“固液双层”培养法诱导马铃薯‘米拉’试管薯的研究

该研究以马铃薯‘米拉’品种的脱毒试管苗为材料,采用"固液双层"的培养方式,通过正交试验对其试管苗壮苗生长阶段和试管薯诱导阶段的培养基进行优化,并通过单因素试验研究蔗糖浓度、光照条件和CCC浓度对试管薯结薯的影响。结果表明:在"固液双层"培养中,‘米拉’壮苗培养阶段优化的培养基为改良MS培养基(硝酸铵为2 000 mg·L~(-1)、硝酸钾为2 000 mg·L~(-1))+500 mg·L~(-1)CCC+0.1%活性炭+0.1mg·L~(-1)DA-6+1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA+3%蔗糖+6 g·L~(-1)琼脂,pH 5.8。试管薯诱导及生长阶段优化的培养基为MS_1培养基(微量元素和铁盐的用量为MS培养基的2倍)+1.5%活性炭+4 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+8%蔗糖。在试管薯诱导阶段,弱光4 h·d~(-1)培养诱导的试管薯,结薯指数、大薯率、薯块重量均优于暗培养。"固液双层"培养是一种低成本的方法,在组织培养室内就可以大量繁殖‘米拉’试管薯,并且能增加原种的数量,这种方法也能用于马铃薯其他栽培品种试管薯的诱导。     

MS培养基不同碳源和矮壮素浓度对马铃薯试管苗农艺性状的影响

选用马铃薯脱毒试管苗(大西洋,滇薯6号),MS培养基碳源(蔗糖,白砂糖)、MS培养基矮壮素浓度(0 mg·L~(-1)、100mg·L~(-1)、150mg·L~(-1)、200mg·L~(-1)、250mg·L~(-1)、300mg·L~(-1))进行3因素完全随机试验,观察处理后各试管苗生长的农艺性状。结果表明:以白砂糖作为碳源的MS培养基比以蔗糖作为碳源的MS培养基有利于大西洋和滇薯6号脱毒试管苗生长。矮壮素浓度为200mg·L~(-1)对马铃薯脱毒试管苗的壮苗效果较好。     

植物激素和接种方式对广西金线莲壮苗生根的影响

该文以广西野生金线莲无菌播种离体茎段为材料,采用单因素对比试验,研究了植物激素(NAA、IBA、6-BA、GA_3、KT、ZT、TDZ、2-IP)以及接种方式(竖直接种和水平接种)对壮苗生根培养的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,生长素有利于壮苗生根,NAA的效果优于IBA;细胞分裂素对壮苗生根的效果依次为6-BATDZKT=ZT 2-IPCK,其中6-BA诱导平均株高8.4 cm,3.6条根,茎粗为2.84 mm,植株生长健壮,诱导效果最好;赤霉素GA_3诱导出的植株高且直,但植株细弱,且抑制根系生长,不利于壮苗生根培养;在激素组合6-BA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)、NAA1.0 mg·L~(-1)处理中,组培苗生长健壮且根数量较多,效果最佳;水平接种能诱导出更多的根系,且便于接种操作,可以节省接种时间。因此,确定广西金线莲最适宜的壮苗生根培养基配方为1/2MS+6-BA 0.5 mg·L~(-1)+NAA 1.0 mg·L~(-1)+香蕉汁100 g·L~(-1)+AC(活性炭) 1.0 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖20 g·L~(-1),最佳接种方式为水平接种。     

红花草莓的组织培养与快繁技术研究

以红花草莓叶片为外植体,通过筛选诱导愈伤组织、不定芽及壮苗、生根的培养基,建立一套实用且易推广的红花草莓组培快繁技术体系。结果表明:在愈伤组织的诱导过程中TDZ的诱导效果优于6-BA,TDZ与NAA配合使用效果优于与IBA的组合。6-BA浓度为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时不定芽诱导率高达86.6%。低浓度的6-BA和8 g·L~(-1)的琼脂更有利于壮苗培养,NAA比IBA更有利诱导生根。综上述,最适红花草莓愈伤组织的诱导培养基为MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1)TDZ+0.5 mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+7 g·L~(-1)琼脂;最适不定芽分化的培养基为MS+0.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+7 g·L~(-1)琼脂;最适壮苗培养基为MS+0.1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+8g·L~(-1)琼脂;最适生根培养基为MS+0.5mg·L~(-1)NAA+30 g·L~(-1)蔗糖+8 g·L~(-1)琼脂。试管苗移栽生长20 d后,成活率高达93%,且后期草莓苗生长壮健。此体系的建立为优质红花草莓种苗大规模生产提供了科学依据和技术支持。     

植物生长调节剂对薄壳山核桃品种‘波尼’枝条生长和叶片碳氮代谢物积累的影响

以5年生薄壳山核桃品种‘波尼’(Carya illinoinensis‘Pawnee’)幼树为实验材料,根据L_9(3~3)正交试验设计进行3因子(包括植物生长调节剂的种类、质量浓度和喷施次数)3水平(植物生长调节剂分别为GA_3、PP_(333)和6-BA,植物生长调节剂质量浓度分别为100、200和300 mg·L~(-1),植物生长调节剂喷施次数分别为1、2和3)叶面喷施实验,研究不同处理对薄壳山核桃品种‘波尼’枝条生长和叶片碳氮代谢物积累的影响。结果表明:GA_3处理组薄壳山核桃品种‘波尼’枝条长度较CK(对照,蒸馏水喷施3次)组显著增加,其中,T2(200 mg·L~(-1)GA_3喷施2次)处理组的枝条长度最大,较CK组增加了35.7%;PP_(333)处理组的枝条粗度总体上较CK组显著增加,其中,T5(200mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)喷施1次)处理组的枝条粗度最大,较CK组增加了23.8%。处理后30~90 d,所有处理组薄壳山核桃品种‘波尼’枝条叶片中可溶性糖含量均呈逐渐升高的变化趋势,而叶片中淀粉和可溶性蛋白质含量以及C/N比总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。PP_(333)和6-BA处理组叶片中可溶性糖、淀粉和可溶性蛋白质含量以及C/N比总体上显著高于CK组,其中,T5和T6(300 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)喷施2次)处理组对叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量以及C/N比的促进效果较佳,而T4(100 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)喷施3次)和T8(200 mg·L~(-1)6-BA喷施3次)处理组对叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量的促进效果较佳。极差分析结果表明:植物生长调节剂种类对薄壳山核桃品种‘波尼’枝条长度、叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉含量以及叶片C/N比的影响最大,植物生长调节剂喷施次数对枝条粗度和叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量的影响最大。研究结果显示:叶面喷施200 mg·L~(-1)GA_3对薄壳山核桃品种‘波尼’枝条伸长的促进效果最佳,喷施200 mg·L~(-1)PP_(333)对枝条增粗及叶片碳氮代谢物积累的促进效果最佳。     

PP333对分蘖洋葱试管苗增殖和生根的影响

以MS 0.1 mg·L-1NAA 0.4 mg·L-1 6-BA为增殖培养基,1/2MS 1.5 mg·L-1IBA 0.01 mg·L-1NAA为生根培养基,添加不同浓度PP333的结果表明:增殖培养基中添加1.0 mg·L-1PP333对分蘖洋葱试管苗增殖生长有促进作用,减少超度含水态苗的发生;生根培养基中添加0.1 mg·L-1PP333对分蘖洋葱试管苗生根壮苗有良好效应.     

澳洲鸽子石斛组织培养快速繁殖研究

以澳洲鸽子石斛(Dendrobium kingianum Bidwill)幼嫩假鳞茎为外植体进行组织培养和快速繁殖研究。结果表明:采用合适的消毒方式,外植体消毒成功率可达92.5%。MS培养基添加5.0 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA适合用于不定芽的诱导和前期增殖,MS培养基+0.5 mg·L~(-1) NAA+2.0 mg·L~(-1) KT的增殖倍数最高,为6.96。丛生芽诱导出愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+0.25 mg·L~(-1) 2,4-D,诱导率为80%;愈伤组织分化的最佳培养为MS+1.0 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA,愈伤组织分化芽数为381.99个·g~(-1)。MS+2.0 mg·L~(-1) IBA+10%香蕉泥+1 g·L~(-1)活性炭最适合于生根壮苗培养;试管苗在兰石:泥碳土(1:1)的混合基质中移栽3个月后,成活率达100%,且生长速度快,基质成本较低,适合澳洲鸽子石斛试管苗的商业化栽培。     

水杨酸和不同糖浓度对马铃薯试管微薯形成与生长的影响研究

分别在水杨酸和非水杨酸诱导下,研究了克新1号和青薯168脱毒苗在不同蔗糖浓度诱导培养基中试管微薯的发育状况。结果表明：水杨酸影响微薯形成率,而蔗糖影响膨大率,二者协同决定微薯数量和重量,无水杨酸诱导时,8%-10%糖浓度诱导效果最好,单瓶微薯数达20枚左右,单薯平均重量200mg,0.5mmol/L水杨酸诱导时,10%-12%蔗糖浓度效果最佳,单瓶微薯数达30-40枚,单薯平均重量超过100mg,有效微薯的绝对数量最多。     

珍稀濒危物种堇叶紫金牛高效快繁体系的建立

筛选堇叶紫金牛(Ardisia violacea)野生优株,以其当年新发带休眠腋芽茎段为外植体,通过启动培养、丛生芽诱导增殖、壮苗培养、生根培养和炼苗移栽等过程建立其组培快繁技术体系。研究结果表明,最佳启动培养基为MS+0.80 mg·L~(–1)KT+0.10 mg·L~(–1) NAA+0.10 mg·L~(–1) IBA,腋芽萌发率达92.60%;最佳丛生芽诱导增殖培养基为MS1+0.50 mg·L~(–1) TDZ+0.10mg·L~(–1) NAA,平均增殖系数达8.60;最佳壮苗培养基为MS+1.00 mg·L~(–1) KT+0.50 mg·L~(–1) NAA;最佳生根培养基为1/2MS+2.00 mg·L~(–1) IBA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) NAA+1.00 mg·L~(–1) AC,平均生根率达98.70%;采用松鳞和泥炭(2:1,v/v)作为炼苗基质,炼苗成活率可达85.30%。实验成功建立了堇叶紫金牛高效组培快繁技术体系,经验证该体系能够满足规模化生产的需求。     

球花石斛的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称球花石斛(Dendrobium thyrsiflorum Rchb.f.)。2材料类别种子。3培养条件种子萌发培养基:(1)1/2VW 100 mL·L~(-1)香蕉汁:(2)VW 100 mL·L~(-1)香蕉汁。原球茎继代增殖培养基:(3)VW KT 0.1 IBA 0.02 mg·L~(-1)(单位下同) 100 mL·L~(-1)香蕉汁:(4)VW KT 1.0 IBA 0.02 100 mL·L~(-1)香蕉汁。壮苗及生根培养基:(5)3 g·L~(-1)花宝1号(台和园艺企业股份有限公     

A Simple in Vitro Method to Study Tuber Growth of Solanum tuberosum L.

A simple in vitro method is described which allows the study of effects of mineral nutrient supply on growth rate of the tuber. Single node cuttings carrying axillary tubers are cultured under semi-sterile conditions in cooled (+ 1°C) nutrient solutions. Tuber growth is monitored volumetrically and mineral nutrient uptake calculated from the nutrient solution taken up by the cuttings.     

甘薯块根生长及其淀粉体发育过程的解剖结构特征

为了探明甘薯块根的生长及其淀粉体的发育规律,该试验以甘薯品种‘徐薯22’为材料,采用树脂半薄切片等方法对甘薯块根的生长及其淀粉体的发育进行观察研究。结果表明:(1)甘薯块根完成初生生长的时间短,块根初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱构成,块根横截面上皮层所占比例比中柱大。(2)甘薯移栽后10 d块根开始次生生长,次生生长形成维管形成层和木栓形成层;随着块根次生生长,位于次生木质部分散导管周围的薄壁细胞脱分化,通过平周分裂产生副形成层;维管形成层、木栓形成层和副形成层的共同作用使块根快速膨大。(3)淀粉体在块根进入次生生长时首先在皮层细胞产生,随后大量出现在次生生长产生的薄壁细胞中,块根中淀粉体的发生及发育总体上表现出由外向内的顺序。(4)块根薄壁细胞中的淀粉粒有单粒和复粒两种类型;块根生长早期,薄壁细胞中主要以复粒淀粉为主,生长后期主要以单粒淀粉为主;块根生长过程中,包含复粒淀粉的淀粉体可通过分裂形成包含单粒淀粉的淀粉体。(5)淀粉可在块根生长的整个时期积累,其中以块根生长中期积累速度最快。     

Developmental Patterns of Phytohormone Content in the Cortex and Pith of Potato Tubers as Related to Their Growth and Starch Content

The contents of ABA, IAA, and cytokinins (zeatin + zeatin riboside) were determined in the cortex and pith of medium-sized (25 g) and large (120 g) tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Malakhit) at the end of the flowering phase (48 days after sprouting) and related to plant growth (cell division and enlargement) and starch biosynthesis and deposition. The patterns of phytohormone distribution were different in the cortex and pith. In the latter, with most cells at the enlargement phase, the IAA content increased, as well as the ratios IAA/ABA and IAA/cytokinins. In the cortex dominated by the dividing cells, the ABA content declined, and the ratio cytokinins/ABA exceeded that in the pith. The enhancement of starch synthesis and accumulation in the pith and the retardation of these processes in the cortex followed the changes in the ABA content providing indirect support to the previously made observation that the exogenous ABA promoted starch biosynthesis. The data obtained are discussed in the context of the hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism and starch deposition in growing tubers.     

Effects of secondary tuber harvest on populations of devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) in the Kalahari savannas of South Africa

Devil's claw ( Harpagophytum procumbens ) is an internationally traded species that is harvested for its secondary tubers. Root extracts are used to treat arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. This study examined population structure, density, growth, mortality, and seed and fruit production in harvested and unharvested populations in the Kalahari savannas of South Africa over 4 years. Plant density and population structure differed significantly between overgrazed and grass-dominated areas, suggesting that the differences may be due to competition for water and nutrients. Experimental removal of secondary tubers (harvest) was not a significant factor for mortality in any of the harvested size classes. Harvest also did not affect growth, although plants in the 3–4 cm size class grew more in both the harvested and unharvested populations. Fruit production was variable; fruits matured only after sufficient rains. Under the conditions of this study, the species appears to be resilient to harvest, with both harvested and unharvested plants surviving. After harvest, both groups recovered and grew (on average) at the same rate. Because of the spatially variable habitat and the plasticity of the plants themselves, a large number of plants over a wide area are required to better understand the species' life history.     

Tuber Formation and Growth of in vitro Cultivated Transgenic Potato Plants Overproducing Phytochrome B

We studied the effect of the ectopic expression of the Arabidopsis PHYB gene, which encodes the phytochrome B (phyB) apoprotein, under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter on the photoperiodic response of tuberization and growth of potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Désirée) transformed lines. Stem cuttings of transformed and control plants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog nutrient medium containing 5 or 8% sucrose in the phytotron chambers at 20°C under conditions of a long day (16 h), a short day (10 h), or in darkness. We showed that the overexpression of the PHYB gene enhanced the inhibitory effect of the long day on tuberization. In addition, tuber initiation in these transformed plants occurred at a higher sucrose concentration. The insertion of the PHYB gene decreased plant and tuber weights and shortened stems and internodes. Thus, we demonstrated the complex result of the PHYB gene insertion: it affected the photoperiodic response of tuberization, the control of tuber initiation by sucrose, and the growth of potato vegetative organs.     

Effect of neighbouring plants on the yield of potatoes from seed tubers affected with gangrene (Phoma foveata) or from plants affected with stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani)

Healthy seed tubers and seed tubers with gangrene or inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani to induce stem canker were planted 38 or 76 cm apart or alternately at 38 cm spacing in 2-row (1985) or 4-row (1986) plots at Rothamsted.
At 38 cm spacing, stem canker decreased yield by 5% and 8% respectively in 1985 and 1986 and gangrene by 5% and 14%, but usually by twice these amounts when seed was spaced at 76 cm. In all experiments, yields from plots with alternate healthy and inoculated seed (50% disease) were similar to yields from healthy seed, although within these mixed populations individual plant yields from healthy seed were larger and those from diseased seed were smaller than from plots of healthy or inoculated seed respectively. Samples in August showed a similar effect on fresh weight of foliage.
Disease usually decreased the number of stemdplant but in 1985 gangrene increased stem numbers and probably accounted for small amounts of compensatory growth from neighbouring healthy plants.     

两栖和爬行类生长及生长激素分泌活动的调节

根据生长内分泌学,综述了近年来两栖和爬行类生长激素（ＧＨ）分泌活动的调节及生长激素在两栖爬行类生长中作用这一研究领域所取得的主要成就和研究进展,研究结果表明：在脊椎动物的进化过程中,ＧＨ的化学结构和功能是相当保守的;ＧＨ对两栖爬行类的生长起促进作用;类胰岛素生长因子（ＩＧＦｓ）也能冰分传递ＧＨ促进两栖类的生长;在两栖爬行类,下丘脑对ＧＨ分泌的调控较哺乳类缺乏特异性,利用外源ＧＨ促进两栖爬行类的生长     

唇凤梨的生长习性及栽培管理

唇凤梨以其叶色鲜艳、观赏期持久以及栽培养护容易已成为近年来风靡市场的时尚花卉。本文介绍唇凤梨的形态特征、生长习性以及在厦门地区的栽培养护管理方法。     

耳石在鱼类年龄与生长研究中的应用

有关鱼类耳石的研究已有100多年的历史,目前已形成一个相对独立的研究领域,在多个研究层面上深入开展,但年龄与生长至今仍然是鱼类耳石研究的主要方面。本文分别从耳石的年轮、日轮和重量方面,介绍了当前耳石在鱼类年龄与生长研究中的应用与发展。我们认为,对耳石日轮的研究仍将会是耳石研究的重要方向;相关研究将会逐渐由个体尺度向种群尺度发展,并可为渔业资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Polypeptide Growth Factors in Embryogenesis and Tumor Growth

Polypeptide growth factors belonging to different families (epidermal growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factors-, and some others), were characterized regarding their specific role in embryogenesis and tumor growth. Differences and parallels in the functioning of growth factors in these processes have been noted. The potential significance of the described characteristics of growth factors for directed modulation of embryogenesis and tumor growth is discussed.