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1.
Abstract
In many intertidal cohesive—sediment habitats, epipelic diatoms are the dominant microphytobenthic organisms. In such sediments,
concentrations of colloidal carbohydrate [including the exopolymeric substances (EPS) produced by diatoms during motility]
are closely correlated with the biomass (chlorophyll a) of epipelic diatoms. A model describing this relationship (log (conc. coll. carbo. + 1) = 1.40 + 1.02(log (chl. a conc. + 1)) was derived from published data. It was validated against published and unpublished data from 6 different estuaries,
and accounted for 64.6% of the variation in sediment colloidal carbohydrate concentrations. The model was valid for intertidal
habitats with cohesive sediments where epipelic diatoms constituted >50% of the microphytobenthic assemblage. In sites with
noncohesive sediments, or where the microphytobenthic assemblage was dominated by other algal groups, the model was not applicable.
The mean percentage of EPS in colloidal carbohydrate extracts varied between 11 and 37% for axenic cultures of epipelic diatoms
(with higher values obtained during stationary phase), and between 22.7% and 24.3% for natural sediments dominated by epipelic
diatoms. Assuming an EPS percentage of 25% in colloidal extracts yielded an EPS chl. a ratio of 2.62:1. Maximum rates of EPS production in diatom cultures occurred at the beginning of stationary phase (1.6–5.09
μg EPS μg−1 chl a d−1), with Nitzschia sigma having a significantly (P < 0.05) higher rate of production than N. frustulum, Navicula perminuta and Surirella ovata. Similar rates of EPS production were measured in the field. The dynamics of EPS production and loss on mudflats is discussed,
with reference to the model and these production rates.
Received: 25 February 1997; Accepted: 23 May 1997 相似文献
2.
Adventitious roots of Echinacea purpurea were cultured in airlift bioreactors (20 l, 500 l balloon-type, bubble bioreactors and 1,000 l drum-type bubble bioreactor)
using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2 mg indole butyric acid l−1 and 50 g sucrose l−1 for the production of chichoric acid, chlorogenic acid and caftaric acid. In the 20 l bioreactor (containing 14 l MS medium)
a maximum yield of 11 g dry biomass l−1 was achieved after 60 days. However, the amount of total phenolics (57 mg g−1 DW), flavonoids (34 mg g−1 DW) and caffeic acid derivatives (38 mg g−1 DW) were highest after 50 days. Based on these studies, pilot-scale cultures were established and 3.6 kg and 5.1 kg dry biomass
were achieved in the 500 l and 1,000 l bioreactors, respectively. The accumulation of 5 mg chlorogenic acid g−1 DW, 22 mg chichoric acid g−1 DW and 4 mg caftaric acids g−1 DW were achieved with adventitious roots grown in 1,000 l bioreactors. 相似文献
3.
Poornananda Madhava Naik Shirugumbi Hanamanthagouda Manohar Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2011,33(4):1553-1557
The present work deals with optimization of adventitious shoot culture of Bacopa monnieri for the production of biomass and bacoside A and has investigated the effects of macro elements (NH4NO3, KNO3, CaCl2, MgSO4 and KH2PO4) and nitrogen source [NH4
+/NO3
−] of Murashige and Skoog (Physiol Plant 15:473–497, 1962) medium (MS) on accumulation of biomass and bacoside A content. Optimum number of adventitious shoots (99.33 shoots explant−1), fresh weight (1.841 g) and dry weight (0.150 g) were obtained in the medium with 2.0× strength of NH4NO3. The highest production of bacoside A content was also recorded in the medium of 2.0× NH4NO3, which produced 17.935 mg g−1 DW. The number of adventitious shoot biomass and bacoside A content were optimum when the NO3
− concentration was higher than that of NH4
+. Maximum number of shoots (70.00 shoots explant−1), biomass (fresh weight 1.137 g and dry weight 0.080 g) and also bacoside A content (27.106 mg g−1 DW) were obtained at NH4
+/NO3
− ratio of 14.38/37.60 mM. Overall, MS medium supplemented with 2.0× NH4NO3 is recommended for most efficient bacoside A production. 相似文献
4.
Huang Shan Chen Chen Wu Yanyang Wu Qunhe Zhang Renduo 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2011,27(11):2655-2664
To better understand the bacterial processes in river sediments, it is necessary to investigate the depth-related bacterial
communities in the whole sediment profile. Sediment samples were collected to a depth of 25 cm from the Pearl River. Bacterial
abundance, activity, cell-specific respiration rate, and diversity were measured, respectively, by 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
direct count, 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) staining, electron transport system by CTC reduction, and denaturing
gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S rRNA amplification fragments. Results showed that the bacterial metabolism activities
decreased with the sediment depth. The total bacterial abundance was highest in the surface sediment with 65.1 × 107 cells g−1, and decreased to 11.1 × 107 cells g−1 below 20 cm in the sample location that suffered from heavy sewage inputs. The active bacteria accounted for 7.50–46.7% of
the total bacterial number and decreased with the sediment depth. Electron transport system by the CTC reduction showed that
bacterial respiration rate declined from 1.093 μmol CTC-formazan h−1 g−1 in the surface sediment to a half in the bottom sediment, while the cell-specific respiration increased significantly with
the depth from 3.56 to 93.75 fmol CTC-formazan cell−1. The bacterial diversity also changed with the depth. Beta-Proteobacteria were the dominant species in the surface sediment,
whereas Delta-Proteobacteria were the main species below 10 cm. Results of canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated
that the distribution of bacteria was affected by the combined effect of various dissolved inorganic matter, while the respiration
rate was independent of the nutrient conditions. The specific bacterial distribution contributed to not only the nutrient
cycle but also enhanced pollutant decomposition in sediment of the Pearl River. The results showed that some specific bacterial
species had a strong activity in the deeper layers. Therefore, the metabolic functions of the deeper bacterial species should
not be neglected. 相似文献
5.
In this study, the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) fractions of biofilm during the process of establishing
a partial nitrification under salt stress were analyzed in terms of concentrations, molecular weight distribution, and three-dimensional
excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. A partial nitrification was formed successfully with a salinity
of 1%. Results indicated that the amount of total EPS increased from 54.2 mg g−1 VSS−1 on day 1 to 99.6 mg g−1 VSS−1 on day 55 due to the NaCl concentration changed from 0 to 10.0 g L−1 in a biofilm reactor. The changes of loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) compounds under different salt concentrations appeared to
be more significant than those of the tightly bound EPS. A clear release of polysaccharides in the LB-EPS fraction was detected
during the enhancement of salinity. This was considered as a protective response of bacteria to the salinity. Three fluorescence
peaks were identified in the EEM fluorescence spectra of the EPS fraction samples. Two peaks were assigned to the protein-like
fluorophores, and the third peak was located at the excitation/emission wavelengths of 275 nm/425–435 nm of the spectra of
EPS fractions till the salinity maintained constant at 1%. This information is valuable for understanding the characteristics
of EPS isolated from biomass in a saline nitrogen removal system. 相似文献
6.
M. E. Estrada-Zúñiga F. Cruz-Sosa M. Rodríguez-Monroy J. R. Verde-Calvo E. J. Vernon-Carter 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,97(1):39-47
Plant tissue cultures represent a potential source for producing secondary metabolites. In this work, Buddleja cordata tissue cultures were established in order to produce phenylpropanoids (verbascoside, linarin and hydroxycinnamic acids),
as these metabolites are credited with therapeutic properties. Highest callus induction (76.4–84.3%) was obtained in five
treatments containing 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d: 0.45–9.05 μM) with Kinetin (KIN: 2.32, 4.65 μM), whereas highest root induction (79.6%) corresponded to the α-Naphthaleneacetic
acid (9.05 μM) with KIN (2.32 μM) treatment. Verbascoside was the major phenylpropanoid produced in in vitro cultures (root,
white and green callus) [66.24–86.26 mg g−1 dry weight (DW)], while linarin and hydroxycinnamic acid production was low (0.95–3.01 mg g−1 DW). Verbascoside and linarin production were improved in cell suspension culture (116 mg g−1 DW and 8.12 mg g−1 DW, respectively). 相似文献
7.
Bakari Mnaya Takashi Asaeda Yustina Kiwango Elisamehe Ayubu 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》2007,15(4):269-275
Above- and below-ground production and morphological characteristics of papyrus wetlands were measured at monthly intervals
from July 2005 to June 2006 at Rubondo Island, Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The average value of live culm biomass (5,789 ± 435 g DW m−2) was higher than that of umbel biomass (2,902 ± 327 g DW m−2) by 50%. Root to rhizome means biomass value ratio was 1:1.8, rhizome biomass (4,144 ± 452 g DW m−2) being higher than roots biomass (2,254 ± 314 g DW m−2) by 45%.
Direct proportion was observed between shoot density and culm–unit (culms and umbels) biomass.
The average value of detritus/litter biomass (1,306 ± 315 g DW m−2) was less than total aerial biomass by 86%.
The values of biomass are average of 12 sampling months from July 2005 to June 2006. 相似文献
8.
Jan-Willem F. Zijffers Klaske J. Schippers Ke Zheng Marcel Janssen Johannes Tramper Ren�� H. Wijffels 《Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.)》2010,12(6):708-718
The biomass yield on light energy of Dunaliella tertiolecta and Chlorella sorokiniana was investigated in a 1.25- and 2.15-cm light path panel photobioreactor at constant ingoing photon flux density (930 μmol
photons m−2 s−1). At the optimal combination of biomass density and dilution rate, equal biomass yields on light energy were observed for
both light paths for both microalgae. The observed biomass yield on light energy appeared to be based on a constant intrinsic
biomass yield and a constant maintenance energy requirement per gram biomass. Using the model of Pirt (New Phytol 102:3–37,
1986), a biomass yield on light energy of 0.78 and 0.75 g mol photons−1 and a maintenance requirement of 0.0133 and 0.0068 mol photons g−1 h−1 were found for D. tertiolecta and C. sorokiniana, respectively. The observed yield decreases steeply at low light supply rates, and according to this model, this is related
to the increase of the amount of useable light energy diverted to biomass maintenance. With this study, we demonstrated that
the observed biomass yield on light in short light path bioreactors at high biomass densities decreases because maintenance
requirements are relatively high at these conditions. All our experimental data for the two strains tested could be described
by the physiological models of Pirt (New Phytol 102:3–37, 1986). Consequently, for the design of a photobioreactor, we should maintain a relatively high specific light supply rate. A process
with high biomass densities and high yields at high light intensities can only be obtained in short light path photobioreactors. 相似文献
9.
In vitro cultures of Berberis buxifolia were established using thidiazuron (4.5, 23 and 45 mM) or picloram (4 and 40 mM) as plant growth regulators for sustaining
growth. For producing berberine, a two-stage culture was performed. In the first step, thidiazuron or picloram were used for
biomass production followed by the production stage where benzylaminopurine (4.4 mM) was added as a plant growth regulator.
Berberine yields (102 mg g−1 DW) and in vitro shoot cultures (200 mg g−1 DW) were significantly lower than those of whole plants in the field (416 mg g−1 DW). The highest productivity (0.18 mg 1−1 day−1) was attained using picloram (either 4 on 40 mM) in the first stage for producing biomass. 相似文献
10.
Algal communities inhabiting four calamine mine spoils differing in time since cessation of exploitation and loaded with high
concentrations of zinc (20,284–61,599 μg g−1 soil DW), lead (2,620–3,885 μg g−1 DW) and cadmium (104–232 μg g−1 DW) were studied. In dump soils of slightly alkaline pH (7.28–7.52) and low nutrient (, , ) concentrations, chlorophyll a content ranged from 0.41 to 2.27 μg g−1 soil DW. In total, 23 algal species were recorded. Chlorophyta were the dominant taxonomic group (42–55% of all identified
species) followed by Cyanobacteria (28–36%) and Heterokontophyta (13–21%). The highest species richness (18) was observed
in the oldest dump (120 years old) with natural succession, while in younger dumps it was lower (11–15). Total algal abundance
ranged between 5.5 and 19.1 × 102 ind. g−1 soil DW, and values of Margalef’s diversity indices (1.59–2.25) were low. These results may suggest that both high concentrations
of heavy metals and low nutrient content influenced the algal communities in all the dumps studied. The differences in algal
microflora observed between tailing dumps may indicate that habitat quality improved with time and that algae isolated from
Zn/Pb-loaded soils may be Zn/Pb-resistant ecotypes of ubiquitous species. 相似文献
11.
C. S. Jeong H. N. Murthy E. J. Hahn H. L. Lee K. Y. Paek 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2009,31(1):219-222
The effect of the root-inoculum size and axuin concentration on growth of adventitious roots and accumulation of ginsenosides
were studied during suspension cultures of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). Of the various concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and γ-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) used as supplementary
growth regulators along with Murashige and Skoog medium, 25 μM IBA was found suitable for lateral root induction and growth,
as well as accumulation of ginsenosides. Inoculum size of 5 g L−1 was found suitable for optimal biomass (10.5 g L−1 dry biomass) and ginsenosides (5.4 mg g−1 DW) accumulation. Of the various length of root inocula tested (chopped to 1–3, 4–6, 7–10 mm and un-chopped), root inocula
of 7–10 mm was found suitable for biomass and ginsenoside accumulation. 相似文献
12.
Effects of aeration intensity on formation of phenol-fed aerobic granules and extracellular polymeric substances 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Effect of air aeration intensities on granule formation and extracellular polymeric substances content in three identical
sequential batch reactors were investigated. The excitation–emission–matrix spectra and multiple staining and confocal laser
scanning microscope revealed proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and humic substances in the sludge and granule samples. Seed
sludge flocs were compacted at low aeration rate, with produced extracellular polymeric substances of 50.2–76.7 mg g−1 of proteins, 50.2–77.3 mg g−1 carbohydrates and 74 mg g−1 humic substances. High aeration rate accelerated formation of 1.0–1.5 mm granules with smooth outer surface. The corresponding
quantities of extracellular polymeric substances were 309–537 mg g−1 of proteins, 61–109 mg g−1 carbohydrates, 49–92 mg g−1 humic substances, and 49–68 mg g−1 lipids. Intermediate aeration rate produced 3.0–3.5 mm granules with surface filaments. Reactor failure occurred with overgrowth
of filaments, probably owing to the deficiency of nutrient in liquid phase. No correlation was noted between extracellular
polymeric substances composition and the proliferation of filamentous microorganisms on granule surface. 相似文献
13.
Claudia Costa Bonecker Mariza Yuri Nagae Martin Cesar Maria Bletller Luiz Felipe Machado Velho Fábio Amodêo Lansac-Tôha 《Hydrobiologia》2007,579(1):115-123
In order to test the hypothesis that zooplankton biomass distribution (total and taxonomic groups) was influenced by the nutrient
concentration and primary productivity distribution in three tropical reservoirs, subsurface samples were taken in the fluvial,
transitional and lacustrine regions of three reservoirs (oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic) in southern Brazil (Paraná
State) in March and September 2002. Zooplankton biomass ranged from 0.04 to 264.47 mg DW m−3. Higher biomass values were observed for cladocerans (73.60%; 0.01–259.86 mg DW m−3), followed by copepods (22.05%; 0.01–69.69 mg DW m−3) and rotifers (4.35%; 0.01–11.52 mg DW m−3). In general, the total zooplankton, rotifer, cladoceran and copepod biomass, and chlorophyll-a and total nutrient concentrations showed a similar longitudinal distribution within the reservoirs. Total zooplankton, rotifer
and cladoceran biomass were related to the chlorophyll-a concentration, and zooplankton biomass was related to the total phosphorus distribution. This may have been due to the significant
multicolinearity between the chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus concentrations. Cyanobacteria influenced the taxonomic group biomass results by interfering with the
filter feeding in larger zooplankton species, which favoured the dominance of smaller species. As regards the longitudinal
distribution of copepod biomass, cyanobacteria biomass determined the displacement of the microcrustaceans to the fluvial
region of Iraí Reservoir. Our results supported the hypothesis formulated and the primary productivity was the major predictor
of the zooplankton biomass distribution in the reservoirs.
Handling editor: S. Dodson 相似文献
14.
Nutrient content of tropical edible seaweeds, Eucheuma cottonii, Caulerpa lentillifera and Sargassum polycystum 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Patricia Matanjun Suhaila Mohamed Noordin M. Mustapha Kharidah Muhammad 《Journal of applied phycology》2009,21(1):75-80
The proximate composition, vitamin C, α-tocopherol, dietary fibers, minerals, fatty acid and amino acid profiles of three
tropical edible seaweeds, Eucheuma cottonii (Rhodophyta), Caulerpa lentillifera (Chlorophyta) and Sargassum polycystum (Phaeophyta) were studied. The seaweeds were high in ash (37.15–46.19%) and dietary fibers (25.05–39.67%) and low in lipid
content (0.29–1.11%) on dry weight (DW) basis. These seaweeds contained 12.01–15.53% macro-minerals (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and
7.53–71.53 mg.100 g−1 trace minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Se and I). The crude protein content of E. cottonii (9.76% DW) and C. lentillifera (10.41% DW) were higher than that of S. polycystum (5.4% DW), and protein chemical scores are between 20 and 67%. The PUFA content of E. cottonii was 51.55%, C. lentillifera 16.76% and S. polycystum 20.34%. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), accounted for 24.98% of all fatty acids in E. cottonii. These seaweeds have significant vitamin C (∼35 mg.100 g−1) and α-tocopherol (5.85–11.29 mg.100 g−1) contents. 相似文献
15.
Pietrosiuk A Sykłowska-Baranek K Wiedenfeld H Wolinowska R Furmanowa M Jaroszyk E 《Plant cell reports》2006,25(10):1052-1058
Hairy root cultures of Lithospermum canescens were established using three strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes: ATCC 15834, LBA 9402 and NCIB 8196. Eight lines resulting from infection with A. rhizogenes ATCC 15834 demonstrated sufficient biomass increase and were submitted to further investigations. The contents of acetylshikonin (ACS) and isobutyrylshikonin (IBS) in transformed hairy roots made up ca. 10% of those observed in natural roots of L. canescens (24.35 and 14.48 mg g−1 DW, respectively). One line, Lc1-D, produced the largest amounts of ACS (2.72 mg g−1 DW) and IBS (0.307 mg g−1 DW). Traces of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), canescine and canescenine, were found in all lines of transformed hairy roots. 相似文献
16.
This study focuses on the mass cultivation of bacteria adapted to the degradation of a mixture composed of toluene, ethylbenzene,
o-, m- and p-xylenes (TEX). For the cultivation process Substrate Pulse Batch (SPB) technique was adapted under well-automated conditions.
The key parameters to be monitored were handled by LabVIEW software including, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity.
Other parameters, such as biomass, ammonium or residual substrate concentrations needed offline measurements. SPB technique
has been successfully tested experimentally on TEX. The overall behavior of the mixed bacterial population was observed and
discussed along the cultivation process. Carbon and nitrogen limitations were shown to affect the integrity of the bacterial
cells as well as their production of exopolymeric substances (EPS). Average productivity and yield values successfully reached
the industrial specifications, which were 0.45 kgDW m−3 d−1 and 0.59 gDW gC−1, respectively. Accuracy and reproducibility of the obtained results present the controlled SPB process as a feasible technique. 相似文献
17.
Spatial and Temporal Variability in Sediment Denitrification Within an Agriculturally Influenced Reservoir 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Reservoirs are intrinsically linked to the rivers that feed them, creating a river–reservoir continuum in which water and
sediment inputs are a function of the surrounding watershed land use. We examined the spatial and temporal variability of
sediment denitrification rates by sampling longitudinally along an agriculturally influenced river–reservoir continuum monthly
for 13 months. Sediment denitrification rates ranged from 0 to 63 μg N2O g ash free dry mass of sediments (AFDM)−1 h−1 or 0–2.7 μg N2O g dry mass of sediments (DM)−1 h−1 at reservoir sites, vs. 0–12 μg N2O gAFDM−1 h−1 or 0–0.27 μg N2O gDM−1 h−1 at riverine sites. Temporally, highest denitrification activity traveled through the reservoir from upper reservoir sites
to the dam, following the load of high nitrate (NO3−-N) water associated with spring runoff. Annual mean sediment denitrification rates at different reservoir sites were consistently
higher than at riverine sites, yet significant relationships among theses sites differed when denitrification rates were expressed
per gDM vs. per gAFDM. There was a significant positive relationship between sediment denitrification rates and NO3−-N concentration up to a threshold of 0.88 mg NO3− -N l−1, above which it appeared NO3−-N was no longer limiting. Denitrification assays were amended seasonally with NO3−-N and an organic carbon source (glucose) to determine nutrient limitation of sediment denitrification. While organic carbon
never limited sediment denitrification, all sites were significantly limited by NO3−-N during fall and winter when ambient NO
3−-N was low. 相似文献
18.
Enhanced nitrogen (N) levels accelerate expansion of Calamagrostis epigejos and Arrhenatherum elatius, highly aggressive expanders displacing original dry acidophilous grassland vegetation in the Podyjí National Park (Czech
Republic). We compared the capability of Calamagrostis and Arrhenatherum under control and N enhanced treatments to (i) accumulate N and phosphorus (P) in plant tissues, (ii) remove N and P from
above-ground biomass during senescence and (iii) release N and P from plant material during decomposition of fresh formed
litter. In control treatment, significantly higher amounts of total biomass and fresh aboveground litter were observed in
Calamagrostis than in Arrhenatherum. Contrariwise, nutrient concentrations were significantly higher (11.6–14.3 mg N g−1 and 2.3 mg P g−1) in Arrhenatherum peak aboveground biomass than in Calamagrostis (8.4–10.3 mg N g−1 and 1.6–1.7 mg P g−1). Substantial differences between species were found in resorption of nutrients, mainly P, at the ends of growing seasons.
While P concentrations in Arrhenatherum fresh litter were twice and three times higher (1.6–2.5 mg P g−1) than in Calamagrostis (0.7–0.8 mg P g−1), N concentrations were nearly doubled in Arrhenatherum (13.1–15.6 mg N g−1) in comparison with Calamagrostis (7.4–8.7 mg N g−1). Thus, the nutrients (N and mainly P) were retranslocated from the aboveground biomass of Calamagrostis probably more effectively in comparison with Arrhenatherum at the end of the growing season. On the other hand, Arrhenatherum litter was decomposed faster and consequently nutrient release (mainly N and P) was higher in comparison with Calamagrostis which pointed to different growth and nutrient use strategies of studied grass species. 相似文献
19.
Song Quan Wu Mei Lan Lian Ri Gao So Young Park Xuan Chun Piao 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(6):719-724
Astragalus membranaceus is one of the most widely used traditional medicinal herbs in China, but the time required to generate a useful product in
the field production is long. The growth of adventitious root cultures was compared between cultures grown in solid, liquid,
or a 5-L balloon-type bubble bioreactor. The maximum growth ratio (final dry weight/initial dry weight) was determined for
adventitious roots grown in the bioreactor. Studies carried out to optimize biomass production of adventitious roots compared
adventitious root growth from various inoculum root lengths, inoculum densities, and aeration volume in the bioreactors. The
maximum growth ratio occurred in treatments with a 1.5-cm inoculum root length, with 30 g (fresh weight) of inoculum per bioreactor
or with an aeration volume of 0.1 vvm (air volume/culture medium volume per min). The polysaccharide, saponin, and flavonoid
content of roots from bioreactor-grown cultures were compared to roots from field-grown plants grown for 1 and 3 yr. Total
polysaccharide content of adventitious roots in the bioreactor (30.0 mg g−1 dry weight (DW)) was higher than the roots of 1-yr-old (13.8 mg g−1 DW) and 3-yr-old (21.1 mg g−1 DW) plants in the field. Total saponin (3.4 mg g−1 DW) and flavonoid (6.4 mg g−1 DW) contents were nearly identical to 3-yr-old roots and higher than that of 1-yr-old roots under field cultivation. 相似文献
20.
Two variants of open photobioreactors were operated at surface-to-volume ratios up to 170 m−1. The mean values for July and September obtained for photobioreactor PB-1 of 224 m2 culture area (length 28 m, inclination 1.7%, thickness of algal culture layer 6 mm), operated in Třeboň (49∘N), Czech Republic, were: net areal productivity, P
net = 23.5 and 11.1 g dry weight (DW) m−2 d−1; net photosynthetic efficiency (based on PAR – Photosynthetic Active Radiation), η = 6.48 and 5.98%. For photobioreactor PB-2 of 100 m2 culture area (length 100 m, inclination 1.6%, thickness of algal culture layer 8 mm) operated in Southern Greece (Kalamata, 37∘N) the mean values for July and October were: P
net = 32.2 and 18.1 g DW m−2 d−1, η = 5.42 and 6.07%. The growth rate of the alga was practically linear during the fed-batch cultivation regime up to high biomass densities of about 40 g DW L−1, corresponding to an areal density of 240 g DW m−2 in PB-1 and 320 g DW m−2 in PB-2. Night biomass loss (% of the daylight productivity, P
L) caused by respiration of algal cells were: 9–14% in PB-1; 6.6–10.8% in PB-2. About 70% of supplied CO2 was utilized by the algae for photosynthesis. The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) increased from about 12 mg L−1 at the beginning to about 35 mg L−1 at the end of the 100 m long path of suspension flow in PB-2 at noon on clear summer days. Dissipation of hydraulic energy and some parameters of turbulence in algal suspension on culture area were estimated quantitatively. 相似文献