缓冲神经在刺激兔下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩中的作用

1.静脉注射氰化钾(0.3mg/kg)可引起血压升高和室性心律失常,并能使刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩增多。去除双侧窦神经后,上述现象消失。2.刺激降压神经时,刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩显著减少。3.切断双侧缓冲神经后短时内,刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩极度增多,并且不易被躯体传入冲动所抑制。二小时后,这种室性期前收缩减少,且可为刺激腓深神经所抑制。4.电刺激延髓中线区不仅可以降低血压,而且能减弱刺激下丘脑诱发的升压反应、抑制刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩。损毁该区后,刺激腓深神经不再能抑制刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩。5.上述结果表明:化学感受性反射能易化刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩,而压力感受性反射可以抑制这种室性期前收缩,但躯体传入冲动对这种心律失常的抑制作用并不依赖于缓冲神经的存在,而有赖于延髓中线核群的完整性。     

安定降低家兔血压和减少刺激下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩的机制分析

家兔62只,用乌拉坦(700mg/kg)和氯醛醣(35mg/kg)静脉麻醉,三碘季铵酚制动,在人工呼吸下进行实验。用电刺激下丘脑近中线区的方法诱发室性期前收缩(HVE)。静脉注射安定(0.5mg/kg)可降低基础血压(BP),减弱刺激下丘脑引起升压反应(指收缩压峰值SBP_(max))和减少HVE。在双侧延髓腹外侧头端区(rVLM)微量注射氟安定(200μg溶于0.5μl中),γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)(6μg溶于0.5μl中)均能降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE,若微量注射印防己毒素(7.5μg溶于0.5μl中)则可使BP上升并增多HVE。而于双侧延髓腹外侧尾端区(cVLM)微量注射同样剂量氟安定、GABA则无上述反应。安定降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE的作用可被双侧rVLM区微量注射GABA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱(3μg溶于0.5μl中)或印防己毒素所消除,但在双侧rVLM区微量注射甘氨酸受体拮抗剂士的宁(1μg溶于0.5μl中)、阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮(0.5μg溶于0.5μl中)、胆碱能阻断药阿托品(0.25μg溶于0.5μl中)、东莨菪碱(1.5μg溶于0.5μl中)后仍然存在。 上述结果提示,在双侧rVLM应用GABA受体拮抗剂可消除安定降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE的作用,安定降低BP、SBP_(max)和减少HVE的作用可能通过GABA这一中间环节,而胆碱能受体、阿片受体、甘氨酸受体可能不起重要作用。     

脑内P物质在谷氨酸兴奋腹内侧核引起的升压反应中之作用

目的：分析谷氨酸兴奋下兵脑腹内侧核（NVM）引起升压反应的机制。方法：大鼠脑内或静脉注射不同药物,记录血压和心率的变化。结果：①L－谷氨酸（Glu)兴奋NVM、P物质（SP）注入背内侧核（NDM）室旁核（NPV）或延髓头端腹外侧区（RVL）均引起升压反应;②NVM升压反应可被双侧NDM、NPV或PVL内预先注射[D-Pro^2,D-Phe^7,D-Trp^9]-P物质（SP拮抗剂）衰减,但RVL内注射阿托品无此效应;③酚妥拉明（i.v.）也能使NVM升压反应减小,而心得安或甲基阿托品（i.v.）对该升压反应无影响。结论：兴奋NVM可通过NDM（SP受体）,作用于NPV（SP受体）升压区和RVL（SP受体）－交感缩血管神经系统产生升压反应。心交感和心迷走神经不参与该反应。     

延髓中线区在躯体传入冲动抑制刺激兔下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩中的作用

于兔延髓中线区闩部头端处微量注射5-HT 受体阻断剂肉桂硫胺(4μg溶于2μl中)可减弱躯体传入冲动对刺激下丘脑诱发的室性期前收缩(HVE)的抑制效应;微量注入阿片受体阻断剂纳洛酮(4μg溶于2μl中)则可完全消除此抑制效应。损毁延髓中线区后,中脑中央灰质微量注入5-HT 或吗啡均不再能抑制 HVE。上述现象提示,躯体传人冲动抑制 HVE 的效应依赖于延髓中线区内啡肽和5-HT 的活动,中脑中央灰质内5-HT 和内啡肽对 HVE 的抑制作用也可能主要是通过延髓中线区的活动而实现。文中还就躯体传入冲动抑制 HVE 的中枢机制进行了讨论。     

刺激兔下丘脑近中线区对心功能的影响

1.刺激兔下丘脑近中线区可出现血压、左内压上升、瞳孔扩大以及一系列驱体运动等类似于发生防御反应的现象,间有心律失常出现。反复刺激之,可导致心输出量减少,心肌缺血等心功能损害。2.刺激下丘脑近中线区时出现的窦性心动过缓、窦房暂停等与迷走神经的作用有关。而过早搏动则与交感兴奋对心肌β受体的作用以及血压升高、心室负荷骤然增高的关系较为密切。3.反复刺激下丘脑近中线区所引起的心肌缺血、心输出量减少等。心功能损害主要与儿茶酚胺对心肌β受体的刺激有关。     

家兔蓝斑复合核区对刺激下丘脑诱发室性期前收缩的影响

实验在72只乌拉坦,氯醛醣麻醉兔上进行,用三碘季铵酚制动,由人工呼吸机维持通气。用电刺激下丘脑近中线区的方法诱发室性期前收缩(HVE)。在蓝斑复合核区(Lc-Sc)微量注射吗啡(4μg溶于2μl中)可抑制 HVE;而微量注射乙酰胆碱(ACh)(50μg溶于2μl中)则可易化HVE。ACh 对 HVE 的这种易化效应可被中脑中央灰质(CG)或延髓中线区内微量注射心得安(20μg溶于2μl中)消除,但在 CG 或延髓中线区内微量注射酚妥拉明(10μg溶于1μl中)后仍存在。在 Ic-Sc 区微量注射纳洛酮(4μg溶于2μl中)或 ACh(50μg溶于2μl中),或用弱电流刺激一侧 Ic-Sc 区,均可阻断刺激腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制作用。电介损毁双侧 Lc-Sc 区后,刺激腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制效应有所增强。上述结果提示,吗啡和 ACh 对 Lc-Sc 区活动发生相互拮抗的影响。在 Lc-Sc 区微量注射 ACh,可能经 CG 及延髓中线区而发挥对 HVE 的易化作用。腓深神经对 HVE 的抑制效应并不依赖于 Lc-Sc 区的结构完整性。但 Lc-Sc 区的活动能抑制腓深神经的抑制效应。     

刺激兔下丘脑防御反应区时脑脊液内亮啡肽免疫活性增强

用放射免疫测定法观察到,电刺激兔下丘脑防御反应区时,中脑导水管末端的脑脊液样品内亮啡肽免疫活性明显增强。结果提示,下丘脑防御反应区兴奋时脑内亮啡肽释放增多。     

家兔延髓腹侧防御反应相关神经元

实验在25只乌拉坦(700m/kg)、氯醛糖(35mg/kg)麻醉,肌肉麻痹,人工呼吸的家兔上进行。第一组16只家兔中,单或双脉冲刺激下丘脑和中脑防御反应区,在延髓腹侧记录刺激所兴奋的单位。大部分单位分布于网状巨细胞核腹侧α部。52％的单位有自发放电活动。用阈下强度同时刺激下丘脑和中脑,97％单位有兴奋反应,提示家兔下丘脑和中脑防御反应区在延髓腹侧有聚合投射。第二组9只家兔中,在延髓腹表面单侧应用甘氨酸滤纸片或电凝损毁时,血压轻度下降,刺激下丘脑和中脑防御反应区引起的升压反应也部分被阻断。双侧应用甘氨酸或损毁,血压下降到脊动物水平,升压反应几乎完全被阻断。上述结果提示家兔延髓腹侧神经元在维持正常血压水平和在中继防御反应传出通路中起重要作用。     

躯体传入冲动对刺激兔下丘脑诱发期前收缩的抑制作用

1.以低频、低强度方波刺激腓深神经或正中神经可以抑制由刺激下丘脑引起的期前收缩。若电刺激过强或刺激腓浅、挠浅、前臂外侧皮神经则无此作用。2.刺激躯体神经对期前收缩的抑制作用与迷走神经及心室后负荷无密切关系,很可能是通过抑制心交感中枢紧张性来实现的。3.刺激下丘脑诱发的期前收缩可为中央灰质内微量注入吗啡所抑制,而为微量注入纳洛酮所增多,微量注入纳洛酮并可阻断躯体传入冲动对期前收缩的抑制作用。表明此种抑制作用有脑内鸦片受体与吗啡样物质参与。     

腹部迷走神經对血压的作用

(一)电刺激猫腹部迷走神经中枢端和外周端与兔腹部迷走神经中枢端均引起快速升压反应,而刺激兔腹部迷走神经外周端则为降压反应。无论刺激其中枢端或外周端在猫均伴有明显的瞳孔扩张,而兔则无此现象。 (二)刺激动物腹部迷走神经引起的升压反应是通过延脑血管舒缩中枢所致的交感性缩血管作用,其中枢端的加压效应主要是由颈迷走神经传入的,猫外周端的加压效应则是由内脏大神经传入。腹部迷走神经与内脏大神经中传入纤维的联系机制尚待研究。 (三)兔腹部迷走神经外周端的降压效应可能通过中枢和局部两种因素的作用而实现。中枢的作用系经内脏大神经传入,而外周的局部作用既不能被阿托品所取消,也不能被依色林所加强,但却能为抗组织胺药所抑制,其机制还有待进一步阐明。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.