换的涡度相关法和箱式法对比

将叶面积指数的季节动态,与箱式法同步观测得到的同化枝净光合（呼吸）速率和土壤呼吸速率相结合,对群落碳交换进行估算,并以此验证盐生荒漠涡度相关数据的可靠性。结果表明:盐生荒漠生态系统年叶片生物量为51.30±5.56 g·m^-2,其中90.45%以上来源于多枝柽柳的贡献;而整个生长季,群落叶面积指数（LAI）呈单峰形式变化,从5月30日—9月30日,LAI介于0.18⁰.30,并在第197天达到最大值。涡度相关法和箱式法对群落碳交换的测定结果表明,群落碳交换存在显著的季节变化,并于7月中旬达到碳同化峰值,与LAI有显著的相关性（P<0.001）。对比发现,两种测量方法对群落碳交换日过程的测定结果有很好的一致性,但对夜间生态系统呼吸的测定,涡度相关法较箱式法存在略微的低估,引起这种低估的原因可能是夜间湍流较弱。     

太阳辐射对黄河小浪底人工混交林净生态系统碳交换的影响

太阳辐射是影响森林生态系统与大气间净碳交换(NEE)的主要环境因子之一。利用涡度相关系统和微气象梯度观测系统对黄河小浪底人工混交林CO2通量和相关气象因子进行了3a(2006—2008年)的连续观测;以晴空指数(kt)为指标,分析了2006—2008年生长旺季(6—8月)太阳辐射对该生态系统NEE的影响,讨论了太阳辐射和其他环境因子协同变化对NEE的影响机制。结果表明:2006—2008年生长季,在多云天气下,生态系统最大光合速率Pmax比晴朗天气下分别提高了38%、58%和55%;多云天气下的初始光能利用率α分别是晴天天气的2.6、1.9和2.2倍。晴空指数kt约为0.44的中等辐射条件下,即天空存在一定的云量时,人工混交林生态系统的净碳吸收最大。多云天气下,散射辐射的增加与气象因素变化(气温下降、饱和差减小)的相互作用会增加冠层光合、削弱呼吸作用,从而共同影响了净生态碳吸收的增强。因此,在植被生长旺季,与晴朗无云天气相比,有云层覆盖的天气条件会使人工混交林生态系统的碳吸收能力有所提高。     

极端干旱条件下锡林河流域羊草草原净生态系统碳交换特征

采用涡度相关法对2005年生长季内蒙古锡林河流域羊草(Leymus chinensis)草原净生态系统交换(Net ecosystem exchange, NEE)进行了观测。观测结果表明:作为生长季降雨量仅有126 mm的干旱年,锡林河流域羊草草原生态系统受到强烈的干旱胁迫,其净生态系统碳交换的日动态表现为具有两个吸收高峰,净吸收峰值出现在8∶00和18∶00左右。最大的CO₂吸收率为-0.38 mg CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,出现在6月底,与丰水年相比生态系统最大CO₂吸收率下降了1倍。就整个生长季而言,不管是白天还是晚上2005年都表现为净CO₂排放,整个生长季CO₂净排放量为372.56 g CO₂·m^-2,是一个明显的CO₂源。土壤含水量和土壤温度控制着生态系统CO₂通量的大小,尤其是在白天,CO₂通量和土壤含水量的变化呈现出显著的负相关关系,和土壤温度表现为正相关关系。     

开垦对黄河三角洲湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响

近年来, 由于对湿地的不合理利用, 自然湿地被大面积地垦殖为农田, 导致湿地生态系统碳循环的模式发生改变, 从而影响了湿地生态系统碳汇功能。该研究通过涡度相关法, 对山东省东营市黄河三角洲芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地和开垦多年的棉花(Gossypium spp.)农田的净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)进行了对比观测, 以探讨该地区典型生态系统NEE的变化规律及其影响因子, 揭示开垦对芦苇湿地NEE和碳汇功能的影响。结果表明: 在生长季, 湿地和农田生态系统NEE的日平均值各月均呈明显的“U”型变化曲线, 非生长季NEE的变幅很小。生长季湿地生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为16.04 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月17日)和14.95 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1(8月9日); 农田生态系统日最大净吸收值和释放值分别为18.99 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (8月22日)和12.23 g CO₂·m^-2·d^-1 (7月29日)。生长季白天两个生态系统NEE与光合有效辐射(PAR)之间呈直角双曲线关系; 非生长季NEE主要受土壤温度(T_s)的影响; 生态系统生长季夜间NEE受T_s和土壤含水量(SWC)的共同影响; 湿地和农田的生态系统呼吸熵(Q₁₀)分别为2.30和3.78。2011年生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的汇, 总净固碳量分别为780.95和647.35 g CO₂·m^-2, 开垦降低了湿地的碳吸收能力; 而在2011年非生长季, 黄河三角洲湿地和农田生态系统均表现为CO₂的源, CO₂总释放量分别为181.90和111.55 g CO₂·m^-2。全年湿地和农田生态系统总净固碳量分别为599.05和535.80 g CO₂·m^-2。     

太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田生态系统碳交换及影响因素

利用涡度相关技术观测太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田生态系统2a净生态系统碳交换(NEE)变化过程,分析其碳交换特征及影响机理,结果表明:太湖流域典型稻麦轮作农田年NEE为-749.49—-785.38 g C m-2a-1,考虑作物籽粒碳和秸秆还田后净吸收88.12 g C m-2a-1,为弱碳汇;稻/麦季日均NEE和白天NEE季节变化直接受作物植被生长影响;麦季夜间NEE与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数关系,2012/2013年温度敏感系数(Q10)分别为3.03和2.67;当土壤水分低于田间持水量时,麦季夜间NEE主要受土壤温度影响,反之,夜间NEE受土壤温度和水分双重影响;降水对麦季夜间NEE有短时的激发效应;稻季淹水对土壤呼吸产生较明显的阻滞效应,降低了夜间NEE对土壤温度的敏感性,2012和2013年分别为1.88和1.39,稻季淹水与烤田交替变化对土壤呼吸产生明显的抑制或激发的短时效应。     

Carbon dynamics and environmental controls of a hilly tea plantation in Southeast China

Tea plantations are widely distributed and continuously expanding across subtropical China in recent years. However, carbon flux exchanges from tea plantation ecosystems are poorly understood at the ecosystem level. In this study, we use the eddy covariance technique to quantify the magnitude and temporal variations of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in tea plantation in Southeast China over four years (2014–2017). The result showed that the tea plantation was a net carbon sink, with an annual NEE that ranged from ?182.40 to ?301.51 g C/m², which was a much lower carbon sequestration potential than other ecosystems in subtropical China. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) explained the highest proportion of the variation in NEE and gross primary productivity (GPP) (for NEE: F = 389.89, p < .01; for GPP: F = 1,018.04, p < .01), and air temperature (T_a) explained the highest proportion of the variation in ecosystem respiration (RE) (F = 13,141.81, p < .01). The strong pruning activity in April not only reduced the carbon absorption capacity but also provided many plant residues for respiration, which switched the tea plantation to a carbon source from April to June. Suppression of NEE at higher air temperatures was due to the decrease in GPP more than the decrease in RE, which indicated that future global warming may transform this subtropical tea plantation from a carbon sink to carbon source.     

Partitioning net ecosystem carbon exchange with isotopic fluxes of CO2

Because biological and physical processes alter the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric CO₂, variations in isotopic content can be used to investigate those processes. Isotopic flux measurements of ¹³CO₂ above terrestrial ecosystems can potentially be used to separate net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) into its component fluxes, net photosynthetic assimilation (F_A) and ecosystem respiration (F_R). In this paper theory is developed to partition measured NEE into F_A and F_R, using measurements of fluxes of CO₂ and ¹³CO₂, and isotopic composition of respired CO₂ and forest air. The theory is then applied to fluxes measured (or estimated, for ¹³CO₂) in a temperate deciduous forest in eastern Tennessee (Walker Branch Watershed). It appears that there is indeed enough additional information in ¹³CO₂ fluxes to partition NEE into its photosynthetic and respiratory components. Diurnal patterns in F_A and F_R were obtained, which are consistent in magnitude and shape with patterns obtained from NEE measurements and an exponential regression between night‐time NEE and temperature (a standard technique which provides alternate estimates of F_R and F_A). The light response curve for photosynthesis (F_A vs. PAR) was weakly nonlinear, indicating potential for saturation at high light intensities. Assimilation‐weighted discrimination against ¹³CO₂ for this forest during July 1999 was 16.8–17.1‰, depending on canopy conductance. The greatest uncertainties in this approach lie in the evaluation of canopy conductance and its effect on whole‐canopy photosynthetic discrimination, and thus the indirect methods used to estimate isotopic fluxes. Direct eddy covariance measurements of ¹³CO₂ flux are needed to assess the validity of the assumptions used and provide defensible isotope‐based estimates of the component fluxes of net ecosystem exchange.     

Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchange over a cropland in the North China Plain

In China, croplands account for a relatively large form of vegetation cover. Quantifying carbon dioxide exchange and understanding the environmental controls on carbon fluxes over croplands are critical in understanding regional carbon budgets and ecosystem behaviors. In this study, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at a winter wheat/summer maize rotation cropping site, representative of the main cropping system in the North China Plain, was continuously measured using the eddy covariance technique from 2005 to 2009. In order to interpret the abiotic factors regulating NEE, NEE was partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco). Daytime R_eco was extrapolated from the relationship between nighttime NEE and soil temperature under high turbulent conditions. GPP was then estimated by subtracting daytime NEE from the daytime estimates of R_eco. Results show that the seasonal patterns of the temperature responses of R_eco and light‐response parameters are closely related to the crop phenology. Daily R_eco was highly dependent on both daily GPP and air temperature. Interannual variability showed that GPP and R_eco were mainly controlled by temperature. Water availability also exerted a limit on R_eco. The annual NEE was ?585 and ?533 g C m^?2 for two seasons of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, respectively, and the wheat field absorbed more carbon than the maize field. Thus, we concluded that this cropland was a strong carbon sink. However, when the grain harvest was taken into account, the wheat field was diminished into a weak carbon sink, whereas the maize field was converted into a weak carbon source. The observations showed that severe drought occurring during winter did not reduce wheat yield (or integrated NEE) when sufficient irrigation was carried out during spring.     

Environmental controls on net ecosystem-level carbon exchange and productivity in a Central American tropical wet forest

Difficulty in balancing the global carbon budget has lead to increased attention on tropical forests, which have been estimated to account for up to one third of global gross primary production. Whether tropical forests are sources, sinks, or neutral with respect to their carbon balance with the atmosphere remains unclear. To address this issue, estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE) were made for 3 years (1998–2000) using the eddy‐covariance technique in a tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Measurements were made from a 42 m tower centred in an old‐growth forest. Under unstable conditions, the measurement height was at least twice the estimated zeroplane height from the ground. The canopy at the site is extremely rough; under unstable conditions the median aerodynamic roughness length ranged from 2.4 to 3.6 m. No relationship between NEE and friction velocity (u*) was found using all of the 30‐min averages. However, there was a linear relationship between the nighttime NEE and averaged u* (R² = 0.98). The diurnal pattern of flux was similar to that found in other tropical forests, with mean daytime NEE ca. ? 18 μ mol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 and mean nighttime NEE 4.6 μ mol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1. However, because ～ 80% of the nighttime data in this forest were collected during low u* conditions ( < 0.2 m s^?1), nighttime NEE was likely underestimated. Using an alternative analysis, mean nighttime NEE increased to 7.05 μ mol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1. There were interannual differences in NEE, but seasonal differences were not apparent. Irradiance accounted for ～ 51% of the variation in the daytime fluxes, with temperature and vapour pressure deficit together accounting for another ～ 20%. Light compensation points ranged from 100 to 207 μ mol PPFD m^?2 s^?1. No was relationship was found between 30‐min nighttime NEE and tower‐top air temperature. A weak relationship was found between hourly nighttime NEE and canopy air temperature using data averaged hourly over the entire sampling period (Q₁₀ = 1.79, R² = 0.17). The contribution of below‐sensor storage was fairly constant from day to day. Our data indicate that this forest was a slight carbon source in 1998 (0.05 to ?1.33 t C ha^?1 yr^?1), a moderate sink in 1999 (?1.53 to ?3.14 t C ha^?1 yr^?1), and a strong sink in 2000 (?5.97 to ?7.92 t C ha^?1 yr^?1). This trend is interpreted as relating to the dissipation of warm‐phase El Niño effects over the course of this study.     

On the difference in the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 between deciduous and evergreen forests in the southeastern United States

The southeastern United States is experiencing a rapid regional increase in the ratio of pine to deciduous forest ecosystems at the same time it is experiencing changes in climate. This study is focused on exploring how these shifts will affect the carbon sink capacity of southeastern US forests, which we show here are among the strongest carbon sinks in the continental United States. Using eight‐year‐long eddy covariance records collected above a hardwood deciduous forest (HW) and a pine plantation (PP) co‐located in North Carolina, USA, we show that the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) was more variable in PP, contributing to variability in the difference in NEE between the two sites (ΔNEE) at a range of timescales, including the interannual timescale. Because the variability in evapotranspiration (ET) was nearly identical across the two sites over a range of timescales, the factors that determined the variability in ΔNEE were dominated by those that tend to decouple NEE from ET. One such factor was water use efficiency, which changed dramatically in response to drought and also tended to increase monotonically in nondrought years (P < 0.001 in PP). Factors that vary over seasonal timescales were strong determinants of the NEE in the HW site; however, seasonality was less important in the PP site, where significant amounts of carbon were assimilated outside of the active season, representing an important advantage of evergreen trees in warm, temperate climates. Additional variability in the fluxes at long‐time scales may be attributable to slowly evolving factors, including canopy structure and increases in dormant season air temperature. Taken together, study results suggest that the carbon sink in the southeastern United States may become more variable in the future, owing to a predicted increase in drought frequency and an increase in the fractional cover of southern pines.