结肠癌肿瘤干细胞的研究进展

肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cell,CSC)是一小群能够自我复制和分化的细胞,它既具有干细胞的特征,又有自身独有的特点。结肠癌中肿瘤干细胞的发现为治愈结肠癌提供了新的治疗策略。目前关于结肠癌中肿瘤干细胞的分选标记和分子细胞学特性研究较多,但仍然存在较多争议。     

MACC1与结肠癌的研究进展

MACC1(metastasis-associated in colon cancer1)是最近被报道的一种在结肠癌中调控肿瘤生长和转移的重要基因.MACCI作为诱导肿瘤转移发生的HGF/Met信号旁路的调控者,有可能作为肿瘤的早期阶段预测是否发生远处转移的一个生物学指标.MACC1可能成为结肠癌预后评估及进行个体化治疗方案制定的指标,可能成为肿瘤基因治疗的重要靶点.因此,研究MACCI与结肠癌的关系在对于肿瘤的防治有其重要的意义.本文结合国内外文献就MACCI在结肠癌发生发展及其转移过程的研究进展作一综述.     

PDIA1 和EF1D 在左侧和右侧结肠癌差异表达的实验研究

目的:初步确定蛋白质二硫化异构酶A1和延伸因子1-delta为左侧和右侧结肠癌中差异表达蛋白,为左侧和右侧结肠癌在肿瘤生物学方面的差异提供分子遗传学依据。方法:收集人左侧结肠癌(LSCC)和右侧结肠癌(RSCC)组织标本,进行二维凝胶电泳、质谱分析和生物信息学分离和鉴定左右侧结肠癌中差异表达蛋白质,进一步应用RT-PCR、Western Blot和免疫组织化学技术检测蛋白质二硫化异构酶A1和延伸因子1-delta在左侧和右侧结肠癌中的表达状态。结果:筛选并成功鉴定出左侧和右侧结肠癌中16种差异表达蛋白质,与右侧结肠癌比较,10种蛋白在左侧结肠癌表达上调,6种蛋白在左侧结肠癌表达下调,其中蛋白质二硫化异构酶A1在左侧结肠癌中表达上调,延伸因子1-delta在左侧结肠癌中表达下调,并通过RT-PCR、Western Blot和免疫组化方法证实了在左侧和右侧结肠癌中该两种蛋白表达的差异,与蛋白质组学结果一致。结论:左侧结肠癌和右侧结肠癌的蛋白质组存在差异,其中蛋白质二硫化异构酶A1和延伸因子1-delta在mRNA和蛋白水平均存在差异,这些可能是左侧和右侧结肠癌生物学行为差异的原因。     

S100A11在结肠癌的表达及其与临床特征的关系

目的:探讨S100A11在结肠癌和正常肠粘膜组织中的表达及其与患者临床特征的的关系。方法:采用RT-PCR、WesternBlotting技术,检测S100A11在24例结肠癌及正常肠粘膜中的表达,并分析S100A11与患者年龄,性别,临床病理分型之间的关系。结果:S100A11mRNA在结肠癌组织的表达量(0.944+0.032)高于正常肠粘膜组织中的表达量(0.828+0.079),两组比较差异有统计学意义(p<0.05)。S100A11蛋白在结肠癌组织中的表达量(0.951+0.02)高于在正常肠粘膜组织中的表达量(0.860+0.05),两组比较差异有统计学意义(p<0.05)。但与患者临床特征之间比较差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)。结论:S100A11在结肠癌组织中表达量高于正常肠粘膜组织,提示其与结肠癌的发生和发展有关.是判断结肠癌生物学行为的有价值的参考指标。     

缺氧诱导因子(HIFs)在肾癌发生中的作用及其分子机制

肾癌是一种常见的泌尿系统肿瘤,但在临床上对转移性肾癌的治疗手段还非常有限。缺氧是实体肿瘤微环境的一个重要的基本特征。近年来基于分子机制和临床研究的数据表明,低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factors, HIFs)在肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma, RCC)的发生发展中发挥着至关重要的作用。HIF是一类介导细胞适应低氧状况必需的转录激活因子,由α亚基和β亚基组成。研究已经证实,在RCC中HIF-1α和HIF-2α具有相反的作用,前者作为肿瘤抑制因子,而后者作为癌基因发挥功能。本文综述了HIF信号通路在RCC发生发展中的作用及其分子机制,并对靶向HIF信号通路治疗RCC的进行了探讨,以期指导临床肾细胞癌的精准化治疗和进一步的研究。     

封面图片介绍

正结肠癌(colon cancer)是源自结肠部位的常见消化道恶性肿瘤,主要发生部位为乙状结肠与直肠的交界处,以未分化癌、腺癌、黏液腺癌居多,呈息肉状、溃疡型等形态。大部分结肠癌的主要发病因素为高脂肪、低纤维素饮食习惯以及机体衰老,少部分则因为遗传疾病。结肠癌在早期并无明显症状,直到发病中晚期发现为止,其潜在症状包括疲倦感、体重骤降、排便方式改变、便中带血或黏液等。目前检查结肠癌的方式主     

PDIA1和EF1D在左侧和右侧结肠癌差异表达的实验研究

目的：初步确定蛋白质二硫化异构酶A1和延伸因子1-delta为左侧和右侧结肠癌中差异表达蛋白,为左侧和右侧结肠癌在肿瘤生物学方面的差异提供分子遗传学依据。方法：收集人左侧结肠癌（LSCC）和右侧结肠癌（RSCC）组织标本,进行二维凝胶电泳、质谱分析和生物信息学分离和鉴定左右侧结肠癌中差异表达蛋白质,进一步应用RT—PCR、WesternBlot和免疫组织化学技术检测蛋白质二硫化畀构酶A1和延伸因子1-delta在左侧和右侧结肠癌中的表达状态。结果：筛选并成功鉴定出左侧和右侧结肠癌中16种差异表达蛋白质,与右侧结肠癌比较,lO种蛋白在左侧结肠癌表达上调,6种蛋白在左侧结肠癌表达下调,其中蛋白质二硫化异构酶A1在左侧结肠癌中表达上调,延伸因子1-delta在左侧结肠癌中表达下调,并通过RT-PCR、Western Blot和免疫组化方法证实了在左侧和右侧结肠癌中该两种蛋白表达的差异,与蛋白质组学结果一致。结论：左侧结肠癌和右侧结肠癌的蛋白质组存在差异,其中蛋白质二硫化异构酶A1和延伸因子1—delta在mRNA和蛋白水平均存在差异,这些可能是左侧和右侧结肠癌生物学行为差异的原因。     

左半结肠癌和右半结肠癌基因差异表达谱的建立

目的:初步探索左半结肠癌和右半结肠癌中基因表达的差异,为左右半结肠癌生物学特性上的差别提供分子遗传学依据。方法:以左右半结肠癌组织为研究对象,提取组织总RNA,依次进行样品RNA进行荧光标记,杂交和清洗,芯片扫描和芯片图像的采集和数据分析。结果:成功建立了左半结肠癌,左半结肠癌旁,右半结肠癌,右半结肠癌旁的基因表达谱,应用SAM软件分析比较得到左半结肠癌与右半结肠癌的差异基因共有11个,包括乳酸脱氢酶B链,泛素D,磷脂酰-4-3磷酸激酶C2-α,FAT,双特异性蛋白磷酸酶2,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4抑制剂D,酪蛋白激酶-1结合蛋白,突触结合蛋白-13,锌指蛋白560,公认未定性蛋白,IgGFc结合蛋白。左半结肠癌旁与右半结肠癌旁的差异基因共有4个,包括金属蛋白酶7,早期生长反应蛋白1,左半结肠癌旁组织中下调的基因包括突触孔蛋白,膜相关磷脂酶A2基因。结论:左半结肠癌和右半结肠癌以及相应癌旁组织中存在差异表达基因,这些基因表达的差异可能是左右半结肠癌生物学性质差异的分子遗传学基础。     

基于免疫组织化学、组织芯片和RNA测序数据分析MACC1在结直肠癌的临床病理学意义

目的 探讨结肠癌转移相关基因-1(metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1,MACC1)在结直肠癌(colorectal carcinoma,CRC)的表达及临床病理意义.方法 免疫组织化学检测MACC1在77例CRC及其正常黏膜组织的表达及分析其临床病理意义.HPA和GEPIA数...     

P-糖蛋白对结肠癌多药耐药的影响

结肠癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤。对术后患者以及无法采用手术治疗的患者,临床多采用化疗、放疗等综合性治疗方法。随着大量化疗药物在临床的广泛使用,结肠癌多药耐药性成为化疗失败的最主要原因。研究表明,P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)作为ATP结合盒(ABC)转运蛋白超家族成员之一,与多种肿瘤的多药耐药相关,其介导的多药耐药已经成为目前研究的热点。本文旨在通过对P-糖蛋白的结构、耐药机制以及逆转P-糖蛋白介导的结肠癌多药耐药新发现进行阐述,引导读者对P-糖蛋白在结肠癌多药耐药中的作用有更深入的了解。     

Molecular Pathway Analysis Indicates a Distinct Metabolic Phenotype in Women With Right-Sided Colon Cancer

Colon cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Recent reports have shown that the location of the primary tumor is of clinical importance. Patients with right-sided colon cancers (RCCs) (tumors arising between the cecum and proximal transverse colon) have poorer clinical outcomes than those with left-sided colon cancers (LCCs) (tumors arising between the distal transverse colon and sigmoid colon, excluding the rectum). Interestingly, women have a lower incidence of colon cancer than men, but have a higher propensity for RCC. The reason for this difference is not known; however, identification of sex-specific differences in gene expression by tumor anatomical location in the colon could provide further insight. Moreover, it could reveal important predictive markers for response to various treatments. This study provides a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of various genes and molecular pathways that correlated with sex and anatomical location of colon cancers using four publicly available annotated data sets housed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Gene Expression Omnibus. We identified differentially expressed genes in tumor tissues from women with RCC, which showed attenuated energy and nutrient metabolism when compared with women with LCC. Specifically, we showed the downregulation of 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase alpha subunit (AMPKα) and anti-tumor immune responses in women with RCC. This difference was not seen when comparing tumor tissues from men with RCC to men with LCC. Therefore, women with RCC may have a specific metabolic and immune phenotype which accounts for differences in prognosis and treatment response.     

HomeoboxC6 promotes metastasis by orchestrating the DKK1/Wnt/β-catenin axis in right-sided colon cancer

Patients with right-sided colon cancer (RCC) generally have a poorer prognosis than those with left-sided colon cancer (LCC). We previously found that homeobox C6 (HOXC6) was the most significantly upregulated gene in RCC compared to LCC. However, it remains unclear whether HOXC6 plays a role in tumor proliferation and metastasis. Our study aimed to explore the potential oncogenic role and the detailed molecular mechanism of HOXC6 in RCC. In this study, HOXC6 was validated to be overexpressed in RCC and associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, overexpression of HOXC6 promoted the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells through inducing EMT by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and inhibition of DKK1 secretion. Lastly, we preliminary explored the translational effect of HOXC6 and found that silencing of HOXC6 made HCT116 and HT29 cells more sensitive to irinotecan.Subject terms: Colon cancer, Growth factor signalling     

Colon cancer specific nuclear matrix protein alterations in human colonic adenomatous polyps

Most colon cancers arise within preexisting adenomatous polyps or adenomas. The slow evolution from the non-invasive premalignant lesion, the adenomatous polyp, to invasive cancer supports a strategy of early detection. Recently, we identified unique nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) specific for colon cancer (CC2, CC3, CC4, CC5). Most of the NMPs identified are common to all cell types, but several identified NMPs are tissue and cell line specific. The objective of this study is to describe and characterize the NMP profile of premalignant adenomatous colon polyps. Specifically when in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence four specific colon cancer NMPs, previously described, appear. Using two-dimensional (2-D) gel analysis 20 colon polyps (one juvenile polyp, six tubular adenoma (TA), seven tubulovillous adenoma (TVA), six TVA with focal high-grade dysplasia (HGD), were analyzed for the presence of four (CC2, CC3, CC4, CC5) specific NMPs. CC2 was not seen in any of the premalignant polyps. CC5 was present in only two premalignant TVA with HGD and in one TA. CC3 and CC4 were present in most adenomas. None of the NMPs were seen in the juvenile polyp, which is not considered to be a precursor of colon cancer. CC2 and CC5 are NMPs expressed at the junction of an advanced adenoma and invasive colorectal cancer. CC3 and CC4 are expressed earlier in the evolution of adenomatous polyps. Development of an assay to these proteins may serve as a new method for early detection of colorectal cancer.     

GNG4, as a potential predictor of prognosis,is correlated with immune infiltrates in colon adenocarcinoma

The tumour microenvironment (TME) and immunosuppression play an important role in colon cancer (CC) metastasis, which seriously affects the prognosis of CC. G protein subunit gamma 4 (GNG4) has been shown to participate in tumour progression and the tumour mutation burden (TMB) in colorectal cancer. However, the effect of GNG4 on the CC TME and immunology remains elusive. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed for screening aberrantly expressed genes associated with the immune score, and GNG4 was then selected through prognostic and immune correlation analysis. Based on RNA sequencing data obtained from the TCGA and GEO databases, the expression pattern and immune characteristics of GNG4 were comprehensively examined using a pan-cancer analysis. Upregulation of GNG4 was linked to an adverse prognosis and immune inhibitory phenotype in CC. Pan-cancer analysis demonstrated higher GNG4 expression in tumours than in paired normal tissue in human cancers. GNG4 expression was closely related to prognosis, TMB, immune checkpoints (ICPs), microsatellite instability (MSI) and neoantigens. GNG4 promoted CC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and participated in immune regulation in the TME. Significantly, GNG4 expression was found to negatively correlate with tumour-infiltrating immune cells, ICP, TMB and MSI in CC. GNG4 expression predicted the immunotherapy response in the IMvigor210 cohort, suggesting that GNG4 could be used as a potential biomarker in CC for prognostication and immunology. Moreover, the expression of GNG4 predicted the immunotherapy response of ICB in CC.     

Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived exosomal microRNA-24-3p enhances colon cancer cell resistance to MTX by down-regulating CDX2/HEPH axis

MicroRNA-24-3p (miR-24-3p) has been implicated as a key promoter of chemotherapy resistance in numerous cancers. Meanwhile, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can secret exosomes to transfer miRNAs, which mediate tumour development. However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of CAF-derived exosomal miR-24-3p in colon cancer (CC). Hence, this study intended to characterize the functional relevance of CAF-derived exosomal miR-24-3p in CC cell resistance to methotrexate (MTX). We identified differentially expressed HEPH, CDX2 and miR-24-3p in CC through bioinformatics analyses, and validated their expression in CC tissues and cells. The relationship among HEPH, CDX2 and miR-24-3p was verified using ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. Exosomes were isolated from miR-24-3p inhibitor–treated CAFs (CAFs-exo/miR-24-3p inhibitor), which were used in combination with gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments and MTX treatment. CCK-8, flow cytometry and colony formation assays were conducted to determine cell viability, apoptosis and colony formation, respectively. Based on the findings, CC tissues and cells presented with high expression of miR-24-3p and low expression of HEPH and CDX2. CDX2 was a target gene of miR-24-3p and could up-regulate HEPH. Under MTX treatment, overexpressed CDX2 or HEPH and down-regulated miR-24-3p reduced cell viability and colony formation and elevated cell apoptosis. Furthermore, miR-24-3p was transferred into CC cells via CAF-derived exosomes. CAF-derived exosomal miR-24-3p inhibitor diminished cell viability and colony formation and increased cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibited tumour growth in vivo under MTX treatment. Altogether, CAF-derived exosomal miR-24-3p accelerated resistance of CC cells to MTX by down-regulating CDX2/HEPH axis.     

Effect of rs67085638 in long non-coding RNA (CCAT1) on colon cancer chemoresistance to paclitaxel through modulating the microRNA-24-3p and FSCN1

It has been reported that rs67085638 in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA)-CCAT1 was associated with the risk of tumorigenesis. Also, CCAT1 could affect chemoresistance of cancer cells to paclitaxel (PTX) via regulating miR-24-3p and FSCN1 expression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of rs67085638 on the expression of CCAT1/miR-24-3p/FSCN1 and the response of colon cancer to the treatment of PTX. 48 colon cancer patients were recruited and grouped by their genotypes of rs67085638 polymorphism as a CC group (N = 28) and a CT group (N = 20). PCR analysis, IHC assay and Western blot, TUNEL assay and flow cytometry were conducted. LncRNA-CCAT1 and FSCN1 mRNA/protein were overexpressed, whereas miR-24-3p was down-regulated in the CT-genotyped patients and cells compared with those in the CC-genotyped patients and cells. The survival of colon cancer cells was decreased, whereas the apoptosis of colon cancer cells was increased by PTX treatment in a dose-dependent manner. MiR-24-3p was validated to target lncRNA-CCAT1 and FSCN1 mRNA, and the overexpression of CCAT1 could reduce the expression of miR-24-3p although elevating the expression of FSCN1. Knockdown of lncRNA-CCAT1 partly reversed the suppressed growth of CT-genotyped tumours. And the knockdown of lncRNA-CCAT1 partly reversed the dysregulation of lncRNA-CCAT1 and FSCN1 mRNA/protein in rs67085638-CT + NC shRNA mice. The findings of this study demonstrated that the presence of the minor allele of rs67085638 increased the expression of CCAT1 and accordingly enhanced the resistance to PTX. Down-regulation of CCAT1 significantly re-stored the sensitivity to PTX of colon cancer cells.     

RTN4对于结肠癌细胞增殖的调控作用

2018年全球癌症统计调查显示,结直肠癌约占患癌新病例的12.1%。因此,寻找新的结肠癌发生有关的基因,发现新的治疗靶点显得尤为迫切。通过数据库分析发现,RTN4基因的表达水平与结肠癌患者生存率的相关性具有统计学意义。针对RTN4基因构建其干扰质粒,将慢病毒作为载体转染结肠癌HCT116细胞中构建敲低RTN4的结肠癌细胞系,最后检测了低表达后RTN4基因的细胞增殖。结果发现,敲低RTN4基因后显著促进了结肠癌细胞HCT116的增殖,研究通过Western blot观察敲低RTN4后HCT116细胞自噬通路相关蛋白p62和LC3的表达情况,发现与对照组相比较,敲低RTN4组LC3转化量（LC3-II/LC3-I）增多,而p62蛋白减少。研究分析了RTN4的潜在抑癌作用,发现敲低RTN4基因会显著增强结肠癌细胞的增殖能力,并且诱导自噬,说明RTN4可能与激活LC3/p62自噬途径有关。