几种银莲花光合特性的初步分析

采用LI6400便携式光合仪分析昆明室外栽培的几种野生银莲花光合作用特性。净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈单峰曲线,前者的峰值出现在10～11点,后者的峰值出现在13点前后。在光强0～2000μmol·m2·s1条件下,Pn呈S曲线,光合补偿点为60～80μmol·m2·s1,饱和点为800μmol·m2·s1左右,但光强继续增加到1800μmol·m2·s1,Pn仍有少许提高;Tr随PAR的增加而缓慢地增加。在环境CO2浓度为0～350μmol·mol1条件下,Pn直线上升,草玉梅、秋牡丹和野棉花的光合CO2补偿点均为50μmol·mol1左右;Tr在环境CO2浓度25～350μmol·mol1范围内几乎呈水平线。野生银莲花的Pn和Tr表现较明显的种间差异。     

饥饿胁迫对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹的影响

在26.2 ～28.4℃水温条件下,研究了饥饿对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)仔蟹的形态、行为、存活及体重损失的影响,同时确定了仔Ⅱ的营养饱和储存点(PRS)和不可恢复点(PNR).结果表明:饥饿胁迫下中华绒螯蟹仔Ⅰ、仔Ⅱ、仔Ⅲ的初次死亡时间(T1)分别为8.0、14.0和20.3 d,50％死亡时间(Ts0)分别为11.4、16.0和25.5 d,100％死亡时间(T100)分别为15.0、22.0和32.3 d,耐饥饿能力为仔Ⅲ＞仔Ⅱ＞仔Ⅰ;饥饿期间中华绒螯蟹体内水分含量持续升高,干重量降低显著,干重损失速率也随时间延长逐渐减小;先饱食后饥饿的给饵模式中仔Ⅱ蜕皮率随初始饱食时间延长而升高,50％个体完成蜕皮所需饱食时间(PRS50)为2.10d,各处理组仔Ⅱ的蜕皮周期与持续饱食组均无显著差异(P＞0.05),但只有饱食3d以上才能达到持续饱食饲养蟹的增重率;先饥饿后饱食的给饵模式中,仔Ⅱ的蜕皮率随着初始饥饿时间的延长而下降,其中仔Ⅱ50％不能蜕皮的初始饥饿时间(PNR50)和100％不能蜕皮的初始饥饿时间(PNR100)分别为10 d和14 d,并且蜕皮周期相对延长,延长时间约等于初始饥饿时间,不存在额外的摄食时间来弥补饥饿期间损失的能量,各处理组蜕皮后仔蟹与对照组体重无显著差异(P＞0.05).     

几种野生银莲花生殖生长期的光合作用特性初探

采用LI-6400便携式光合仪对室外栽培的几种野生银莲花光合作用特性进行了研究.结果表明,净光合速率 Pn 和蒸腾速率 Tr 日变化均呈单峰曲线,前者的峰值出现在10:00～11:00时,后者的峰值出现在13:00时前后.在光强0～2000μmol·m-2·s-1条件下,Pn呈S曲线,光补偿点为60～80μmol·m-2·s-1,光饱和点为800μmol·m-2·s-1左右,但光强继续增加到1800μmol·m-2·s-1,Pn仍有少许提高;Tr随PAR的增加而缓慢增加.在环境CO2浓度为0～350μmol·mol-1条件下,Pn直线上升,草玉梅、秋牡丹和野棉花的光合CO2补偿点均为50μmol·mol-1左右;Tr在环境CO2浓度25～350μmol·mol-1范围内几乎呈水平线.野生银莲花的Pn和Tr表现出较明显的种间差异.     

Effects of the timing of initial feeding on growth and survival of spotted mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri larvae

The effects of delayed first feeding on growth and survival of spotted mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri larvae were examined under controlled conditions. Morphometric characters [yolk‐sac volume, oil globule volume, head depth (H_D), body depth (B_D), eye diameter (E_D), musculature height (M_H), mouth diameter (M_D) and total length (L_T)], body mass (M), specific growth rate (S_GR) and survival were evaluated under different first‐feeding time (2, 3, 4 and 5 days after hatching). Larvae began to feed exogenously at 2 days after hatching (DAH) and the point of no return (P_NR) occurred between 5 and 6 DAH at 23° C, range ±1·0° C. The yolk volume of larvae first‐fed at 2 days had a significant difference compared with that of larvae first‐fed at 3, 4 and 5 days on 3 and 4 DAH. The larvae first‐fed at 2 days achieved comparatively better growth performance than that of 3, 4 and 5 days. On 5 DAH, all morphometric characters had significant differences between 2 and 5 days and 2 and 4 days initial feeding, respectively. Total mortality was recorded on 9 DAH for the larvae first‐fed at 5 days. On 12 DAH, significant differences were observed between 2 and 4 days and 3 and 4 days initial feeding for all morphometric characters. From 16 DAH to the end of experiment, all growth variables of the larvae first‐fed at 2 days were significantly higher than those in other treatments. The S_GR (2–9 DAH) first‐fed at 2 and 3 days were significantly higher than 4 and 5 day treatments, and the S_GR (9–16 DAH) first‐fed at 2 days was significantly higher than 3 and 4 day treatments. There was no significant difference, however, of S_GR (16–28 DAH) among treatments. Survival rate was significantly higher at 2 days initial feeding (27·42%) when compared with 3 (15·96%) and 4 days (7·92%) initial feeding at the end of experiment. The present study suggests that the first feeding of S. scherzeri larvae should be initiated at 2 days after hatching for achieving good growth and survival.     

青梅树叶片某些光合性能的研究

六月上旬检测青梅树叶片光合作用对光照强度的反应、光合速率的日变化及其影响因素,表明青梅树叶片光合作用的光补偿点和光饱和点分别为2-3千勒克斯和35-40千勒克斯。在新梢旺盛生长期的晴天。叶片的光合速率于10时和15时出现两次高峰。叶片的光合生产能力直接受光照强度的制约,同时还受气温和空气相对湿度的影响。     

随机区块法在空间点格局分析中的应用

利用一种以随机模拟技术为基础的空间点格局分析方法--随机区块法对长白山阔叶红松林中5个主要树种的空间格局及空间关系进行了分析.随机区块法利用ICS(t)=s2(t)/x(t)-1来衡量不同尺度t上空间点的分布格局,并通过随机模拟技术构建零假设的95%或99%置信区间,以确定空间点格局偏离零假设的显著性程度.结果表明,除蒙古栎、山荆子、怀槐为随机分布外,其它树种均在局部空间尺度上呈聚集分布;并且绝大多数种对或种组在局部空间尺度上呈正相关关系.随机区块法克服了小样方统计法研究尺度单一的问题,也避免了以空间点距离为基础的点格局分析过程中边缘效应带来的影响和误差,尤其是在多变量点格局分析中具有明显的优势.     

The Decompositions for Point Symmetry Models in Two-way Contingency Tables

The decomposition for the complete point symmetry model in a rectangular contingency table is shown. Also the respective decompositions for the local point symmetry model and the reverse local point symmetry model in a square contingency table are given. Moreover test procedures for the decomposed models and an example are given.     

Improving the limit of detection in portable luminescent assay readers through smart optical design

Critical biomarkers of disease are increasingly being detected by point‐of‐care assays. Chemiluminescence (CL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) are often used in such assays due to their convenience and that they do not require light sources or other components that could complicate or add cost to the system. Reports of these assays often include readers built on a cellphone platform or constructed from low‐cost components. However, the impact the optical design has on the limit of detection (LOD) in these systems remains unexamined. Here, we report a theoretical rubric to evaluate different optical designs in terms of maximizing the use of photons emitted from a CL or ECL assay to improve the LOD. We demonstrate that the majority of cellphone designs reported in the literature are not optimized, in part due to misunderstandings of the optical tradeoffs in collection systems, and in part due to limitations imposed on the designs arising from the use of a mobile phone with a very small lens aperture. Based on the theoretical rubric, we design a new portable reader built using off‐the‐shelf condenser optics, and demonstrate a nearly 10× performance enhancement compared to prior reports on an ECL assays running on a portable chip.     

草菇低温诱导蛋白分离纯化及其部分性质的测定*

采用硫酸铵分级沉淀和制备电泳分离技术,从低温处理过的草菇菌丝中分离纯化得到三种低温诱导蛋白,分别命名为CspDZG1 ,CspDZG2 ,CspDZG3。IEF测定了等电点,分别为3.7,4.4,4.4。SDS-PAGE结果表明,CspDZG1 ,CspDZG2由一条多肽组成,分子量分别为56kD,54.5kD;CspDZG3由两个亚基组成,分子量分别为54.5 kD,68 kD。经S. aureus V8蛋白酶酶解后,测定了N端氨基酸序列。     

用耗散结构理论对莫高窟园林用水的分析

通过莫高窟园林用水的调查,发现平均灌溉量为8366mm,远高于敦煌农田的灌水量2250mm,并且全部通过土壤表面蒸发和植物蒸腾耗散掉了.这就出现了一个实际用水量很高的地方,它仍然表现为缺水的悖逆现象.而且也远大于以水面为基础当地的耗散量2486mm.应用 Penman的蒸散指数、Thornthwaite的蒸散指数、Holdridge生命地带指标等进行比较研究,结果仍然不能解释莫高窟存在的现象.通过对于莫高窟的温度、光照、湿度、风速、热量、土壤结构、浇灌方式等与水分耗散有关的因子进行深入的调查与分析后,发现这个现象与耗散结构理论相吻合.应用耗散结构理论解释了在莫高窟园林用水中存在的一个似非而是的问题.水的耗散结构理论对西北干旱地区的水资源利用有重要意义.应用耗散结构理论与前人对水分耗散方面的研究并不矛盾,完全可以在这一理论指导下统一起来,有望建立起统一的水分耗散应用模型.同时对与耗散结构理论相关的熵问题进行了探讨,认为这个问题与时间问题一样,是认识的主体——人的心理错觉,并没有物质上的实质.     

两种新型白细胞介素-2的热稳定优越性

研制成两种新型白细胞介素-2(新型IL-2),其一为125Ser-IL-2,另一为125Ala-IL-2(即原型IL-2中125位Cys分别被Ser或Ala取代)。两种新型IL-2均已被高度纯化,并已完成了中试,获准临床应用。发现新型IL-2的热稳定优越性。在65℃加热,新型IL-2的稳定性高于原型,失活比原型慢,被保留的活性也较原型多。在0.1％SDS中能使失活的IL-2逐渐恢复一定的活性,也是新型IL-2恢复活性高。同时,比较了其它条件下这三种重组rIL-2的稳定性及SDS对其复性的影响,发现三者之间差异很大。上述结果均证明:125Ala-IL-2的热稳定性最好,125Ser-IL-2次之,原型较新型差。     

Personalized diagnostics and biosensors: a review of the biology and technology needed for personalized medicine

Abstract

Exploiting the burgeoning fields of genomics, proteomics and metabolomics improves understanding of human physiology and, critically, the mutations that signal disease susceptibility. Through these emerging fields, rational design approaches to diagnosis, drug development and ultimately personalized medicine are possible. Personalized medicine and point-of-care testing techniques must fulfill a host of constraints for real-world applicability. Point-of-care devices (POCDs) must ultimately provide a cost-effective alternative to expensive and time-consuming laboratory tests in order to assist health care personnel with disease diagnosis and treatment decisions. Sensor technologies are also expanding beyond the more traditional classes of biomarkers – nucleic acids and proteins – to metabolites and direct detection of pathogens, ultimately increasing the palette of available techniques for the use of personalized medicine. The technologies needed to perform such diagnostics have also been rapidly evolving, with each generation being increasingly sensitive and selective while being more resource conscious. Ultimately, the final hurdle for all such technologies is to be able to drive consumer adoption and achieve a meaningful medical outcome for the patient.     

A Simple Numerical Procedure for Estimating the Prior Probability in the Biomathematical Proof of Paternity

This note gives a simple procedure for finding the maximum likelihood estimate of the prior probabilities in paternity cases. The procedure is based on a fixed point principle.     

Isoelectric points of viruses

Viruses as well as other (bio‐)colloids possess a pH‐dependent surface charge in polar media such as water. This electrostatic charge determines the mobility of the soft particle in an electric field and thus governs its colloidal behaviour which plays a major role in virus sorption processes. The pH value at which the net surface charge switches its sign is referred to as the isoelectric point (abbreviations: pI or IEP) and is a characteristic parameter of the virion in equilibrium with its environmental water chemistry. Here, we review the IEP measurements of viruses that replicate in hosts of kingdom plantae, bacteria and animalia. IEPs of viruses are found in pH range from 1·9 to 8·4; most frequently, they are measured in a band of 3·5 < IEP < 7. However, the data appear to be scattered widely within single virus species. This discrepancy is discussed and should be considered when IEP values are used to account for virus sorption processes.     

基于电子导航地图POI的北京城区绿色空间服务半径分析

近年来,电子导航地图中的兴趣点（Point of Interest,POI）在城市地理与城市生态研究方面越来越受到重视。城市绿色空间对其居民的生产生活服务作用十分重要,城市绿地系统的配置是否科学对城市生态系统服务供需情况有着重要影响。利用北京城区五环以内的POI数据,采用核函数模拟出城市居民生产生活在空间分布上强弱程度的热力图,对该区域绿色空间实体不同半径服务区内的热力特征进行耦合分析。研究表明：北京市五环以内绿色空间实体500、750 m和1000 m典型服务半径的覆盖面分别占总面积的77.99%、91.55%和97.46%,从服务供给角度表现出空间分布格局相对均匀;但在绿色空间500 m服务半径内,仅覆盖了POI热力图中极高密度区中51.19%的地区,高密度区中54.78%的地区,中密度区中66.21%的区域,从服务需求角度表现出绿色空间分布格局明显不均衡。研究认为城市绿色空间在POI热度较高区域的主要商圈、人流密集区域匹配明显不足,需要通过增加绿地或疏解POI集中程度来缓解绿色空间供需矛盾。     

冷冻液温和季节对鼠尾过冷点的影响

为研究动物对寒冷的适应性,将鼠尾置于冷液浸冻,发现在一定条件下鼠尾组织可发生过冷现象。实验表明,鼠尾组织的过冷点和冷冻液温有关,同一季节冷冻液温越低过冷点越高;而不同季节相同冷冻条件下,冬季鼠尾组织的过冷点明显低于春季。 动物肢体组织的过冷特性是动物的抗寒冷特性,它和组织自身的物理化学性质有关。理沦证明,过冷度(△T)和表面张力(O)、摩尔质量(M),冰点(Ti)、密度(p)、摩尔凝固热(△H)及冰胚临界半径(rk)有关,其关系式为△T=26MTi/p△Hrk.     

野生与栽培黄花蒿净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应

比较了相同种源的野生和栽培黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)净光合速率对光强和CO2浓度的响应特性。结果表明,野生和栽培黄花蒿的光饱和点(LSP)分别为1 183和1 564μmol m-2s-1,光补偿点(LCP)为17和18μmol m-2s-1,最大净光合速率(Pmax)为18.78和22.38μmol m-2s-1,表观量子效率(AQY)为0.08和0.075μmol m-2s-1,表明黄花蒿的光合能力强,能够利用很高的光强,且对弱光的适应性也较强。栽培黄花蒿的Pmax、LSP和最大羧化速率(Vcmax)显著高于野生黄花蒿,两者的LCP、不包括光下呼吸的CO2补偿点、AQY、光下呼吸速率和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)差异不显著。强光下栽培黄花蒿主要通过提高Vcmax和Jmax等来增强光合能力,强的光合能力有利于黄花蒿的生长,因此在人工栽培黄花蒿的过程中应选择阳光充足的开阔生境。