The lobular division,bronchial tree and blood vessels of the squirrel monkey lung

The lobular division, bronchial tree, and blood vessels in lungs of seven squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were examined from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. The right lung of the squirrel monkey consists of the upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes, whereas the left lung consists of the upper, middle, and lower lobes. These lobes are completely separated by interlobular fissures. In three of seven examples examined the left middle lobe was lacking. The squirrel monkey lung has four bronchiole systems, i.e. dorsal, lateral, ventral, and medial, on both sides. The upper lobes are formed by the first branches of the dorsal bronchiole systems. The middle lobes are formed by the first branches of the lateral bronchiole systems. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobes. In addition to the above lobes, in the right lung, the accessory lobe is present, being formed by the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, and then across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it runs between the dorsal bronchiole and lateral bronchiole systems along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus. During its course, the right pulmonary artery gives off the arterial branches which run along each bronchiole. These branches run mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of the bronchioles. In the left lung, the pulmonary artery and its branches run the same course as in the right lung. The pulmonary veins run mainly the ventral or medial side of the bronchioles, and between the bronchioles.     

The bronchial tree,lobular division,and blood vessels of the lung of the Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana)

The authors examined the lung of one Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana). The right lung consists of upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes, the upper and middle lobes being united dorsally. The accessory and lower lobes are separated from the other lobes by fissures. The left lung consists of a bi-lobed middle lobe and a lower lobe. These lobes are separated by an interlobular fissure. The Diana monkey has dorsal, lateral, ventral, and medial bronchiole systems on either side. The upper lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the lateral bronchiole system and the accessory lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles of the four bronchiole systems constitute the lower lobe. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, and then across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it runs between the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems, along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus. During its course, the right pulmonary artery gives off arterial branches running along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it follows the same course as in the right lung, giving off arterial branches. The pulmonary veins run along the ventral or medial side of the bronchiole, and between the bronchioles.     

The bronchial tree,lobular division,and blood vessels of the lung of the silvered lutong (Presbytis cristata)

The lungs of three silvered lutongs (Presbytis cristata) were examined. The right and left lungs have the dorsal, lateral, ventral, and medial bronchiole systems, which arise from the corresponding sides of both bronchi, respectively. Bronchioles in the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems are well developed, whereas those in the ventral and medial bronchiole systems are poorly developed and lack some portions. According to the fundamental structure of bronchial ramifications of the mammalian lung (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980), the right lung consists of the upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes, whereas the left lung consists of a bilobed middle lobe and a lower lobe, in which the right upper lobe is extremely well developed. The right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole, and then across the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Initially it runs along the lateral side of the right bronchus and then gradually comes to run along the dorsal side. During its course, it gives off branches which run mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of the bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole, and then follows the same course as that in the right lower lobe. The pulmonary veins run medially or ventrally to the bronchioles, and finally enter the left atrium as four or five large veins.     

The bronchial tree and lobular division of the chimpanzee lung

The bronchial ramification and lobular division in lungs of two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were examined from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy, on the basis of the fundamental structure of bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980). The right lung of the chimpanzee consists of the upper, middle, and lower lobes, whereas the left lung consists of the middle and lower lobes. The right and left lungs have the dorsal bronchiole system, lateral bronchiole system, and medial bronchiole system. The ventral bronchiole system is lacking on both sides. The right upper lobe is formed by the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system. The right middle lobe is formed by the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system, and the right accessory lobe bronchiole is lacking. The remaining bronchioles constitute the right lower lobe. In the left lung, the upper and accessory lobes are lacking. The well developed middle lobe is formed by the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system. The left lower lobe is formed by the remaining bronchioles. Furthermore, these bronchioles are compared with those of the human lung byBoyden (1955).     

The bronchial tree and lobular division of the gorilla lung

The bronchial ramification in one specimen of gorilla lung was examined from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy, on the basis of the fundamental structure of bronchial ramification in the mammalian lung (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980). The right lung of the gorilla consists of the upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes. The right lung has the dorsal, lateral, and ventral bronchiole systems, but the medial bronchiole system is lacking. The upper lobe is formed by the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system. The accessory lobe is formed by the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobe. The left lung consists of the middle and lower lobes; the upper and accessory lobes are lacking. The left lung has the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems, but the ventral and medial bronchiole systems are lacking. The middle lobe is formed by the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles constitute the lower lobe. The bronchial ramifications of the gorilla lung are rather similar to those of the human lung.     

The bronchial tree and lobular division of the lung of the white handed gibbon

The bronchial tree and lobular division of the lungs of four white handed gibbons (Hylobates agilis) were examined from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy, based upon the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramifications of the mammalian lung (Nakakuki, 1975, 1980). The right lung of the white handed gibbon consists of the upper, middle, lower, and accessory lobes, whereas the left lung consists of the middle and lower lobes. Each lobe is separated by the interlobular fissure, on both sides. The right and left lungs have the dorsal bronchiole system, lateral bronchiole system, and ventral bronchiole system. The medial bronchiole system is lacking on both sides. In the right lung, the upper lobe is formed by the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lobe is formed by the first brach of the lateral bronchiole system, and the accessory lobe by the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system. The remaining bronchioles constitute the right lower lobe. In the left lung, the upper lobe bronchiole, which is the first branch of the dorsal bronchiole system, is lacking. Therefore, the middle lobe bronchiole, i.e. the first branch of the lateral bronchiole system, is well developed. The accessory lobe bronchiole, the first branch of the ventral bronchiole system, is also lacking. The remaining bronchioles constitute the left lower lobe. These features were compared with those of other apes and man.     

Parturition in a free-ranging Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Parturition behavior of a multiparous female and her interactions with group members throughout the birth process were recorded for a free-ranging Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). The female showed evidence of 18 contractions during the 35 min prior to delivery, with a mean duration and a mean intercontraction interval of 30 sec and 96 sec, respectively. These values were similar to those in individually caged Japanese monkeys. Some adult females remained in proximity to the female who was giving birth during the prepartum phase, and her 2-year-old daughter watched the delivery of the infant. Even during the prepartum phase the female moved in order to keep up with the group which traveled from the feeding site to a sleeping site in the forest.     

Playmate relationships among individuals of the Japanese monkey troop in arashiyama

Observations of play behavior were made on a troop of Japanese monkeys for five months. The troop consisted of 125 animals during the study period. Only 104 animals were observed playing with the troop members while the other 21 animals were never observed playing with other individuals. Two-member play was the most frequent. On the average, a monkey played with 20.7 individuals. A total of 6,068 play bouts were observed. The frequency of play appeared to be affected by age, sex, and degree of relatedness. One-year-old infant males played most with other members and the frequency of play decreased with age. Between monkeys whose disparity of age was less than two years, 5,763 bouts (95.0% of the total) were observed. Moreover, among sameaged monkeys who comprised 10.6% of the possible pair combinations, 2,739 play bouts (45.1%) were observed. Juvenile males played with same-sexed peers more than with opposite-sexed peers, whereas older juvenile females appeared to play with infants of both sexes. Individuals who were related and similarly-ranked tended to play together. There was no apparent preference for animals to play with the offspring of the highest-ranking female. Dominance rank of infnats and juveniles was primarily affected by rank of their mothers and to a lesser extent by play partners. Dominance rank of older juvenile males is more likely to be affected by play partners than females. It may be a critical time for males when they leave their natal troop and join a new troop. The timing of troop shifting by males seemed to be affected by the presence or absence of play-mates. For male Japanese monkeys, play is very important in developing social bonds. Play may act to perpetuate social bonds, enhance the chance of survival, and may contribute to their future reproductive success.     

Studies on the fine structure of invertebrate blood vessels

Summary The position, structure and function of the valves within the lateral sinus of the medical leech, Hirudo medicinalis, are described on the basis of vital, light- and electron microscopy. In this species the valvular apparatus consists of multiple elongated fir cone-shaped fibrous villi surrounding the orifices of the latero-lateral and latero-dorsal vessel like a tentacular crest. Each villus is covered by a thin sheet of a continuous endothelium. The valves prevent the backflow of hemolymph during systolic contraction of the lateral sinus.The endothelium contains many small mitochondria and polyribosomes in the perinuclear cytoplasm and it develops deep projections into the underlying connective tissue. Each of these consists of a multilayered system of closely interwoven thin endothelial membranes. The endothelium is anchored to its basement membrane by means of a great number of poorly defined hemidesmosomes. The fibrous tissue of the villi consists mainly of a homogeneous vitreous matrix in which few cellular components and very fine filaments are dispersed. Close to the endothelium this matrix appears to be condensed to form a multilayered framework made out of a basement membrane-like material.Though the valves themselves are devoid of muscle cells, those situated at their base and thus belonging to the vascular wall proper, display some specific morphological features: in particular the nuclei of these cells show a distinct fibrous lamina. Moreover, these muscle cells seem to be innervated only by one type of axon, containing both small, lucent synaptic vesicles as well as some of the dense-core variety.These findings are compared with data from earlier works and are discussed in relation to the hemodynamic functions of this valvular apparatus.     

Successful artificial insemination for indoor breeding in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) and the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Methods of artificial insemination (AI) for indoor breeding in the Japanese monkey and the Cynomolgus monkey were investigated. For the Japanese monkey AI was carried out in six females during the winter mating season and in six females during the summer non-mating season. During the mating season, semen was inseminated near ovulation time in natural menstrual cycles. In the mating season study, three females inseminated at the uterine cavity became pregnant. Three inseminated at the cervical canal failed to become pregnant. For the non-mating season study, ovulation was induced artificially by PMSG and hCG and AI was carried out near the induced ovulation time. In the non-mating season, no animals became pregnant. Of four Cynomolgus monkeys used, pregnancy occurred in two animals inseminated near ovulation time in natural menstrual cycles. AI occurred at the uterine cavity in one and cervical canal in the other. In both species ovulation was verified by laparoscopy. Semen was collected by penile electro-stimulation then diluted to 2.5 to 5.0×10⁷/ml with Whitten's medium. Diluted semen of 0.2l was inseminated at the uterine cavity or cervical canal. Our results indicate the usefulness of vaginal AI as a method of artificial indoor breeding.     

Development of a congenitally malformed Japanese monkey in a free-ranging group during the first four years of life

A malformed male Japanese monkey completely lacking both hands was observed in a free-ranging situation to four years of age. He developed a locomotor pattern appropriate to his deformity, namely, bipedal walking on hind legs. He maintained a stronger bond with his mother than did normal same-aged male monkeys and retained the same high dominance ranking order as his mother. He did not show peripheralization as did normal juvenile monkeys. No social disadvantages based on his physical deficiencies were observed at least until the end of his fourth year of life.     

A case of diverticular disease of the colon in a Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Diverticular disease of the colon was detected in a female Japanese monkey by X-ray examination. The monkey was 15 years old and had been kept under captive conditions for nine years. Lack of appetite and activity, and constipation were observed. The monkey was given fiber-rich vegetables and wild plants, and its appetite and activity then improved. Based on a consideration of various factors, it is suggested that one possible cause of the diverticulosis in this case was a low dietary fiber intake.     

Characteristics of serial cross-sections of hairs of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata)

The characteristics of serial cross-sections of hairs collected from an adult male Japanese monkey were investigated. Cross-sections were made of five to eight pieces per hair. The shapes of the cross-sections were elliptical or rounded on the whole. The fibre indices of the sections ranged from 83 to 100. In particular, those of proximal (basal) sections were close to 100. The hair diameter was 86.4 μ at maximum and 27.2 μ at minimum. A tendency was observed for the longer hairs to have thicker diameters. The changes in thickness along the fibre shaft were slightly different in relation to hair length. The thickest point was at around the middle of the fibre in the intermediate hair, somewhat towards the top of the central part in the long hair, and somewhat towards the base in the short hair. The hair of the Japanese monkey, however, was considered to be scanty in changes along the fibre shaft in comparison with many other animals. Medullae could scarcely be seen in the short hair and in the terminal and proximal sections of all hairs. Their shapes in cross-section were not uniform and rough at the margins. The fibre-medulla indices were generally less than 30 and smaller than those of many other mammals. Pigmentary granules were observed in all sections examined. The granules were black-grey in sections of the black-grey coloured part and yellow in the yellowish sections. They were dense in distal sections and scarce in sections close to the base. The cross-sectional appearance of the thickest part of the long hair was considered to be useful for hair identification, since it was good in pigmentation and medullation and relatively small fibre index.     

Annual changes in hair length of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata)

The hair length of Japanese monkeys was investigated for a period of one year and the molting phenomenon was clarified. Nine monkeys were employed in the study. The molting of the Japanese monkey was found to be of a seasonal type and occurred once during the year. The molting continued for one to four months in each monkey. The hair of the Japanese monkeys was wholly replaced during the period from April to August. The hair length was thus short in summer, and long in winter. Hair replacement in pregnant females began after parturition and was generally later than that in other individuals. During molting, both new and old hairs could be observed simultaneously in the same region of the body. The hair replacement ended around summer when the hair became the shortest. The new hairs continued to grow after molting and became the longest towards autumn or winter. Thus, the summer coat and the winter coat were essentially the same in the Japanese monkey. Such annual changes in the hair of the Japanese monkey were considered to be suitable for the climate of Japan.     

A preliminary study on hair length in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata fuscata)

The hair length of Japanese monkeys was investigated. The hair of the Japanese monkey is long on the back and the lateral side of the upper arm and short on the back of the hand. There was variation in the length of hairs in the same region of the body. The distribution of hair length approximated to a normal curve and did not display any marked bias or skewness. The increase in length of hairs was remarkable from 0 to 1 year of age, and then continued at a constant rate. Sex differences in hair length were not so remarkable at any age.     

Evaluation of dynamic response and biomechanical properties of isolated blood vessels

In this study we present the experimental and mathematical model for a precise assessment of isolated blood vessels dynamic response under a sudden change of blood pressure. Only the end points within the time interval of the considered dynamic response of the blood vessel, or so-called “alternate steady states” of the processes, were usually considered in various studies. These studies do not provide an insight how the process variables change between these alternate steady states. Isolated blood vessels (rat abdominal aorta) were used to determine how the process dynamics can be described in detailed quantitative terms by mathematical parameters. The experimental model and mathematical procedures presented in this study describe precisely (at a high sensitivity level) the time history of the pressure and the diameter change in between alternate steady states, when an abrupt change of blood pressure occurs at the vessel outlet. Also, the experimental model and mathematical procedures were used to determine changes in the stress–strain law, caused by the action of L-arginine. The presented experimental design and mathematical model can be used for assessment of isolated blood vessel dynamic responses under different stimuli, such as drug effects, electrostimulation etc.     

Distribution of the pulmonary artery and vein in the lung of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

In the lung of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis), the right pulmonary artery runs across the ventral side of the right upper lobe bronchiole and the dorsal side of the right middle lobe bronchiole. Thereafter, it courses along the dorso-lateral side of the right bronchus, between the dorsal and lateral bronchiole systems. During this course, the right pulmonary artery gives off arterial branches running mainly along the dorsal or lateral side of each bronchiole. The left pulmonary artery runs across the dorsal side of the left middle lobe bronchiole, and is then distributed as in the right lower lobe. The pulmonary veins run mainly along the ventral or medial side of the bronchiole in the upper and middle lobes whereas, in the lower lobe, they run ventrally, and between the bronchioles. Finally they enter the left atrium as four large veins.     

Picrasins,simaroubolides of Japanese quassia tree Picrasma quassioides

From the Japanese quassia tree, Picrasma quassioides (Simaroubaceae), new bitter principles (simaroubolides), picrasin A, B, C, D, E, F and G have been isolated whose stereostructures have been elucidated on the basis of chemical and physical evidence. The relative bitterness of the picrasins and the related simaroubolides has been measured.     

Copulatory behavior unaccompanied by ovulation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

Copulatory behavior unrelated to conception is sometimes observed in some non-human primates including the Japanese monkey. In the present study, the authors examined whether a mature follicle or a newly formed fresh corpus luteum was observed in the ovaries of female Japanese monkeys which displayed the copulatory behavior unrelated to conception. Post-conception copulatory behaviors were observed in three out of four females usually kept in individual cages in an air-conditioned room, and in two out of three females without infants kept in an outdoor group cage. However, neither a mature Graafian follicle nor a fresh corpus luteum formed newly after conception was observed in any of these females by laparoscopic examinations conducted immediately after termination of the copulatory behavior. In females with infants born in the preceding birth season, copulatory behaviors were observed in three out of four females kept in the outdoor group cage, and in two out of four females in a free-ranging troop. Ovulation was confirmed in one case out of the three kept in the outdoor group cage, but neither a mature follicle nor a newly formed corpus luteum was observed in the remaining four females. These findings suggest that copulatory behavior in the Japanese monkey is not always controlled by the development of a follicle or ovulation in the ovary.     

Early postnatal growth of skeletal muscle blood vessels of the rat

The development of blood vessels during the first three postnatal weeks was studied in the ventral stripe of the spinotrapezius muscle of the rat by use of India ink-gelatine injections, and electron microscopy. The number of terminal arterioles and collecting venules remained unchanged postnatally in the observed area. A remarkable proximodistal gradient of vascular development was apparent: while the basic structure of the hilar vessels remained unchanged in the time studied, the intramuscular arteries and veins matured gradually. More peripherally, gradual maturation of terminal and precapillary arterioles was observed. The capillary endothelium and the pericytes showed immature features, and remained unchanged during the time studied. An intense rebuilding activity was found in the endothelial cells of the growing venules, expressed by various forms of gaps, covered by an intact basal lamina and pericytes. Numerous mast cells and macrophages were found along all vessels. Intramuscular lymphatics were not present prior to the first postnatal week.