Toxicity of ethanedinitrile to Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae

The mortality of naked Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae exposed to ethanedinitrile (cyanogen; C2N2) varied with temperature, time of exposure, and dose of ethanedinitrile. The concentration x time (Ct) product of ethanedinitrile over a range of temperatures (4.4, 10.1, 15.6, and 20.1 degrees C) decreased with increasing temperature, for both 3- and 6-h exposures. The Ct products varied with time of exposure at different temperatures. The variations in mortality at different temperatures are described with a slope ratio (Y = [slope]6h/ [slope]3h). At different temperatures, the concentration of ethanedinitrile and the duration of exposure play different roles in killing A. glabripennis larvae. These results suggest the control of A. glabripennis larvae within wood is achievable.     

Midgut proteinase activities in larvae of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and their interaction with proteinase inhibitors

The major proteinase activities in the larval midgut of a common poplar tree borer, Anoplophora glabripennis, were characterised. Overall digestive capacity, as measured by casein hydrolysis, showed a pH optimum between 10 and 11.5, suggestive of serine endopeptidase activity. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and chymotrypsin-like activities were detected using specific p-nitroanilide synthetic substrates and by use of specific serine endopeptidase inhibitors. These activities also showed pH optima in the extreme alkaline range. The absence of cysteine, aspartic, and metallo-endopeptidases were confirmed using class specific proteinase inhibitors. The dominant exopeptidase in the midgut is leucine aminopeptidase with a pH optimum of 7–9. Carboxypeptidase a and b activity were barely detectable. A large range of serine endopeptidase inhibitors were screened and were found to vary widely in their ability to inhibit casein hydrolysis. Potato proteinase inhibitor 1 (a chymotrypsin inhibitor) and wheat-germ trypsin inhibitor 1 inhibited particularly effectively in tandem and represent possible candidates for gene transformation to produce plants tolerant to this pest. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Toxicity of four systemic neonicotinoids to adults of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

As part of the ongoing evaluation of different systemic insecticides for prophylactic treatment of trees, responses of the beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to different doses of four systemic neonicotinyl insecticides were studied. Adult beetles were provided with twigs or leaves of trees treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid to evaluate the toxicity of the insecticide through ingestion or contact or through both. Adult beetles also were provided with twigs of host plant treated with clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam to establish dose response of the beetle to these insecticides. Levels of individual insecticides in twigs and leaves were determined by using the "parent" method with high-performance liquid chromatography, and these levels were compared with the applied concentrations to determine their relationship. The LC50 values for detected level of each insecticide in twigs was 5.1 ppm at 24 h, 2.9 at 48 h, and 1.9 ppm at 72 h for imidacloprid; 1.1 ppm at 72 h for clothianidin; 2.2 ppm at 72 h for dinotefuran; and 1.0 ppm at 72 h for thiamethoxam. Our results indicate that mortality of adult beetles resulted not only from the ingestion and contact toxicity but also possibly from the antifeedant effect of imidacloprid.     

Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States

Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, a wood borer native to Asia, was recently found in New York City and Chicago. In an attempt to eradicate these beetle populations, thousands of infested city trees have been removed. Field data from nine U.S. cities and national tree cover data were used to estimate the potential effects of A. glabripennis on urban resources through time. For the cities analyzed, the potential tree resources at risk to A. glabripennis attack based on host preferences, ranges from 12 to 61% of the city tree population, with an estimated value of $72 million-$2.3 billion per city. The corresponding canopy cover loss that would occur if all preferred host trees were killed ranges from 13-68%. The estimated maximum potential national urban impact of A. glabripennis is a loss of 34.9% of total canopy cover, 30.3% tree mortality (1.2 billion trees) and value loss of $669 billion.     

Field evaluations of systemic insecticides for control of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in China

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a pest native to China and Korea, was discovered in North America in 1996. Currently, the only reliable strategy available for eradication and control is to cut and chip all infested trees. We evaluated various doses of the systemic insecticides azadirachtin, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, and thiacloprid for control of A. glabripennis in naturally infested elms (Ulmus spp.), poplars (Populus spp.), and willows (Salix spp. ) in China between 2000 and 2002. Significantly more dead A. glabripennis adults were found beneath elm and poplar trees treated with imidacloprid (in 2000 and 2001) or thiacloprid (in 2001) and beneath willow trees injected with imidacloprid or thiacloprid (in 2002) compared with control trees. In 2000, 4 mo after injection, the density of live A. glabripennis was significantly reduced in poplar trees treated with imidacloprid (90%) and in willow trees treated with imidacloprid (83%) or emamectin benzoate (71%) compared with controls. In 2001, 9 mo after injection, the density of live A. glabripennis was significantly reduced in poplar (76%) and willow (45%) trees treated with imidacloprid compared with control trees. Similarly, percentage mortality of all life stages of A. glabripennis feeding within trees was significantly higher on poplar trees 4 mo after injection with imidacloprid (64%) in 2000 and on elms (55%) and poplars (63%) 9 mo after injection with imidacloprid in 2001 compared with control trees. Imidacloprid residue levels in leaves and twigs collected at various times from 1 d to 9 mo after injection ranged from 0.27 to 0.46 ppm. Injecting A. glabripennis-infested trees with imidacloprid can result in significant mortality of adults during maturation feeding on leaves and twigs and of all life stages feeding within infested trees. Imidacloprid is translocated rapidly in infested trees and is persistent at lethal levels for several months. Although, injection with imidacloprid does not provide complete control of A. glabripennis, systemic insecticides may prove useful as part of an integrated eradication or management program.     

Impacts of chipping on surrogates for the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in logs

As part of the eradication program for recent introductions of the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) in the United States, wood from infested trees is chipped and incinerated. Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of chipping wood from infested trees on the survival of the beetle. In the first test, plastic worms were used as surrogates for larvae of the beetle. Plastic worms of different sizes were placed in holes drilled in logs of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. In a second test, in addition to plastic worms, we used different instars and pupae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae); larvae of the beetle Phyllophaga annina Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae); and larvae of an unidentified weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Although chipping did not result in an obvious damage to all plastic worms, it did kill all larvae and pupae of insects placed in holes of maple logs. The overall recovery rate (percent recovered) for the plastic worms was 96% in the first (1997) test, and 71 and 98% for 10 and 40 mm long plastic worms in the second (1998) test, respectively. Logistic regression analysis of the data from the first experiment indicates that larger worms receive more severe damage. Size of logs did not have a significant effect on the level of damage received by plastic worms. All recovered insects were severely damaged after chipping logs and we could not determine recovery rates. Results of the two tests indicate that chipping wood from infested trees without incineration of the resulting chips provides a highly effective method for destroying wood inhabiting insect pests such as A. glabripennis. The elimination of incineration saves considerable resources while effectively eliminating risks associated with movements of wood containing living wood-boring insects.     

两株镰孢菌的鉴定及其粗毒素对甜瓜幼苗的化感作用

从甜瓜枯萎病发病植株及其根际病土中分离到8株真菌,以甜瓜品种“西甜1号”为材料,采用回接试验和种子萌发试验确定真菌分离物对甜瓜的致病性和生长抑制作用;通过测定盆栽幼苗根系诱导酶活性、抗性物质含量及细胞膜相对透性,研究两株有害真菌粗毒素对甜瓜幼苗的化感作用;根据形态学特征及ITS序列分析对两株有害真菌进行初步鉴定.结果表明： 两株有害真菌TF和HF粗毒素对甜瓜种子萌发以及胚轴、胚根生长具有抑制作用,可导致甜瓜幼苗根系丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性蛋白含量及细胞膜相对透性增加,其中TF粗毒素原液处理下甜瓜幼苗根系MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性较对照分别增加108.6%和40.6%.两株有害真菌粗毒素可提高甜瓜幼苗根系保护性诱导酶活性,其中,TF粗毒素10倍稀释液处理下根系苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性较对照分别增加25.6%和23.2%;HF粗毒素原液处理下根系PAL活性较对照提高30.0%.两株有害真菌TF和HF初步鉴定为木贼镰孢菌(Fusarium equiseti)和层出镰孢菌(F. proliferatum).两株镰孢菌虽然不能通过回接侵染甜瓜,但能通过分泌毒素影响甜瓜正常生长和生理生化代谢,同时提高甜瓜根系保护性诱导酶活性,具有有害和有益双重作用,其化感危害是引起甜瓜连作障碍的主要原因之一.     

花绒寄甲辨别光肩星天牛蛀食不同树木所产生虫粪的挥发性化学信号

光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis)危害多种阔叶树种,曾对"三北"防护林造成重大灾害。花绒寄甲(Dastarcus helophoroides)对光肩星天牛取食不同寄主树如杨树、柳树、榆树和槭树后排出的虫粪表现出不同的趋向性,但对槭树的虫粪未表现出趋向性。为了阐明花绒寄甲成虫差异性趋向选择机制,我们采用动态顶空吸附技术收集不同寄主树的虫粪挥发物,利用气相色谱、固相微萃取-气相色谱-质联仪对虫粪中单萜、倍半萜进行定性定量分析。结果表明,萜烯类是虫粪挥发物的主要成分,且源自不同寄主树木虫粪的萜烯释放量相差显著。检测到的所有化合物中,只有α-古巴烯在源于复叶槭的光肩星天牛虫粪中含量极微,而在源于其他5种寄主树的虫粪中含量均较大。在进一步的Y型嗅觉仪生测实验中,α-古巴烯能够显著地吸引花绒寄甲。α-古巴烯可能是花绒寄甲辨别取食不同寄主树的光肩星天牛虫粪的重要信号化合物。     

Life history of the Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) in southern Europe

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Detection of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae in different host trees and tissues by automated analyses of sound-impulse frequency and temporal patterns

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an invasive pest quarantined in the United States, is difficult to detect because the larvae feed unseen inside trees. Acoustic technology has potential for reducing costs and hazards of tree inspection, but development of practical methods for acoustic detection requires the solution of technical problems involving transmission of resonant frequencies in wood and high background noise levels in the urban environments where most infestations have occurred. A study was conducted to characterize sounds from larvae of different ages in cambium, sapwood, and heartwood of bolts from three host tree species. Larval sounds in all of the tested trees and tissues consisted primarily of trains of brief, 3-10-ms impulses. There were no major differences in the spectral or temporal pattern characteristics of signals produced by larvae of different ages in each tissue, but larval sounds in sapwood often had fewer spectral peaks than sounds in cambium and heartwood. A large fraction, but not all background sounds could be discriminated from larval sounds by automated spectral analyses. In 3-min recordings from infested bolts, trains containing impulses in patterns called bursts occurred frequently, featuring 7-49 impulses separated by small intervals. Bursts were rarely detected in uninfested bolts. The occurrence of bursts was found to predict infestations more accurately than previously used automated spectral analyses alone. Bursts and other features of sounds that are identifiable by automated techniques may ultimately lead to improved pest detection applications and new insight into pest behavior.     

Olfactory response of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) to larval frass of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on different host tree species

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is a destructive pest that attacks many species of deciduous hardwood trees. One of its natural enemies is Dastarcus helophoroides that parasitizes many species of longhorned beetles. Larval frass from six different host tree species varied in attraction to D. helophoroides adults, and frass from one host species, Acer negundo, showed no attraction at all. This information has practical benefits to evaluating the efficacy of D. helophoroides as a biological control agent for A. glabripennis and increases our understanding of the co-evolution between this parasitoid, its host, and host food trees.     

利用管氏肿腿蜂防治光肩星天牛技术研究

光肩星天牛Anoplophora glabripennis是我国重大的森林害虫,对我国造林绿化和林业生态工程建设造成了严重危害。由于其为蛀干害虫,隐蔽性生活,难以防治。利用天敌开展生物防治是控制天牛的重要措施,作者研究探讨了利用管氏肿腿蜂Sclerodermus guani防治光肩星天牛技术。测定了管氏肿腿蜂对光肩星天牛1～3龄幼虫的室内控制作用,研究了林间防治防治技术。结果表明,在室内试验条件下,管氏肿腿蜂由于是抑性外寄生性,其产卵之前的刺蛰可造成天牛幼虫直接死亡,对1、2、3龄幼虫的平均致死率分别为100％、92．10％和87．29％;可寄生3龄天牛幼虫。在管氏肿腿蜂防治光肩星天牛小幼虫的林间试验中,管氏肿腿蜂对光肩星天牛小幼虫的致死率为27．79％-37．87％,平均为32．51％,放蜂比例以蜂虫比8-10：1的寄生率最高。     

Container fumigation as a quarantine treatment for Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in regulated wood packing material

Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, an Asian cerambicid beetle, was first found in the United States in 1996 and was likely introduced into the United States through infested wood packing materials and dunnage. Methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation is an internationally accepted treatment for such wood-boring beetles, but the use of MeBr is scheduled for reduction or elimination as alternatives become available. The use of MeBr can be reduced by more efficient and technically sound fumigation techniques, including good circulation and proper loading. Concentration x time products (CxT) reported for A. glabripennis in solid wood timbers were used to test estimated doses in container fumigations conducted in Tianjin and Shanghai, China, during years 2002-2003. We found that CxT products observed were generally adequate and would support reduced doses of MeBr at temperatures intermediate (10.0 and 15.6 degrees C) to the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service schedule of 80 g and 48 g/m3 at > or =4.4 and > or = 21.1degrees C, respectively. The use of fans is recommended, and loading of the containers should never reach 100% to allow for better circulation and desorption. Proper use of fans will allow for better aeration and increase safety to inspectors and consignees of containerized fumigated commodities.     

Methyl bromide as a quarantine treatment for Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in regulated wood packing material

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), has recently (since 1996) established in limited infestations near several cities in the United States. A. glabripennis was probably introduced into the United States with solid wood packing or dunnage. During 2001, we evaluated the current APHIS Schedule T404-b-1-1 for methyl bromide (MeBr) fumigation. Fumigations were conducted in 432-liter Lexan chambers inside a 6.1-m refrigerated container. Each fumigation consisted of 12 high-moisture, naturally infested Populus spp. timbers. We fumigated wood for 24 h at 4.4 degrees C (80 g/m3), 10.0 degrees C (64 g/m3), 15.6 degrees C (56 g/m3), and 21.1 degrees C (48 g/m3). All schedule doses resulted in 100% kill of A. glabripennis larvae. During 2002, we conducted additional fumigations to determine the basic toxicity of MeBr to A. glabripennis larvae in solid wood timbers of 10 by 10 by 115-cm size. Probit analysis estimated the CxT product at 99.0, 99.9, 99.99, and 99.99683% kill (probit-9). The probit-9 values for CxT were 1,196.1, 918.7, 642.4, and 362.4 g-h/m3 at 4.4, 10.0, 15.6, and 21.1 degrees C, respectively. Applied doses to achieve this level of control were estimated to be 119.6, 82.7, 56.0, and 32.2 g/m3, respectively. These applied doses are satisfactory for wood as a commodity with wood load factors of approximately 25% and may be higher than necessary for container fumigation where sorptive wood load as crating or pallets may only be 5% or less. The APHIS Schedule T404-b-1-1 is adequate if extended for 24 h and should be amended to include intermediate doses at 10.0 and 15.6 degrees C, thus reducing the use of MeBr at these temperatures.     

Evidence for a female‐produced,long range pheromone of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Abstract Volatiles from female Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis, were evaluated as candidate sex pheromone components. Previous studies on ALB have revealed several antennally active compounds from virgin females; however the origins and activity of these compounds were not apparent and require further investigation. We tested the hypothesis that one or more of the ALB contact sex pheromones is a precursor that undergoes abiotic oxidation to yield volatile pheromone components, and evaluated the activity of these compounds using laboratory and field bioassays. Gas chromatography coupled electroantennography detection (GC‐EAD) analysis indicated the presence of three antennally active aldehydes (heptanal, nonanal, and hexadecanal) in female cuticular extracts exposed to ozone or UV and visible light. In laboratory bioassays using a Y‐tube olfactometer, males were preferentially attracted to ozonized female body washes over crude body washes. Similarly, synthetic formulations of these compounds were preferred over controls in the olfactometer. Field trapping experiments conducted from 2006 to 2008 in Ningxia, China showed that synthetic lures of the three aldehydes formulated in a ratio simulating that of virgin females attracted more beetles compared to controls, and that combinations of these aldehydes, linalool oxide, and host kairomones captured more beetles than controls, and captured significantly more males.     

Sulfuryl fluoride as a quarantine treatment for Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in regulated wood packing material

The Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), was probably introduced into the United States from China with solid wood packing and dunnage during the 1980s, and it has recently become established in limited infestations near several major cities in the United States. Regulated wood packing material (RWPM) arriving in the United States from China is required to undergo fumigation with methyl bromide (MeBr), to be heat treated, or kiln dried. Sulfuryl fluoride (SF) is a candidate fumigant to replace MeBr under certain conditions. SF fumigations were conducted in 432-liter Lexan chambers held in a 6.1-m (20-foot) refrigerated container for temperature control. Each fumigation consisted of 12 Populus spp. 10- by 10- by 115-cm timbers, of high moisture content, naturally infested with Asian longhorned beetle. During 2001, we fumigated wood for 24 h at a range of doses (20-112 g/m3) and temperatures (4.4, 10.0, 15.6, and 21.1 degrees C) and subjected the data to probit analysis. Confirmatory fumigations were conducted at doses of 120 and 104 g/m3 at temperatures of 10.0 and 15.6 or 21.1 degrees C, respectively, which resulted in complete kill of all larvae. Pupae that became available later in the year as temperatures warmed were fumigated at 15.6 and 21.1 degrees C with 104 g/m3, which resulted in complete pupal mortality. The next year (2002), we conducted 24-h fumigations with doses of 116 g/m3 at 4.4 and 10.0 degrees C with cold-harvested wood infested with cold-acclimated larvae. Cold-acclimated larvae required much higher concentration times time (CxT) product for control at 4.4 and 10.0 degrees C compared with nonacclimated larvae. Sulfuryl fluoride treatments at a dose of 104 g/m3 and temperature of 15.6 degrees C and above and that achieved a CxT product of 1,095 g-h/m3 or above are recommended for RWPM infested with Asian longhorned beetle larvae and pupae.     

Mating and adult feeding behaviour influence pheromone production in female Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

1. The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky is a destructive invasive species worldwide. Female ALB produce a pheromone component, α-longipinene, in the genitalia. However, the origin and factors, such as age, mating, adult feeding and host plant, influencing the production of this compound are unclear.
2. Our results showed that virgin female ALB consistently produced α-longipinene at various ages after feeding for several days post eclosion, but unfed adult females never produced this compound. Mating significantly reduced the amount of α-longipinene in female genitalia.
3. α-Longipinene was the most dominant compound in the volatiles emitted by females, but not in those emitted by males or host twigs (Acer pensylvanicum L.). The proportion of α-longipinene among the beetle-released sesquiterpenes that were known to be male antennally active was significantly greater than that emitted by ALB damaged, mechanically damaged or control twigs.
4. These results suggest that ALB females probably derive α-longipinene or a precursor from hosts via adult feeding, and release it at a significantly different ratio from that found in host volatiles. The various ratios of α-longipinene produced by beetles and host twigs may encode information pertaining to multiple purposes such as aggregation, mate and host location.

     

Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of systemic insecticides for Control of Anoplophora glabripennis and Plectrodera scalator (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the most serious nonnative invasive forest insects discovered in North America in recent years. A. glabripennis is regulated by federal quarantines in the United States and Canada and is the subject of eradication programs that involve locating, cutting, and chipping all infested trees. Other control methods are needed to aid in eradication and to form an integrated management program in the event eradication fails. We conducted laboratory bioassays to determine the toxicity of two systemic insecticides, azadirachtin and imidacloprid, for potential control of A. glabripennis and the cottonwood borer, Plectrodera scalator (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a closely related native cerambycid. Larvae of both cerambycid species were fed artificial diet with dilutions of azadirachtin or imidacloprid for 14 wk. Both insecticides exhibited strong antifeedant effects and some toxicity against A. glabripennis and P. scalator larvae. For A. glabripennis, the highest larval mortality at the end of the bioassay was 60% for larvae fed artificial diet treated with azadirachtin (50 ppm) or imidacloprid (1.6 ppm). For P. scalator, the highest larval mortality at the end of the bioassay was 100% for larvae fed artificial diet treated with azadirachtin (50 ppm) or imidacloprid (160 ppm). At 14 wk, the LC50 values for P. scalator were 1.58 and 1.78 ppm for azadirachtin and imidacloprid, respectively. Larvae of both species gained weight when fed diet treated with formulation blanks (inert ingredients) or the water control but lost weight when fed diet treated with increasing concentrations of either azadirachtin or imidacloprid. In a separate experiment, A. glabripennis adults were fed maple twigs treated with high and low concentrations of imidacloprid. A. glabripennis adult mortality reached 100% after 13 d on twigs treated with 150 ppm imidacloprid and after 20 d on twigs treated with 15 ppm imidacloprid. There was no visible feeding by A. glabripennis adults on twigs treated at the higher imidacloprid rate, and feeding was significantly reduced for adults placed on twigs treated at the low imidacloprid rate compared with adults on untreated twigs. In summary, imidacloprid and azadirachtin had both antifeedant and toxic effects against A. glabripennis and P. scalator and have potential for use in management programs. Based on our results, the delivery of high and sustained insecticide concentrations will be needed to overcome the antifeedant effects and lengthy lethal time for both larvae and adults exposed to these insecticides.     

History and development of an isolated outbreak of Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in southern England

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