新型吡唑类化合物DL-1的硝化抑制效应初探

以国内外应用较为广泛的硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）为参比对象,采用室内培养方法,对新型吡唑类化合物DL-1的硝化抑制效应进行初步探讨.结果表明,DL-1对土壤中铵的氧化过程具有显著的抑制效应,前3周的硝化抑制率可达70％以上,且硝化抑制能力在第14天至28天最强.与等量DCD相比,施用量为(NH₄)₂SO₄氮量1.0%的DL-1在14、21和28 d使土壤中的NO₃^--N含量分别下降 26.23%、33.27%和23.31%;与不加抑制剂的对照处理相比,土壤NO₃^--N含量则分别下降了71.12%、69.10%和55.14%.当DL-1用量为(NH₄)₂SO₄氮量的2。0%时,土壤的硝化作用受到了更强烈的抑制,到培养第90天试验结束,土壤中的NO₃^--N含量始终维持在较低水平.     

Bio-indicators in the monitoring of environmental pollution

Summary Surveying the chemical pollution status of a given area is increasingly becoming the task of biological indicators, ie animal and plant organisms capable of providing us with the necessary data. For example, in the wake of certain contaminations, they may increase or decrease in number, vary population proportions in relation to given traits, become vectors of certain toxic molecules or heavy metals, or accumulate them in their bodies or in their «products». The advantage of bioindicators over chemical or physical detectors is their ability to supply extensive — both spatially and temporally —rather than limited and instantaneous data, thus making such information more representative. In many instances the bioindicator takes samples for us-a service that is undoubtedly valuable even though it must be linked to a sound knowledge of the organism's ethogram and biology so as to arrive at a scientifically legitimate interpretation of the data provided.     

海洋生态环境污染研究概况

阐述了海洋生态环境污染的来源和危害,探讨其解决方法。     

Impact of environmental pollution on cyanobacterial proline content

This study describes the toxic effects of different prominent aquatic pollutants—heavy metals (Cd & Pb), pesticides (alphamethrin and deltamethrin) and salt (NaCl)—on the intracellular proline content in the cyanobacterium, Westiellopsis prolifica–Janet strain–NCCU331. Despite a reduction in growth (measured as chlorophyll a content), the intracellular proline content increased in the presence of heavy metals, pesticides and high salt concentration. The intracellular cyanobacterial proline accumulation was more pronounced under salt stress than in the presence of pesticides and heavy metals. We have also compared whether or not anionic components influence heavy metal toxicity. It was found that the chlorides of Cd and Pb were more toxic than the NO₃ and the order of toxicity was CdCl₂ > PbCl₂ > Cd (NO₃)₂ > Pb (NO₃)₂. Among pyrethroids, deltamethrin was more toxic than alphamethrin. Presented at the 6th Meeting of the Asian Pacific Society of Applied Phycology, Manila, Philippines.     

Landscape-geochemical approach to solving problems of environmental pollution

This paper shows under which loads of pollutants their accumulation in soils occurs with the course of time. A map of soil contamination with fluorine, reflecting the patterns of its secondary differentiation in steppe geosystems is presented. The features of the fluorine distribution in soils depending on environmental conditions, as well as the factors that ensure the self-cleaning of soils under conditions of contamination, are revealed. The necessity of reducing dust and gas emissions from the production of aluminum is identified.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: environmental pollution and bioremediation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely distributed and relocated in the environment as a result of the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Many PAHs and their epoxides are highly toxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic to microorganisms as well as to higher systems including humans. Although various physicochemical methods have been used to remove these compounds from our environment, they have many limitations. Xenobiotic-degrading microorganisms have tremendous potential for bioremediation but new modifications are required to make such microorganisms effective and efficient in removing these compounds, which were once thought to be recalcitrant. Metabolic engineering might help to improve the efficiency of degradation of toxic compounds by microorganisms. However, efficiency of naturally occurring microorganisms for field bioremediation could be significantly improved by optimizing certain factors such as bioavailability, adsorption and mass transfer. Chemotaxis could also have an important role in enhancing biodegradation of pollutants. Here, we discuss the problems of PAH pollution and PAH degradation, and relevant bioremediation efforts.     

土壤原生动物对环境污染的生物指示作用

土壤原生动物具有丰富的种类和巨大的生物量,在土壤生态系统中具有十分重要的地位．作为指示生物,土壤原生动物具有与其他土壤动物相比更独特的优势．研究它们的群落结构、数量及多样性动态变化,可以很好地评价和监测自然环境变化及人类活动带来的环境污染．本文根据国内外相关文献,简要概述了土壤原生动物在生态系统中的作用．对原生动物的生物指示物优势、土壤原生动物对环境因子响应和污染指示作用及对大气CO2浓度变化的响应等进行了论述,并对土壤原生动物在生态毒理诊断中的应用前景进行了展望．     

Exploiting antibody-based technologies to manage environmental pollution.

Many commodities used in the food, cosmetic, chemical and environmental industrial sectors function by binding to other molecules. Antibodies can bind virtually any molecule, from large proteins to small organic ligands, and could replace substances with undesirable medical, social or environmental side effects, if they could be provided in stable configurations and in quantities and at costs acceptable to industry. Antibody fragments also offer the possibility of sensitive detection and efficient removal of organic pollutants from the environment.     

微生物固定化及其在环境污染治理中的应用研究进展

微生物固定化技术广泛应用于食品、轻化以及环保领域,其具有微生物密度高、生物活性好、环境适应性强、可反复利用等优点。本文对微生物固定化技术进行了概述,并通过典型案例重点阐释了其在水、土和大气等环境污染治理领域的应用进展。在水环境中,固定化载体可为不同类型微生物提供生存微环境和各自所需的生态位,提高了系统负荷和处理效能;在土壤环境中,其重要作用在于提高土壤中污染物的生物有效性,从而提升微生物修复效果;空气污染治理领域则更注重载体的机械强度及气液传质能力的提高。本文比较总结了微生物固定化技术在不同环境治理领域中的应用特点和优势,以期为今后的环境污染治理提供一定的参考。     

The environmental risks of pollution in the Scheldt estuary

The ecotoxicological effects of pollution in the Scheldt estuary is evaluated for several routes of exposure by comparing observed concentrations of micro-contaminants in water and tissues of biota with toxicity data in literature. Ecological risks are estimated for dissolved trace metals according to the method of VAN STRAALEN (1990) using published data on NOECs from aquatic toxicity tests concerning reproduction, mortality and growth for cold blooded marine and estuarine organisms. Of eight investigated trace metals, zinc and nickel cause the highest risks, both affecting up to 4% of the aquatic species. The occurrence of bioaccumulation of PCBs and cadmium is investigated in several trophic levels. High concentrations of PCBs are observed in tissues of biota and may indicate adverse effects on top predators (seals, terns), especially in the brackish zone. Environmental risks of other organic micro-contaminants have not been indicated due to the limited number of data on toxicity or environmental concentrations. The effects of a mixture of pollutants in sediments from the Scheldt estuary were investigated with an oyster larvae bioassay showing an increased toxicity in upstream direction. Moreover, in the upper part of the estuary, preconditions regarding the oxygen concentration are not met and overshadow the toxic effects of pollution with micro-contaminants. Especially in the less contaminated part of the estuary more ecotoxicolgical research is required to perform an integral risk evaluation. At present, still little is known about effects that may occur in the field.     

微流控芯片在水环境污染分析中的应用

近年来,一种新型技术——微流控芯片技术因其分析速度快、消耗低、体积小、操作简单等特点而备受世界各国的广泛重视.该技术以微通道网络为基本特征,以微机电系统(MEMS)工艺为技术依托,将整个实验室的功能集成在微小芯片上,即构成所谓“芯片实验室”.本文从该技术的基本情况出发,介绍了微流控芯片的发展,并从仪器小型化、系统集成化、不同的芯片材料以及多种检测技术等方面,着重讨论了其在水环境污染分析方面的实际应用和发展前景,指出了它当前所面临的一些问题.随着微流控芯片的不断发展,高速多通道检测装置、低成本设备以及集成了多种方法的高通用性微流控检测芯片,都将成为未来研究的热点.     

On-line and in situ biosensors for monitoring environmental pollution

Efficient tools for on-line and in situ monitoring of environmental pollutants are required to provide early warning systems. In addition, such tools can contribute important information on the progress of various remediation treatments. One of the recently developed monitoring technologies involves the use of whole-cell biosensors. Such biosensors could be constructed to detect general toxicity or specific toxicity caused by one or more pollutants. Currently, a large spectrum of microbial biosensors have been developed that enable the monitoring of pollutants by measuring light, fluorescence, color or electric current. Electrochemical monitoring is of special interest for in situ measurements as it can be performed using simple, compact and mobile equipment and is easily adaptable for on-line measurements. Here we survey the potential application of electrochemical biosensors in monitoring of general toxicity as well as hydrocarbons and heavy metals.     

The use of grasses as indicators of environmental pollution

Summary An exploratory examination of the use of rye grass as an indicator of environmental accumulation of minor elements confirmed that natural grass is contaminated by soil or airborne dust, and that this contamination cannot be washed off sampled grass with water without also removing elements from within the leaves, to an extent that varies with the age and/or environment of the grass. This reduces the suitability of natural grasses as indicators of pollution, and alternative procedures are required and proposed.     

Relationship between environmental pollution and genetic monitoring of human populations

The basis of genetic monitoring is the knowledge of laws of the spontaneous mutation process. These laws are determined for human chromosome and genome mutations by cytogenetic examination of newborns, infants with congenital defects, and the material of spontaneous abortions. Confidence intervals and all the necessary sample sizes were calculated when registering the mutagenic effects of different intensity in the general population as well as to the groups of closer contact with mutagens. Such calculations were made for controlling the spontaneous mutation process in lymphocytes of human peripheral blood on the basis of registering chromosome aberrations.