鸽丘脑听觉中继核团传出神经投射的研究

应用神经示踪物生物素标记的葡聚糖对环鸽丘脑听觉中继核团的传出神经投射进行了研究。结果发现：（１）丘脑卵圆核的传出纤维投射至端脑新纹状体内侧的Ｌ２听区;（２）卵圆核壳的传出纤维投射至Ｌ１、Ｌ３和部分Ｌ２听区,在Ｌ区周围亦存在许多标记终末;（３）尾侧卵圆核壳的传出投射参与了卵圆核壳的形成并发出二束纤维分别投射至下丘脑腹内侧核和端脑新纹状体Ｌ区外侧的旁听区。本实验结果首次揭示在鸟类丘脑听中继核团、端脑新     

多巴胺的负调控中枢——缰核在抑郁症中的作用

腹侧被盖区(VTA)在大脑奖赏环路中起到核心调控作用。抑郁症中VTA的多巴胺能神经元电活动发生异常改变。近年来的研究发现,来自缰核的输入能够负调控VTA多巴胺神经元的电活动。在抑郁动物模型中,由于βCaMKII表达水平异常增加所引起的被过度活化的外侧缰核神经元,可以通过降低包括多巴胺在内的单胺水平,最终导致多种核心抑郁表型的产生。     

AVP免疫阳性反应在无蹼壁虎全脑的分布

目的为研究精氨酸加压素（Arginine Vasopressin）免疫阳性反应在无蹼壁虎全脑的分布。方法我们采用苏木素染色和免疫组织化学ABC法。结果发现AVP免疫阳性细胞在无蹼壁虎脑部的鲁卡斜角带核（nucleus of thedi—agonalband of Broca）、视上核（supraopticnucleus）、室旁核（paraventricular nucleus）分布较多,在室周视前区（periventricular preoptic area）、终纹床核（bed nucleusof the stria terminalis）、下丘脑外侧区（area lateralis hypothalami）、前脑外侧束（1ateral forebrain bundle）、室周核（periventricular nucleus）分布较少;AVP免疫阳性纤维除在嗅球、嗅束、大脑皮层、视叶、小脑皮层未见外,其它脑区均可见或多或少的阳性纤维;AVP阳性纤维在全脑投射广泛,且均与哺乳动物相似;AVP免疫阳性细胞数在PVN的6个部位呈中间阳性细胞数较多,两侧阳性细胞数较少（F=58．02,P〈O．001）。结论上述结果显示AVP免疫阳性反应在无蹼壁虎与哺乳动物脑区间存在相似性,提示AVP在无蹼壁虎脑区执行着类似于哺乳动物的生理功能。     

Orexin-A通路对胃运动的调控研究

目的:探讨下丘脑外侧核(LHA)-伏隔核(NAcc)orexin-A神经和功能通路构成及该通路对胃运动的影响及潜在机制。方法:将健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为逆行追踪组和胃运动组:逆行追踪组大鼠采用逆行追踪技术结合免疫荧光组织化学染色法,观察下丘脑外侧核-伏隔核间是否存在orexin-A神经通路;胃运动组大鼠通过在体胃运动研究,观察伏隔核内微量注射不同浓度orexin-A对大鼠胃运动幅度和频率的影响,以及电刺激下丘脑外侧核后,大鼠胃运动的变化及机制。结果:荧光逆行追踪结合荧光免疫组织化学染色结果显示:下丘脑外侧核内有荧光金和orexin-A双重标记的神经元。胃运动研究结果显示:伏隔核内微量注射orexin-A,大鼠胃运动幅度和频率显著增加,并呈现显著剂量依赖关系(P0.05),伏隔核预先微量注射SB-334867,可反转该效应(P0.05)。电刺激下丘脑外侧核,大鼠胃运动幅度和频率显著增强(P0.05)。同样,伏隔核内微量注射SB-334867,再电刺激下丘脑外侧核,电刺激导致的胃运动增强效应显著减弱(P0.05)。结论:下丘脑外侧核-伏隔核存在orexin-A神经和功能通路,该通路可能通过orexin-A受体介导参与胃动力和能量代谢调控。     

中脑多巴胺能神经元与鸣禽鸣唱行为

多巴胺(DA)与鸣禽的鸣唱行为密切相关.多巴胺能神经元主要分布于中脑VTA和SNc以及PAG,它们投射到前端脑鸣唱控制核团,调节鸣唱的学习和产生.研究表明,环境的改变会影响成鸟的鸣唱产生和幼鸟的鸣唱学习,而这种环境依赖性的鸣唱行为变化是由中脑内多巴胺能神经元的活动来介导的.本文重点介绍了近年来有关中脑多巴胺能神经元活动与鸣唱行为关系的研究进展.     

习惯化用药及其策略转换的神经环路调控机制

目标导向和习惯化行为策略转换缺陷是习惯化觅药行为形成的主要原因.以往认为,前额叶皮层对负责目标导向系统的背内侧纹状体控制能力的减弱介导了习惯化行为.然而,最新研究发现,背外侧纹状体(DLS)的直接通路和间接通路可选择性调控目标导向和习惯化系统.并且,运动皮层对DLS的投射可通过双向调节多巴胺D1受体(D1DR)和D2受体(D2DR)神经元突触可塑性,调控直接通路和间接通路间的协同或拮抗作用.近期研究还发现,杏仁核作为调控情绪的关键脑区,可通过中央杏仁核与基底外侧杏仁核间的功能迁移,从而介导习惯化觅药行为中伏隔核与DLS间的功能连接.此外,纹状体内D1DR和D2DR神经元对习惯化觅药行为的调控存在竞争关系.鉴于此,本文将重点讨论伴随习惯化用药形成发生行为策略转换缺陷相关的细胞特异性和环路特异性的脑功能异常机制.     

nov基因的表达与脑的种系发育分化平行相关

用地高辛标记的cRNA探针原位杂交组织化学方法研究了鲢、鸡、牛、犬和猫脑肾母细胞瘤过度表达是基因阳性神经元的比较发育。结果显示,低等脊椎动物鲢脑仅有少量nov mRNA阳性神经元,分布于延髓的迷走神经背核、三叉神经背核、丘脑前核、丘脑后核、下丘脑背侧核、下丘脑外侧核。鸡脑阳性神经元除广泛分布于脑干外,小脑、丘脑的多数核闭、下丘脑的背侧核、腹侧核和后核以及大脑纹状体等多数脑区也有一定分布。哺乳动物牛、犬和猛脑中nov mRNA阳性神经元广泛分布,在脑干、小脑、间脑和大脑都检测到强烈阳性信号。以上结果表明,在众低等脊椎动物到高等脊椎动物的进化过程中nov基因的表达也从低级中枢向高级中枢扩展,提示该基因的表达与脑的种系发育、脑功能的分化平行相关。     

黄喉鵐高级发声中枢及其壳区的神经投射和P物质在发声听觉中枢的分布

用生物素示踪法和P物质 (SP)免疫组化技术研究表明 :黄喉的高级发声中枢 (HVc)接受端脑听区 (L)、新纹状体中部界面核、新纹状体巨细胞核 (MAN)、丘脑葡萄形核、桥脑蓝斑核的传入 ,并有神经纤维投射到古纹状体栎核 (RA)和嗅叶X区 (X) ;HVc壳投射到RA壳并接受L的传入。听觉控制与学习通路与发声中枢之间有许多神经联系 ,提示黄喉发声学习依赖于听觉反馈。在HVc、RA和MAN有SP阳性细胞体 ,在X、中脑背内侧核和延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部、丘脑卵圆核壳区、中脑背外侧核壳区及中脑丘间核有SP阳性纤维和终末。SP广泛分布于发声 -听觉中枢 ,可能参与了它们的活动     

果糖暴食对大鼠下丘脑外侧核与伏隔核Orexin 神经元的影响

目的:探讨给予间歇性摄食大鼠模型(Intermittent Access Model[IAM])果糖是否可使IAM大鼠对果糖产生暴食行为,以及下丘脑外侧核(LHA)和伏隔核Orexin(ORX)神经元对果糖暴食行为的影响。方法:给予IAM大鼠4%、8%或12%的果糖溶液及生理盐水,观察和记录大鼠果糖摄入量及能否产生果糖暴食行为;测定果糖凝集反应大鼠伏隔核壳(NAc shell)、伏隔核核(NAc core)和背侧纹状体(Dorsal striatum)多巴胺受体(D1R、D2R)数目(Bmax)和受体亲和力(Kd);分别监测长期和短期IAM大鼠室旁核(PVN)、杏仁核(CeA)、伏隔核(NAc)等相关核团的C-Fos神经元活性(Fos-IR);给予长期IAM大鼠OX1R拮抗剂SB334867,记录大鼠摄食量。结果:长期IAM大鼠表现出果糖暴食行为,但相应的多巴胺受体数目并未改变。与对照组相比,果糖暴食组大鼠伏隔核c-Fos蛋白减少,神经元活性降低。短期IAM大鼠可产生果糖暴食但Fos-IR未改变。给予长期IAM大鼠OX1R拮抗剂SB-334867(30 mg/kg),大鼠果糖暴食量和食物摄入量均减少。结论:长短期IAM大鼠均可产生果糖暴食行为;仅长期果糖暴食可致Orexin释放增加,减少伏隔核Orexin神经元激活,增强外侧核Orexin神经元激活。     

单次注射人工合成大麻素降低大鼠中脑腹侧背盖区多巴胺能神经元兴奋性北大核心CSCD

大麻成瘾可能维持一生。中脑腹侧背盖区(ventral tegmental area,VTA)作为投射到意识及情绪相关皮层和边缘系统的多巴胺能神经元的主要来源,是奖赏系统的关键部位之一,与药物成瘾密切相关。目前,对于VTA多巴胺能神经元在药物成瘾过程中的作用研究,主要集中在药物成瘾过程中突触可塑性的变化。已有研究表明,大麻素慢性作用5天后,易化了低频电刺激诱导VTA多巴胺能神经元产生突触传递的长时程减弱(long-term depression,LTD)效应,而此过程中多巴胺能神经元兴奋性的变化情况还未见报道。实验中,作者采用离体脑片膜片钳技术,观察单次注射人工合成大麻素HU210对大鼠VTA区多巴胺能神经元兴奋性的影响。结果显示,HU210作用后,神经元基强度增大,平均放电频率降低,其细胞膜电生理特性也发生了改变,表明单次注射人工合成大麻素HU210,降低了VTA多巴胺能神经元的兴奋性,提示神经元内在兴奋性的可塑性改变可能在药物成瘾中发挥作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.