酸雨胁迫对秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性和生长的影响

采用盆栽试验和模拟酸雨喷淋的试验方法,研究了重度酸雨(pH 2.5)、中度酸雨(pH 4.0)和对照(pH 5.6)处理下,不同季节秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片的叶绿素荧光特性及其生长差异.结果表明：不同季节相同处理下,秃瓣杜英幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量(Φ_PSⅡ)、株高和地径均为10月＞7月＞4月＞1月;同一季节不同处理中,SPAD、F_v/F_m、Φ_PSⅡ、株高和地径为重度酸雨＞中度酸雨＞对照;不同pH酸雨梯度处理和季节的交互作用对秃瓣杜英的SPAD、F_v/F_m、株高和地径的影响显著,而对Φ_PSⅡ、光化学淬灭系数和非光化学淬灭系数的影响不显著.     

模拟降水变化和土壤施氮对浙江古田山5个树种幼苗生长和生物量的影响

为了探讨古田山地区5个树种—秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、木荷(Schima superba)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼苗的生长和生物量及其分配对添加氮肥和减少降水的响应, 在野外设置了双因素氮肥(对照和施氮)和降水(自然降水(对照)和减少降水)控制试验, 氮肥的施入量为10 g·m^-2·a^-1 NH₄NO₃, 分别于每年5月初和7月初各施5 g·m^-2·a^-1, 减少降水处理是减少自然降水的30%。经过3个生长季的处理发现: 1)施氮显著促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的苗高和基径的生长, 并且对秃瓣杜英和枫香的促进作用经过1个生长季的处理就表现出来, 而木荷在经过2个生长季后才表现出来; 2)施氮显著促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的全株生物量以及各部分生物量的增长, 而只增加了马尾松的侧枝和叶片生物量以及青冈的侧枝生物量; 3) 2个生长季的施氮处理提高了秃瓣杜英和木荷的叶重比以及枫香和青冈的枝重比, 3个生长季的施氮处理促进了秃瓣杜英、枫香和木荷的茎重比以及青冈和马尾松的枝重比, 地上干物质分配比例的增加以地下干物质分配比例减小为代价, 施氮后显著降低了秃瓣杜英、枫香、木荷和青冈的根重比和根冠比; 4) 降水减少30%对各树种的生长均无显著影响。     

5种常见水土保持树种的气体交换特性研究

为了了解水土保持树种的气体交换特性,对无患子(Sapindus mukorossi)、南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)和毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)等常见树种的光合蒸腾特性进行研究。结果表明,香樟、无患子、南酸枣和毛竹的净光合速率(Pn)日变化曲线呈双峰型,有明显的"光合午休"现象;秃瓣杜英的Pn日变化曲线则呈单峰型,未出现"光合午休"现象。5种树种的Pn以香樟毛竹无患子南酸枣秃瓣杜英;蒸腾速率(Tr)以香樟无患子毛竹南酸枣秃瓣杜英;水分利用效率(WUE)以秃瓣杜英毛竹南酸枣无患子香樟。单因素方差分析表明:不同树种间的Tr、气孔导度(Gs)和WUE存在显著差异,而Pn和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)的差异不显著。相关性分析表明,Pn与Tr、Gs和光合有效辐射(PAR)呈正相关关系;Tr与Gs呈正相关关系,与WUE呈负相关关系;Gs与WUE呈负相关关系;Ci与PAR和空气CO2浓度(Ta)呈负相关关系。香樟和无患子的Tr相对较大,而WUE较低,在养护过程应加强浇水及遮阴以降低其水分蒸腾的速率;秃瓣杜英、南酸枣和毛竹的Tr相对较低,而WUE相对较高,能够科学地利用土壤水分,可适应较干燥的外界环境。     

广州南沙番石榴枯萎病的病原菌

近年来,以枝条萎蔫、枝干干枯直至整株枯死为典型症状的番石榴枯萎病在广州南沙区严重发生。为明确该病害的病因,我们进行了病害调查、标本采集、病原菌分离和致病性测定;通过病原菌的显微形态比较和基于多基因系统发育分析,鉴定了病原菌种类;通过对寄主不同部位接种,测定了病原菌对寄主根、茎干和果的侵染能力。结果表明,引起广州南沙番石榴枯萎病的病原菌为番石榴纳氏霉Nalanthamala psidii,该菌不仅能从有伤的枝条侵染造成整株枯死,还能从根部侵染,使植株生长明显减缓,最终造成植株枯死,此外还可以侵染果实造成腐烂症状。本研究明确了广州南沙发生的番石榴枯萎病与中国台湾、马来西亚和南非报道的番石榴立枯病是一种病害,均是由番石榴纳氏霉侵染引起,为该病害的侵染特性及防控技术研究提供理论依据。     

江西竹蝗的发生及防治概况

竹蝗是竹林的最大害虫。全国分布地区有:四川、湖南、广西、江西、福建、广东、湖北等八省,发生面积约达三百余万亩。竹林被害严重时,株株竹子都只剩下光枝秃杆,满山枯黄,有如火烧(图1,图2)。新竹受害一次,就要枯死;壮     

模拟酸雨和镉复合处理对秃瓣杜英生长和荧光参数的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨(pH 3.0和pH 5.6)和镉(Cd 50和Cd 100)复合污染以及对照处理(CK)对秃瓣杜英(Elaeocarpus glabripetalus)的生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明:单独的酸雨处理显著增加了植株总生物量的积累,促进了根和叶片生物量的分配,降低了茎干生物量的分配,且显著降低了叶片中的镉含量。单独镉处理下,Cd 50显著增加了植株生物量的积累,促进了根和叶片生物量的分配,Cd 100虽抑制了植株生物量的积累,但生物量分配几乎不受影响。复合处理促进了植株根和叶片生物量的分配,降低茎干生物量分配,且降低了根冠比,其中pH 5.6+Cd 100显著促进了植株生物量的积累。所有处理的荧光参数与对照无显著差异,说明未对植株的PSⅡ反应中心产生显著影响。镉在植株体内的积累为:根茎叶。酸雨强度和镉浓度的交互作用对生物量,镉含量和F0影响显著。因此,秃瓣杜英对酸雨和镉的复合污染有较强的耐受能力。     

湘中丘陵区石栎群落研究

以湘中丘陵区石栎 (L ithocarp us glaber)群落为调查研究对象 ,分析了群落的特征 ,定量计测了乔木层主要树种的生态位宽度和重叠值。结果表明 ,石栎群落垂直结构较为复杂 ,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层 ,亦有少量的层间植物。群落的优势种较明显 ,乔木层的物种多样性指数较高。主要树种生态位宽度值大小顺序为 :石栎、苦槠、木荷、白栎、拟赤杨、南酸枣和柏木。在生态位重叠值中 ,以优势种石栎与白栎、柏木、枫香、樟树、拟赤杨、木荷、南酸枣、苦槠、秃瓣杜英重叠值较大 ,枫香与苦槠的重叠值最小 ,石栎与马尾松、君迁子属中等重叠     

香蕉幼苗三类有机小分子溶质对尖孢镰刀菌侵染的生理响应

为阐明香蕉枯萎病发病机制,研究了尖孢镰刀菌侵染后,香蕉植株中几种对尖孢镰刀菌生长有显著作用的物质(氨基酸、有机羧酸、酚酸)种类和含量的变化。结果表明:(1)病原菌侵染后,伤害逐渐加剧,株高和生物量显著下降。(2)病原菌侵染后,叶片氨基酸总量显著升高,其中丝氨酸、缬氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸和亮氨酸增幅较大,病原菌侵染16 d,其含量分别为侵染前的7.1、6.2、4.4、3.5和2.3倍;而根氨基酸总量开始显著降低,差异逐渐变小。(3)叶片有机羧酸酸含量在病原菌侵染后显著增加,而在根中显著降低。侵染植株叶片中草酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸和延胡索酸含量分别是未侵染植株叶片的2.6、1.6、1.9、1.8和2.3倍;根中草酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、琥珀酸和延胡索酸含量分别是未侵染植株的81%、42%、44%、28%和59%。(4)病原菌侵染后,植株叶片和根中酚酸含量都显著升高。叶片中阿魏酸、肉桂酸和水杨酸含量分别是未侵染叶片的2.9、1.7和2.9倍;而根中对羟基苯甲酸和丁香酸含量分别是未侵染根的4.3和1.5倍。研究结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌侵染后,植物与病原菌的相互作用使得植物体内抑菌物质和促菌物质都会相应的增加,植株对病害有一定的抗性,但促菌物质种类和含量较高最终使得感病植株发病。     

蔓割病不同抗性甘薯品种的茎部细胞结构观察

蔓割病是我国南方薯区甘薯主要病害之一,本研究采用直接观察、显微和超微结构观测等方法,对高抗、中感和高感蔓割病的3个甘薯品种(高抗品种:金山57,中感品种:热薯1号,高感品种:新种花)接种蔓割病菌28 d植株充分发病后其茎基部细胞的侵染结构进行了观察。结果表明,在用清水作对照处理时,3个品种茎部组织的细胞形态和结构正常且完整,细胞代谢强。高抗品种金山57无论是接种组还是对照组,均未发现病原菌丝的存在,其茎下部、中部和上部细胞结构相对完整。中感品种热薯1号,蔓割病菌从其茎基部侵入后导致茎基部细胞破损坏死,而中部寄主-病原互作较为活跃和典型,造成养分运输受阻,茎基部接种后病原菌丝会沿着寄主茎部的维管束和其他组织一直向寄主的茎部末端蔓延,遭受侵染后的部位其细胞反应与高感品种新种花类似。高感品种新种花遭受蔓割病原菌侵染后,病原菌菌丝从茎基部新鲜剪口侵入后进入表皮细胞、皮层、维管束并在甘薯茎基部蔓延至中部、上部,直至寄主整株枯死,甘薯茎的木质部导管出现侵填体,质壁分离;与此同时,细胞壁的沉积物及乳突在病原菌的入侵处形成,各种无定型物质或纤丝构成的织网迅速包围入侵菌丝。     

枣果实病害侵染与发病时期的研究

从河北沧州的不同枣树品种上,定期采集枣树组织分离,调查枣果病害病菌的侵入时期.结果表明,病原菌在枣树枝条萌芽期就开始侵染,金丝小枣的主要病原菌的侵染顺序为:链格孢(Alternaria alternata)最先侵染,细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)其次,梭壳孢菌(Fusicoccum sp.)和橄榄色盾壳霉(Coniothyrium olivaceum)最后侵染:冬枣的主要病原菌的侵染顺序为:梭壳孢菌(Fusicoccum sp.)最先侵染,细极链格孢(Alternariatenuissima)其次,链格孢(Alternariaalternata)最后侵染;梨枣的主要病原菌的侵染顺序为:细极链格孢(Alternariatenuissima)最先侵染,链格孢(Alternariaalternata)其次,橄榄色盾壳霉(Coniothyrium olivaceum)最后侵染.金丝小枣、冬枣、梨枣的果实发病高峰期均为9月下旬.     

Changes in growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Ocimum sanctum under growth regulator treatments

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on growth characteristics such as root length, shoot length, total leaf area, number of inflorescence per plant, number of flower per inflorescence, whole plant fresh weight and whole plant dry weight. Photosynthetic characteristics were also analyzed based on the same experiment. For this, various photosynthetic pigment contents such as chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin and xanthophyll content were calculated. The conventional growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) and non-conventional growth regulator triazole compound paclobutrazol (PBZ) were used. Root length increased due to growth regulator treatment, but shoot length decreased. Leaf area was decreased due to growth regulator treatment. The number of inflorescence increased in ABA treated plants, but it was decreased in PBZ treated plants. In ABA treated plants, the number of flowers per inflorescence was increased. In PBZ treated plants the number of inflorescence was reduced. The whole plant fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) were increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants. There was an increase in chlorophyll content in growth regulator treated plants compared to control, and it was more in PBZ treated plants. The carotenoid content was also increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.     

Differences in response to drought stress among highbush blueberry plants propagated conventionally and by tissue culture

Abstract

The effects of drought stress on the morphological and physiological features of highbush blueberry Brigitta Blue plants were investigated. The plants were propagated conventionally by stem cutting (SC) and tissue culture (TC). Micropropagated plants originating from axillary (TC-Ax) and adventitious (TC-Ad) shoots were separated. An additional group consisted of plants propagated several times by stem cuttings, derived from TC mother plants (TC/SC). Different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (3% and 7%) were applied to induce drought stress. Parameters such as dry and fresh weight, water content, shoot elongation as well as chlorophyll fluorescence and content were measured. The effect of PEG treatment varied in plants of different origin. Shoot elongation was mainly inhibited in SC plants, whereas TC/SC plants exhibited a stronger reduction of photosystem II efficiency. Fm and Fv differences between TC plants propagated by axillary or adventitious shoots were also observed under control conditions. These epigenotypes also differed in shoot elongation under 7% PEG treatment. The obtained results confirmed the influence of the propagation method of highbush blueberry plants not only on morphological traits, but also on the physiological status.     

Brassinosteroid-induced accumulation of complex oxylipins in flax leaves

The effect of the steroid plant hormone 24-epibrassinolide on the content and composition of complex oxylipins in plants was studied for the first time, using flax as a model plant. In plants treated with the plant hormone, as well as in plants inoculated with Pectobacterium atrosepticum, the content of linolipins (galactolipids containing divinyl ether residues) increased. Hormonal pretreatment of the plants with subsequent infection resulted in a more significant accumulation of linolipins B (21-fold) and A (2.8-fold) as compared to the untreated (control) plants. The data suggest that brassinosteroids are involved in the regulation of the formation of complex oxylipins in pathogenesis of plants.     

Sex-biased herbivory: a meta-analysis of the effects of gender on plant-herbivore interactions

We used sets of meta-analyses to review the evidence of sex-biased herbivory in dioecious plants as well as intersexual differences in plant characteristics that might affect herbivores. Thirtythree studies were reviewed to assess the effects of plant sex on herbivore abundance, survivorship and damage imposed to host plants, whereas 54 studies were reviewed for the effects of plant sex on plant morphological, physiological, and nutritional characteristics. The standardized mean difference between males and females was chosen as the measure to calculate effect sizes. Male plants exhibited significantly higher numbers of herbivores (d++=1.074) and significantly higher herbivory measured in terms of plant damage (d++=0.577) compared to female plants. Effects of plant sex on herbivore abundance were stronger for folivores and gallformers compared to the other guilds, whereas effects of plant sex on herbivore damage were stronger for flower predators compared to browsers and folivores. No difference in herbivore survivorship was observed between sexes. Male plants exhibited significantly more leaves (d++=0.202), larger leaves (d++=0.91), fewer flowers (d++=−0.89) and longer stems (d++=0.614) than female plants. Although male plants exhibited significantly lower concentrations of secondary compounds (d++=−0.209) and other defenses (d++=−0.53) than female plants, no difference in nutrient concentration, such as foliar nitrogen, was observed between sexes.     

Changes in growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Ocimum sanctum under growth regulator treatments

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of growth regulators on growth characteristics such as root length,shoot length,total leaf area,number of inflorescence per plant,number of flower per inflorescence,whole plant fresh weight and whole plant dry weight.Photosynthetic characteristics were also analyzed based on the same experiment.For this,various photosynthetic pigment contents such as chlorophyll,carotenoid,anthocyanin and xanthophyll content were calculated.The conventional growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) and non-conventional growth regulator triazole compound paclobutrazol (PBZ) were used.Root length increased due to growth regulator treatment,but shoot length decreased.Leaf area was decreased due to growth regulator treatment.The number of inflorescence increased in ABA treated plants,but it was decreased in PBZ treated plants.In ABA treated plants,the number of flowers per inflorescence was increased.In PBZ treated plants the number of inflorescence was reduced.The whole plant fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) were increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.There was an increase in chlorophyll content in growth regulator treated plants compared to control,and it was more in PBZ treated plants.The carotenoid content was also increased in ABA and PBZ treated plants.     

Multitrophic interactions involving genetically modified potatoes, nontarget aphids, natural enemies and hyperparasitoids

Genetically modified (GM) potatoes expressing a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cystatin) have been developed as an option for the management of plant parasitic nematodes. The relative impact of such plants on predators and parasitoids (natural enemies) of nontarget insects was determined in a field trial. The trial consisted of GM plants, control plants grown in soil treated with a nematicide and untreated control plants. The quantity of nontarget aphids and their quality as hosts for natural enemies were studied. Aphid density was significantly reduced by nematicide treatment and few natural enemies were recorded from treated potatoes during the study. In contrast, similar numbers of aphids and their more abundant predators were recorded from the untreated control and the GM potatoes. The size of aphids on GM and control plants was recorded twice during the study. During the first sampling period (2-9 July) aphids clip-caged on GM plants were smaller than those on control plants. During the second sampling period (23-30 July) there was no difference in aphid size between those from the GM and control plants. Host size is an important component of host quality. It can affect the size and fecundity of parasitoid females and the sex ratio of their offspring. However, neither the fitness of females of Aphidius ervi, the most prevalent primary parasitoid, nor the sex ratio of their progeny, were affected when the parasitoids developed on aphids feeding on GM plants. Two guilds of secondary parasitoid were also recorded during the study. The fitness of the most abundant species, Aspahes vulgaris, was not affected when it developed on hosts from GM plants. The transgene product, OC I Delta D86, was not detected in aphids that had fed on GM plants in the field, suggesting that there is minimal secondary exposure of natural enemies to the inhibitor. The results indicate that transgenic nematode resistance is potentially more compatible with aphid biological control than is current nematicide use.     

Investigations on the Activity of Cell Wall-degrading Enzymes in Young Wheat Plants After Infection with Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (From) Deighton

In earlier investigations, it has been demonstrated that Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton is capable of producing pectolytic and cellulolytic enzymes as well as hemicellulases in vitro. The investigation of enzyme activity in extracts from wheat plants infected with P. herpotrichoides (isolates 21e and R6) and from non-infected plants revealed the activity of the following enzymes: pectin methylesterase (PME), polymethylgalacturonase (PMG), pectin lyase (PL), carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), xylanase and arabanase. Compared to non-infected plants, the enzyme activity in infected plants was considerably higher; in some experiments, only traces of enzyme activity could be found in control plants. The difference in the enzyme activity in infected as compared to non-infected plants was, in most cases, statistically significant, especially beginning at the end of the second week after inoculation.
The enzyme activity depended on the temperature during plant cultivation; with the exception of pectin methylesterase (PME), the activity of all investigated enzymes increased with temperature and the highest activity was found in plants grown at 20°C. The highest PME activity was measured in plants grown at 10°C; the activity of this enzyme was generally lower at 15 and 20°C.     

Effect of natural amino alcohols on the yield of essential amino acids and the amino acid pattern in stressed barley

Summary By application with 2-aminoethanol (2-AE) and choline chloride (CC) in pot experiments the effect of drought stress on barley plants was diminished. In treated plants an increase of the grain yield by 14% (2-AE) and 40% (CC) and a decrease of the stress metabolites glycine betaine and trigonelline was observed. Additionally, treated barley plants showed higher yields of essential amino acids as well. The contents of proline (stress indicator) and arginine (precursor of the stress metabolite putrescine) of treated plants were by 12% and 22% respectively, lower than in untreated plants.     

Tests for transmission of cherry leaf roll virus using Longidorus, Paralongidorus and Xiphinema nematodes

The ability of 10 nematode species to transmit three strains of cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV) was tested by three methods: (1) virus-infected source plants and virus-free bait plants were grown concurrently in nematode-infested soil, (2) as for (1) but virus source plants were removed before bait plants were planted, and (3) nematodes were extracted from soil after access to virus source plants, and were added to pots containing bait plants. The occurrence of galls on roots showed that nematodes fed both on source and on bait plants in all experiments and, in some experiments, CLRV was detected by direct assays (slash tests) of Longidorus elongatus, L. leptocephalus and Paralongidorus maximus. Although the nematodes readily transmitted control viruses, for which they are known to be vectors, CLRV was detected by root assays in only a few bait plants exposed to L. elongatus, L. macrosoma, Xiphinema diversicaudatum or L. leptocephalus + X. vuittenezi in tests by method 1. The recovery of CLRV in these tests is interpreted as being due to contamination. These results add to the increasing circumstantial evidence against the involvement of nematodes in the transmission of CLRV. Other possible mechanisms of spread are discussed.