丛枝霸王（Zygophyllum dumosum）根际AM真菌生态学研究

AM真菌是一类广泛分布的土壤真菌,与宿主植物形成共生结构后,对于植物生长和植被恢复有多种有益的生理学和生态学作用。1999年11月至2000年10月,通过每月分别从0－10cm和10－20cm土层采集根际土样,对以色列荒漠地区丛枝霸王（Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss）根际AM真菌进行了系统的生态学研究。AM真菌的分布和定殖与季节变化和采样浓度密切相关。菌根真菌的最高定殖率并不伴随有最大的孢子密度,最高的定殖率发生在1999年11月,而最大的孢子密度则出现在2000年9月。10－20cm土层中的菌根真菌定殖率和孢子密度明显高于0－10cm土层。土壤温度与所有菌根结构的定殖率呈正相关,土壤有机质含量与泡囊和丛枝定殖率呈正相关,而土壤总可溶性氮对泡囊和丛枝定殖有显著正效应,对孢子密度有显著负效应。结果建议,孢子密度、泡囊和丛枝定殖程度可作为检测荒漠土壤状况的生态指标。研究应用于我国特别是西部荒漠地区的植被建立和恢复,可望发挥重任作用：（1）AM真菌能与绝大多数高奶系形成共生联合体,促进根系对土壤矿质营养和水分的吸收,提高植物对干旱、高温、盐碱、根部病害等的抗性,提高逆境条件下植物的成活率,深入研究荒漠生态系统中AM真菌动态分布,以及筛选优势AM菌种和人工接种,进行菌根化育苗,为植被建立和恢复提供优质苗木;（2）菌根的丛枝定殖时间短,主要发生在幼根,泡囊定殖时间长,主要发生在老根,而AM真菌的生长发育和繁殖所需的碳水化合物来自植物根系的分泌活动,所以,通过检测不同时期菌根各种结构的定殖程度和孢子的丰富度,可以获得宿主植物根系的生长状况,进而对土壤环境作出科学的评估。     

植酸钠对菌根真菌根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性及根外菌丝生长的影响

采用三室隔网培养装置,以玉米为宿主植物,接种丛枝菌根真菌(AM)(Glomus intraradices),研究了不同用量的植酸钠对AM真菌生长和代谢活性的影响．研究发现,接种AM真菌的植株地上部和根系的P浓度和吸P量,比非菌根植物的提高了1～2倍．外源植酸钠的存在,显著降低了AM真菌根内菌丝的碱性磷酸酶活性,增加了AM真菌在土壤中的菌丝密度．结果表明,外源植酸钠对根内AM真菌碱性磷酸酶活性和真菌根外菌丝的生长具有调控(增减)作用,并且AM真菌提高了植物对土壤固有养分和外源植酸钠中P的吸收和利用．     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi protect a subtropical tree species exposed to simulated acid rain by accelerating photosynthetic ability,antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation

丛枝菌根真菌对其宿主光合能力、抗氧化酶和渗透物质积累的促进作用 及其抗酸雨机制的探讨 酸雨在中国南方发生频繁,对亚热带树种生长具有明显抑制作用。以往研究表明,丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)可以缓解酸雨对宿主植物的胁迫效应。榉树(Zelkova serrata)为中国南方主要经济树种之一,其如何与共生AM真菌协同、增强其抗酸雨胁迫的能力是本项研究所要探讨的关键科学问题。通过温室控制实验,将榉树幼苗随机接受4个水平的AM真菌接种处理(接种灭菌菌种;单独接种Rhizophagus intraradices;单独接种Diversispora versiformis;接种这两种菌种的混合菌种)和3个pH水平(pH2.5、pH4.0和pH5.6)的硫酸型酸雨和硝酸型酸雨处理组成的12个处理组合,同时测定其生长、光合性能、抗氧化酶、渗透调节和土壤酶的响应格局。研究发现酸雨处理显著降低了非菌根榉树幼苗的总干重、总叶绿素含量、叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白的含量;接种AM真菌,特别是接种混合菌种,显著提高了强酸胁迫下榉树幼苗的总干重、光合性能、丙二醛、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、可溶性蛋白和根系酸性磷酸酶活性。此外,菌根效应依赖于AM真菌的种类和酸胁迫的梯度。本研究 结果表明,AM真菌对榉树幼苗抗酸胁迫的调控作用主要源于调节宿主植株光合能力、抗氧化酶和渗透物质的积累。榉树与其共生AM真菌在应对酸胁迫上协同机制的解析为该树种在中国南方酸雨区的栽培提供理论基础、具有重要的实践指导意义。     

西北荒漠带细枝岩黄耆AM真菌与DSE真菌时空分布研究

为探明细枝岩黄耆Hedysarum scoparium根系丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM）和深色有隔内生真菌（dark septate endophytes,DSE）定殖特征及其生态地理分布,充分理解菌根共生体在植物生长和植被恢复中的功能,本研究连续3年采集我国西北荒漠带不同样地细枝岩黄耆0-30cm土层土壤样品和根样,不同样地细枝岩黄耆均能被AM和DSE侵染,形成AM典型结构菌丝、泡囊和丛枝,DSE典型结构深色有隔菌丝和微菌核。细枝岩黄耆根系AM真菌定殖高于DSE定殖,但极端干旱条件下DSE定殖优于AM真菌定殖。AM真菌定殖率不同年际间表现为2016年最高,同一年份不同样地,除乌海、沙坡头样地,菌丝定殖率自东向西呈降低趋势。DSE真菌定殖率,在同一样地不同年份：乌海样地2016年定殖率显著高于2015年和2017年,在同一年份不同样地：2015年沙坡头样地DSE菌丝定殖率、总定殖率显著高于其他样地,而2016、2017年鄂尔多斯样地最高。NMDS分析结果显示,AM和DSE真菌定殖不同年际间差异显著。相关性分析表明,AM真菌定殖率与DSE定殖率显著正相关;土壤温度与AM定殖显著负相关;有机碳、速效磷、磷酸酶、湿度与AM定殖显著正相关;DSE菌丝定殖率、定殖强度仅与酸性磷酸酶正相关。本研究比较分析西北荒漠带不同样地AM和DSE定殖与土壤因子的相关性,有助于充分理解菌根共生体在植物生长和植被恢复中的功能和意义。     

丛枝菌根(AM)对根瘤菌趋化作用研究

对紫穗槐非接种(AM- Rh-)、单接种根瘤菌(Rh )、单接种AM真菌(AM )和双接种(AM Rh )处理,研究AM真菌、根瘤茵对宿主植物紫穗槐侵染情况,并采用经过改良的根部微生物趋化试验手段研究AM真菌侵染根系后分泌物对根瘤茵的趋化性.实验结果表明:在接种AM Rh 情况下,使宿主先于AM ,Rh '处理形成根瘤,且双接种能够显著提高菌根侵染率;在共生体形成期间,AM真菌与根瘤菌之间存在着识别互动反应和一定的信号物质,接种AM真菌对根瘤菌有正趋化作用;同时,外界温度对AM真菌.宿主植物一根瘤茵三者共生体初始信号识别也起到一定的调控作用.     

AM 真菌影响三叶草根系抗氧化酶活性的系统效应

本文对三叶草接种AM 真菌根内球囊霉, 用盆栽试验和分根试验测定根系的菌根侵染率和抗氧化酶活性, 研究AM 真菌对根系抗氧化酶活性的影响以及该影响的系统性。结果表明, 盆栽试验中接种根内球囊霉显著提高了根系中SOD、POD、CAT 的活性, 表明AM 真菌可以促进根系的抗氧化酶活性; 分根试验中一半根系接种了根内球囊霉的植株, 其另一半未接种的根系SOD、POD 活性也增加, 表明AM 真菌对根系抗氧化酶系统的促进具有系统效应。由于抗氧化酶系统是植物产生抗逆性的生理生化基础, 可以推测, AM 真菌对根系抗氧化酶活性的系统性提高有助于保护根系整体, 而非仅仅保护受侵染根段。     

不同施氮水平下丛枝菌根真菌对藜麦生长和根系生理特征的影响

采用盆栽实验,以藜麦品种‘亿隆1号’为实验材料,探究在不同施氮量(纯氮用分别为0、0.2、0.4和0.6g/kg)接种2种丛枝菌根真菌(AM)即摩西球囊霉(Gm)和扭形球囊霉(Gt)对藜麦及其根系生长指标以及生理指标的影响,为提高氮肥利用率提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)在0.4g/kg施氮量下,接种Gm藜麦根系侵染率和菌根依赖性最大。(2)同一接种处理下,藜麦株高、基径、叶面积、地上部生物量、总根长等根系生长指标,以及根系抗氧化酶活性均随施氮量的增加呈先增加后减小的趋势;与未接种处理相比,接种AM真菌后上述各指标均显著增加,均在0.4g/kg施氮量下达到最大值,且接种Gm的增幅大于接种Gt。(3)同一接种处理下,藜麦根系MDA含量、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量随施氮量的增加均呈先减小后增加的趋势;与未接种处理相比,接种AM真菌后藜麦根系MDA含量显著减小,而其根系可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量增加,且接种Gm根系MDA含量降幅以及可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量的增幅显著大于接种Gt。研究表明,适量施氮可显著增加藜麦根系摩西球囊霉和扭形球囊霉的侵染率及其菌根依赖性指数,促进藜麦地上部及根系的生长,同时增加其根系抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质的积累,减少了体内有害物质的积累,并以摩西球囊霉配合施氮0.4g/kg效果最佳。     

恶臭假单胞细菌与紫花苜蓿在泥炭培养体中结合定殖研究

在植物根系定殖外源微生物是促进植物健康生长和污染土壤修复的重要方法,而植物根部存在适宜的生长空间是外源微生物定殖的关键。利用泥炭是植物和微生物优良的培养基质的特点,将泥炭作为外源微生物和植物根部的结合体,研究在播种时期接种和露根时期接种条件下,恶臭假单胞细菌(AB-92019)在泥炭与苜蓿根系构成的定殖环境中的定殖动态和定殖密度。结果表明:2种定殖时期在泥炭体的定殖效果有明显不同,露根时期接种后第20 d的定殖密度为6.10 logcfu/g干泥炭;播种时期接种定殖密度下降较快,第20 d的定殖密度为5.62 logcfu/g干泥炭。而在苜蓿根系20 d后的定殖密度,播种时期接种(3.90 logcfu/g鲜根)高于露根时期接种(3.03 logcfu/g鲜根)。并且2种时期定殖都不影响苜蓿正常的生长。     

水分胁迫下AM真菌对沙打旺生长和抗旱性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分胁迫条件下接种AM真菌对优良牧草和固沙植物沙打旺(Astragalus adsurgens Pall.)生长和抗旱性的影响。在土壤相对含水量为70%、50%和30%条件下,分别接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和沙打旺根际土著菌,不接种处理作为对照。结果表明,水分胁迫显著降低了沙打旺植株(无论接种AM真菌与否)的株高、分枝数、地上部干重和地下部干重,并显著提高了土著AM真菌的侵染率,对摩西球囊霉的侵染率无显著影响。接种AM真菌可以促进沙打旺生长和提高植株抗旱性,但促进效应因土壤含水量和菌种不同而存在差异。不同水分条件下,接种AM真菌显著提高了植株菌根侵染率、根系活力、地下部全N含量和叶片CAT活性。土壤相对含水量为30%和50%时,接种株地上部全N、叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量和POD活性显著高于未接种株;接种AM真菌显著降低了叶片MDA含量;接种土著AM真菌的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。土壤相对含水量为30%时,接种AM真菌显著增加了地上部全P含量和叶片相对含水量;接种摩西球囊霉的植株株高、分枝数、地上部和地下部干重显著高于未接种株。水分胁迫40d,接种AM真菌显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量。水分胁迫80d,接种株叶片SOD活性显著增加。菌根依赖性随水分胁迫程度增加而提高。沙打旺根际土著菌接种效果优于摩西球囊霉。水分胁迫和AM真菌的交互作用对分枝数、菌根侵染率、叶片SOD、CAT和POD活性、叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、地上部全N和全P、地下部全N和根系活力有极显著影响,对叶片丙二醛和地下部全P有显著影响。AM真菌促进根系对土壤水分和矿质营养的吸收,改善植物生理代谢活动,从而提高沙打旺抗旱性,促进其生长。试验结果为筛选优良抗旱菌种,充分利用AM真菌资源促进荒漠植物生长和植被恢复提供了依据。     

毛乌素沙地克隆植物生长对AM真菌多样性和菌根形成的影响

克隆植物的生态功能在沙地植被恢复过程中占据着重要位置。在毛乌素沙地由北向南选择两个典型样地,以根茎克隆植物沙鞭和羊柴为试验材料,连续2a系统地研究了克隆植物生长对AM真菌物种多样性和菌根形成的影响。结果表明:克隆植物生长对AM真菌物种多样性和丛枝菌根形成的影响因植物种类和样地不同而异。沙鞭通过克隆生长侵入灌丛空地后,AM真菌多样性指数在中国科学院植物研究所鄂尔多斯沙地草地生态研究站(简称OSES)和陕西榆林珍稀沙生植物保护基地(简称RSCF)样地均上升;孢子密度、菌丝、丛枝和总定殖率均显著提高;泡囊定殖率也有所增加,在OSES样地达显著水平,在RSCF样地未达显著水平。羊柴通过克隆生长侵入灌丛空地后,AM(Arbuscular mycorrhizal)真菌多样性指数在OSES样地上升,而在RSCF样地下降;孢子密度和丛枝定殖率在OSES和RSCF样地均显著增加,而泡囊定殖率均显著降低;菌丝和总定殖率也降低,在OSES样地未达显著水平,在RSCF样地达显著水平。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.