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1.
Thirty-two barley cultivars grown in Spain, 18 of the two-row type and 14 of the six-row type, were screened for plant regeneration
from cultured immature embryos. Although there was much variation in regeneration capacity among the cultivars, plants were
obtained from all cultivars except Almunia. No statistical differences were found in the percentage of regeneration between
two- and six-row types. The influence of the auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, dicamba, and picloram on the induction
and maintenance of embryogenesis and regeneration capacity after 3–4 months in culture, were evaluated for cultivars Cobra,
Hop and Reinette. Hop had the highest rates of maintenance of embryogenic capacity and plant regeneration. The medium containing
dicamba gave the best embryogenic callus induction, maintenance and regeneration. Five regeneration media, differing in growth
regulators and micronutrient composition, as well as partial desiccation of the calli before regeneration, were tested. The
regeneration medium containing 10 μm copper sulfate gave the best results. Regeneration frequencies after 3–4 months in culture of cultivar Hop were raised from
59.5 to 93.7% in this medium. Silver nitrate and partial desiccation of the calli also enhanced plant regeneration, but the
medium containing 10 μm of silver nitrate reduced root formation.
Received: 30 October 1997 / Revision received: 3 April 1998 / Accepted: 17 April 1998 相似文献
2.
Induction of somatic embryogenesis and adventitious shoots from immature leaves of cassava 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Direct somatic embryogenesis was successfully achieved from immature leaves of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultured on induction medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or naphthaleneacetic acid. Changing the duration of induction or changing plant growth regulators resulted in differences in regeneration of somatic embryos or adventitious shoots. The results showed that auxin was a key factor for inducing embryogenic cells. The embryogenic cells were mainly induced within 4–12 days. Only if the embryogenic cells were induced, the auxin enhanced formation of somatic embryo whereas 6-benzylaminopurine stimulated development of adventitious shoots. Histological examinations supported the conclusion. 相似文献
3.
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature embryo cultures of onion (Allium cepa L.) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Somatic embryos were obtained and plants regenerated from immature embryos of onion following culture on embryogenic induction
media. Highest rates of somatic embrogenesis resulted from 0.5- to 1.5-mm immature embryos cultured on media containing 5
mg/l of picloram. Somatic embryos formed either directly on the surface of embryos or developed from compact cultures. The
production of somatic embryos was significantly affected by the addition of auxin, embryo size and cultivar. The potential
of somatic embryogenic cultures for plantlet regeneration has been maintained for over 1 year in some lines. Three types of
immature-embryo-derived cultures were characterized by histology. Some cultures were morphologically similar to immature-embryo-derived
embryogenic cultures of other monocotyledonous species. Cultures such as these have proven to be useful target tissues in
transformation studies.
Received: 16 December 1997 / Revision received: 23 February 1998 / Accepted: 13 March 1998 相似文献
4.
Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature embryos of five families of Quercus acutissima 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Immature embryos of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth.) were obtained from five seed families and cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium containing 1
g/l l-glutamine and 5 mM proline and supplemented with 1.0 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid and 1.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine. The frequency of somatic embryogenesis
from immature embryos was a function of the collection date and seed family. The highest frequency of explants forming somatic
embryos was obtained with seeds of family Chungnam 11, i.e. 7 weeks post-fertilization (90.9%) and 9 weeks post-fertilization
(91.2%). No response was shown by families Chungnam 14, 15 and Jeonbook 29 (0%), at 10 weeks post fertilization. During germination,
the highest frequency of epicotyl formation was obtained with Chungnam 11 (44.0%) or Chungnam 15 (43.5%), and the highest
rate of radicle formation was shown by Chungnam 11 (26.1%). The most responsive seed family with respect to the formation
of both epicotyl (43.5%) and radicle (26.1%) was Chungnam 11. Twenty plantlets were transplanted to a perlite:peatmoss:vermiculite
(1:1:1) soil mixture, and 8 plants survived in the field.
Received: 6 December 1996 / Revised version received: 18 April 1997 / Accepted: 10 May 1997 相似文献
5.
Somatic embryogenesis from mature leaves of rose (Rosa sp.) 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Several plant growth regulators (0.3–53.3 μm 6-benzyladenine, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, gibberellic acid, 3-indoleacetic acid, p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, kinetin and α-naphthylacetic acid), alone or in combination, and culture conditions were tested for their capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis
from mature leaf and stem explants of rose (Rosa sp.) of four commercial rose cultivars (Baccara, Mercedes, Ronto and Soraya). Somatic embryos were only induced from mature
leaf explants derived from Soraya on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 53.5 μm
p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4.6 μm kinetin, although satisfactory callus induction rates were obtained from all cultivars. After subculturing on the same medium,
embryos at various developmental stages (globular, heart and torpedo shaped) were transferred for maturation onto a MS medium
supplemented with 5.2 μm 6-benzyladenine and 5.7 μm 3-indoleacetic acid. Germination of mature embryos took place after subculturing them onto medium of the same composition.
Plantlets regenerated from embryos and bearing three to four leaves were transferred to a greenhouse.
Received: 4 February 1997 / Revision received: 28 August 1997 / Accepted: 1 October 1997 相似文献
6.
Summary A method of clonal propagation via somatic embryogenesis of date palm, cultivar Barhee, which has potential for large scale commercial application as well as for developmental studies on embryos is described. Cultures were initiated from shoot tip and immature inflorescence explants, both of which were capable of development into embryogenic callus. When the embryogenic callus was cultured in liquid suspension on a rotary shaker, hundreds of embryos developed from milligram quantities of callus in a fairly synchronous manner. Scanning electron microscopy showed globular, heart-shaped and torpedo-shaped embryos. Green leaves emerged from a white cotyledonary sheath. 相似文献
7.
J. Ponsamuel N. P. Samson P. S. Ganeshan V. Sathyaprakash G. C. Abraham 《Plant cell reports》1996,16(3-4):210-214
Embryogenic callus development, plant regeneration, and plant recovery were achieved from immature cotyledon explants of cultivated tea, when cultured on MS basal medium. The somatic embryo induction frequency was influenced when the medium was supplemented with 1 M auxin (NAA, NOA, 2,4-D, TPB, and PBOA) in combination with cytokinin (0.5 M BA, KIN) or 10% CM. The highest somatic embryo induction frequency was obtained using PBOA + BA or PBOA + KIN treatments. All auxins except 2,4-D stimulated rhizogenesis using 0.8% and l.5% agar concentrations, and differentiation of a characteristic swelling and friable callus from the exposed surface of the explant that remained nonembryogenic. Conversely, the novel auxins TPB and PBOA at 1 M concentration with 3% or 6% agar, produced somatic embryo induction, while at 0.8% and 1.5% produced nonembryogenic callus. Explants isolated proximal to the zygotic embryonal axis showed a greater somatic embryo induction frequency than did the distal explants. The embryogenic competence was maintained through repetitive embryogenesis for a period of over 18 months. The somatic embryos developed into plantlets when incubated on hormone-free medium. The conversion frequency was increased by 50% in MS medium containing 1 M Brassin and 0.8% agar. Concentration of agar at 3% and 6% decreased the conversion frequency and promoted anomalous plantlet development. The normal plantlets were treated with 1 M IAN, 1 M Brassin and 10 Phloroglucinol in liquid MS medium for 15 d, where profuse lateral roots were induced favoring a high rate of plant recovery. 相似文献
8.
Somatic embryogenesis from immature inflorescences of oil palm 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Immature inflorescences of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) var. Pisifera were inoculated onto modified MS medium containing 0.3% (w/v) activated charcoal and 475 M 2,4-D. After 2—3 months of culture, a hard yellow callus proliferated at the base of the shoot-like structures. The high incidence of phenolic oxidation required the use of increased levels of activated charcoal (0.5% w/v) and 2,4-D (500 M). Development of floral structures from inflorescence expiants was frequently observed during the culture period. After 81 weeks of culture, an embryogenic tissue characterized by compact consistency and pearly white color was observed in tissues derived from very young inflorescences. This compact embryogenic tissue differentiated into normal somatic embryos when transferred onto regeneration medium containing NAA (15 M) and ABA (2 M). Normal plantlets were recovered from these somatic embryos after 8 weeks on regeneration medium.Abbreviations 2, 4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- NAA
1-naphthaleneacetic acid
- ABA
abscisic acid
- PVP-40
polyvinylpyrrolidone 相似文献
9.
Immature zygotic embryos of six ecotypes (Nd-0, Ler, C24, Col-0, Nossen, Ws-2) of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. were cultured in vitro. The same ecotypes, except Nossen, were used for studies on leaf protoplast culture. Experimental
conditions for the induction of somatic embryos were established in both culture systems. In the case of immature zygotic
embryos, the parameters investigated were the influence of developmental stage of the explant, the ecotypes used, and various
concentrations and combinations of growth regulatory substances (phytohormones). In the ecotype Ler, structures were discovered
which were very similar to those found in the early stages of zygotic embryogenesis: globular structures at the end of a suspensor-like
single file of cells were frequently observed. In the case of leaf protoplasts, high efficiencies of colony formation and
plant regeneration occurred in Ws-2 and C24. A novel type of cell division pattern was found in Col-0 and C24, again highly
reminiscent of the early division patterns in zygotic embryos. Similarities and differences between zygotic and somatic embryogenesis
are discussed.
Received: 2 August 1996 / Accepted: 4 February 1997 相似文献
10.
Mature embryos of Acanthopanax senticosus explanted on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.5 mg/1 2,4-D developed somatic embryos directly from swollen cotyledon and embryo axes within one to two months. When the somatic embryos were transferred to medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.5 mg/1) or IAA (1–3 mg/1) or Zeatin (0.5 mg/1) and NAA (0.2 mg/1), additional somatic embryos developed. Most (93%) embryos germinated on the above medium without 2,4-D. Sixty-two percent of the plantlets survived in soil. Histological observations revealed that the somatic embryos originated from cell masses of epidermal and sub-epidermal origin. There was no cytological separation zone between the somatic embryos and cultured expiants. Consequently, embryos were difficult to separate from their expiant tissue. 相似文献
11.
D. Laurain J.-C. Chénieux J. Trémouillaux-Guiller 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》1996,44(1):19-24
Immature zygotic embryos ofG. biloba were taken, at various developmental stages, from ovules harvested in November 1993. Zygotic embryos showing the beginning of the cotyledonary development cultured on modified Murashige & Tücker (1969) media proliferated intensely. In fact, 98.5% of the immature zygotic embryos produced embryogenic and undifferentiated tissues (calluses), in proportions varying depending on the hormonal composition of the induction media. After two weeks of culture, direct embryogenesis was observed on the hypertrophic cotyledons when benzyladenine 10 M was used as the sole plant growth regulator in the induction media. The addition of different concentrations of NAA (5–10–20 M) and of BA (5 M) to the induction media led to an indirect embryogenesis after two months, when the calluses were transferred to the development media without auxin. The highest frequency of embryogenic tissues (90–95%) and the highest number of somatic embryos per explant (9.6) were obtained with benzyladenine (10 M) as the sole exogenous growth factor. Some embryos isolated mechanically or in situ on the callus developed as far as the later cotyledonary stage.Abbreviations AUX
Auxin
- BA
Benzyladenine
- CYT
Cytokinin
- IZE
Immature zygotic embryo
- MT
Murashige & Tücker (1969) medium
- NAA
Naphtaleneacetic acid 相似文献
12.
We established a plant regeneration system for Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) via somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic tissues were successfully induced on three kinds of Smith media from megagametophyte explants containing pre-cotyledonary embryos of C. obtusa plus-trees. Factors affecting somatic embryo maturation were examined. The concentration of polyethylene glycol 4000 in the medium was a critical factor for embryo maturation and its effective concentration was 150 g/l. The addition of 30 g/l maltose to the medium had a positive effect on embryo maturation, but sucrose was ineffective. The mature somatic embryos germinated at a germination frequency of approximately 60%, and the presence of activated charcoal was effective in stimulating plantlet growth. The plantlets acclimatized successfully in a greenhouse. To our knowledge, this is first report describing details of a plant regeneration method for C. obtusa via somatic embryogenesis.Abbreviations ABA
Abscisic acid
- PEG
Polyethylene glycol 4000
- SM1
Smith Standard Embryonic Tissue Capture Medium
- SM2
Smith Standard Embryogenesis Medium
- SM3
Smith Embryo Develop Medium 相似文献
13.
Summary Immature zygotic embryos from open-pollinated and selfed Carica papaya L. fruits, 90 to 114 days post-anthesis, produced 2 to 20 somatic embryos on apical domes, cotyledonary nodes, and radicle meristems after culture for three weeks on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 to 25 mg l–1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 400 mg l–1 glutamine, and 6% sucrose. After six weeks of culture, about 40 to 50% of the zygotic embryos had become embryogenic, and each embryogenic embryo yielded hundreds of somatic embryos within five months of culture on media supplemented with 2,4-D. Somatic embryos matured on half-strength MS medium, germinated on MS medium containing 5 mg l–1 kinetin, and grew large enough for greenhouse culture on MS medium. Shoots were rooted in vermiculite and grown in the greenhouse.Journal Series no. 3449 of the Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources 相似文献
14.
Dr. F. J. Zapata K. C. Sink 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1981,59(5):265-268
Summary One to five percent of Lycopersicon peruvianum (L.) Mill. leaf mesophyll protoplasts undergo cell division and concomitant organization to form embryogenic-like structures when cultured in Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) containing 3% sucrose, 9% mannitol, 1.0 mg/l kinetin (K) and 1.0 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at pH 5.6–5.8 (medium A). These embryogenic structures, after passing through developmental stages similar to those observed in zygotic embryogeny, are capable of forming shoots on hormone-free medium A. In medium B, wherein 0.5 mg/l of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) replaced the hormones (K and NAA), embryogenic structures did not develop. However, callus originating in medium B retained morphogenetic capacity as was evidenced by subsequent shoot regeneration when they were transferred to medium A with K and NAA replaced by 1.0 mg/l zeatin (Z). The potential value of incorporating this regeneration trait into Lycopersicon species and cultivated lines for use in tissue culture programs is discussed.Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Journal No. 9676 相似文献
15.
B. Cuenca M. C. San-José M. T. Martínez A. Ballester A. M. Vieitez 《Plant cell reports》1999,18(7-8):538-543
Internodal and leaf segments from pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings were used as explant source to induce somatic embryogenesis. Auxin treatment influenced embryogenic response, which
only occurred in explants initially cultured on media containing 4 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and different benzyladenine
(BA) concentrations. After 6 weeks of culture on induction medium, the explants were transferred to medium supplemented with
0.1 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA, and 4 weeks later, they were subcultured in a growth-regulator-free medium, in which somatic
embryos arose through indirect regeneration on the surface of a nodular callus. Somatic embryos were induced in explants of
two out of four seedling provenances. The induction frequency ranged from 16% in leaf explants to 4% in internodal explants.
Somatic embryos developed two cotyledons, which were translucent or opaque-white in appearance, but anomalous morphologies
were also observed. Different embryogenic lines were established and maintained by repetitive embryogenesis in multiplication
medium containing 0.1 mg/l BA plus 0.05 mg/l NAA. These results indicate that tissues from explants other than Q. robur zygotic embryos are able to produce embryogenic cultures.
Received: 14 July 1998 / Revision received: 2 November 1998 / Accepted: 6 November 1998 相似文献
16.
W. A. Parrott 《Plant cell reports》1991,10(1):17-21
Cotyledons from immature embryos of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cv. Osceola were exposed to 2,4-D or NAA to induce somatic embryogenesis. NAA at 10 or 20 mg 1–1 was very inefficient at stimulating embryogenesis, while concentrations of 30 or 40 mg 1–1 resulted in death of the explant tissue. Continuous exposure of cotyledons to 40 mg 1–1 2,4-D resulted in somatic embryos which were arrested at the globular stage, or which underwent cycles of secondary embryogenesis, never proceeding beyond the globular stage. A 10 day exposure time to 2,4-D at the same concentration led to formation of somatic embryos, most of which had poorly developed cotyledons. Almost 10% of the somatic embryos converted into plants following transfer to medium devoid of growth regulators. Attempts to improve morphology of somatic embryos by using shorter exposure times to 2,4-D at 40 mg 1–1, or by maintaining the 10 day exposure time while varying the concentration of 2,4-D, were not successful. Plants were obtained from all parents evaluated, although at different frequencies. 相似文献
17.
Developing embryos from immature seeds were excised and cultured. Optimal proliferation of differentiated secondary embryos occurred on Murashige-Skoog media containing 7% sucrose, 0.1 M 2,4-D, and 0.1–1.0 M zeatin. Higher levels of auxins inhibited embryo proliferation. Secondary embryos were subcultured to produce more embryos. The results indicate the feasibility of clonal propagation of meadowfoam.Abbreviations 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- BA
6-Benzyladenine 相似文献
18.
A protocol has been developed for achieving somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from petiole-derived callus of Heracleum candicans Wall. Callus was initiated on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l–1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg l–1 BAP and subcultured on a medium containing double strength MS macrosalts, 1 mg l–12,4-D and 0.25 mg l–1 Kn. Numerous globular embryos were formed on the surface of the callus upon transfer to auxin-rich MS medium that lacked
cytokinins. The globular embryos differentiated into mature embryos only when 2,4-D was removed from the medium. Mature embryo
formation was significantly influenced by the pH of the medium and the addition of AgNO3 and ABA. Eighty-five percent of the somatic embryos were converted into plantlets when transferred to a medium supplemented
with 0.01 mg l–1 BAP and 0.01 mg l–1 IBA. The regenerated plants have been established in soil and appear to be identical to the parent plants in morphology and
chromosome number.
Received: 5 November 1997 / Revision received: 9 February 1998 / Accepted: 19 February 1998 相似文献
19.
W. Craig A. Wiegand C. M. O'Neill R. J. Mathias J. B. Power M. R. Davey 《Plant cell reports》1997,17(1):27-31
Efficient and reproducible plant regeneration has been established from stem internode explants of Moricandia arvensis, a crucifer of special interest due to its C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic activity. Somatic embryogenesis was induced in one-third of explants cultured on Murashige and
Skoog based medium containing 9 mm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. High frequencies of plant regeneration (>90%) resulted when somatic embryos were germinated
on medium lacking growth regulators. Regenerated plants were diploid, fertile and morphologically similar to seed-derived
plants of M. arvensis. This is the first report of somatic embryogenesis in M. arvensis. This plant regeneration system should facilitate gene identification and localisation studies of C3-C4 physiology by insertional mutagenesis, a prerequisite for the isolation and transfer of genes involved in C3-C4 metabolism from Moricandia to cultivated brassicas.
Received: 28 November 1996 / Revision received: 30 January 1997 / Accepted: 15 February 1997 相似文献
20.
Summary The progeny of polyembryonic Secale cereale L., was used to study the in vitro response of the immature embryos. The formation of embryogenic calli was very high, and this response and its distribution was statistically different to that shown by the normal regenerated plants and the original population. This behaviour seems to be related to a genetic condition which favours the presence of supernumerary embryos, in vivo as well as in vitro. 相似文献