Molecular cloning and characterization of theta-class glutathione S-transferase (GST-T) from the hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus and biochemical comparisons with alpha-class glutathione S-transferase (GST-A)

We cloned and sequenced full-length cDNA of a theta-class-like glutathione S-transferase (GST-T) from liver tissue of the self-fertilizing fish Rivulus marmoratus. The full-length cDNA of rm-GST-T was 907 bp in length containing an open reading frame of 666 bp that encoded a 221-amino acid putative protein. Its derived amino acid sequence was clustered with other vertebrate theta-class GSTs in a phylogenetic tree. The deduced amino acid sequence of theta-like rm-GST (rm-GST-T) was compared with both classes (alpha and theta) of GST and alpha-class rm-GST (rm-GST-A). Tissue-specific expression of two rm-GST mRNAs was investigated using real-time RT-PCR. To further characterize the catalytic properties of this enzyme along with rm-GST-A, we constructed the recombinant theta-like rm-GST plasmid with a 6 x His-Tag at the N-terminal of rm-GST-T cDNA. Recombinant rm-GST-T was highly expressed in transformed Escherichia coli, and its soluble fraction was purified by His-Tag affinity column chromatography. The kinetic properties and effects of pH and temperature on rm-GST-T were further studied, along with enzyme activity and inhibition effects, and compared with recombinant rm-GST-A. These results suggest that recombinant rm-GSTs such as rm-GST-A and rm-GST-T play a conserved functional role in R. marmoratus.     

Cloning and partial characterization of a Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) glutathione S-transferase

A cDNA of glutathione S-transferase (GST) was isolated from a cDNA library of salivary glands of Boophilus microplus. The recombinant protein was purified by glutathione affinity chromatography and assayed upon the chromogenic substrate CDNB. The 864 bp cloned fragment was sequenced and showed an open reading frame coding for a protein of 220 amino acids. Expression of the GST gene was tested by RT-PCR in tick tissues and larvae mRNA. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with GSTs from other species revealed that the enzyme is closely related to the mammalian class mu GSTs.     

Molecular cloning and thermal stress-induced expression of a pi-class glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional phase II detoxification enzymes that catalyze the attachment of electrophilic substrates to glutathione. The pi-class GST cDNA (leGSTp) was cloned from the cold-adapted Antarctic bivalve Laternula elliptica. We used degenerated primers designed based on highly conserved regions of known mollusk GSTs to amplify the corresponding L. elliptica mRNA. Full-length cDNA was obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full sequence of the GST cDNA was 1189 bp in length, with a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 74 bp, a 3' UTR of 485 bp, and an open reading frame of 630 bp encoding 209 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular mass of 23.9 kDa and an estimated isoelectric point of 8.3. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed basal expression of leGSTp, which was up-regulated upon heat treatment (10 degrees C for different time periods) by a factor of 2.3 (at 24 h) and 2.7 (at 48 h) in the digestive gland and gill tissues, respectively. The recombinant leGSTp expressed in Escherichia coli was purified by affinity chromatography and characterized. The purified leGSTp exhibited high activity towards the substrates ethacrynic acid (ECA) and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The recombinant leGSTp had a maximum activity at approximately pH 8.0, and its optimum temperature was 35 degrees C.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of a glutathione S-transferase gene from Ginkgo biloba.

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play an important role in the response of plants to changing environmental conditions. Here, we report the cloning of the GST gene for GST from Ginkgo biloba, a native medicinal plant species in China, by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA (designated as GbGST) was 1008 bp and contained a 684 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 228 amino acids. The genomic sequence of GbGST was also obtained. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that GbGST expressed in all tested tissues of G. biloba, including leaf, root and stem and the expression of GbGST could be induced by UV, MJ and drought treatments, suggesting that GbGST was potentially involved in plant's stress tolerance. To our knowledge, this is the first GST cDNA cloned from Ginkgoaceae. Based on comparative analyses of amino acid sequence, phylogeny, predicted three-dimensional structure together with the gene structure, the GbGST should be classified into the tau class.     

Characterization and molecular cloning of a glutathione S-transferase gene from the tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae).

A glutathione S-transferase (GST) was purified from the larval cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), by glutathione-affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme appeared as a single band on SDS-PAGE and has a molecular mass of 25.8 kDa determined by mass spectrometry. The N-terminus of the purified enzyme was sequenced. The full-length cDNA of the enzyme was isolated by RT-PCR using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequence. The cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding a 223-amino-acid protein with the N-terminus identical to the purified GST. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with GSTs from other species revealed that the enzyme is closely related to the mammalian mu class GST.     

Heterologous expression and characterization of a sigma glutathione S-transferase involved in carbaryl detoxification from oriental migratory locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen)

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a major role in detoxification of xenobiotics and resistance to insecticides in insects. In the present study, a sigma-class GST gene (LmGSTs3) was identified from the locust, Locusta migratoria manilensis. Its full-length cDNA sequence is 828 bp containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 612 bp that encodes 204 amino acid residues. The predicted protein molecular mass and pI are 23.4 kDa and 7.62, respectively. Recombinant LmGSTs3 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble fusion protein. Its optimal activity was observed at pH 8.0. Incubation for 30 min at temperatures below 40 °C scarcely affected activity. The LmGSTs3 at pH values between 4.0 and 11.0 retained more than 80% of its original activity. Ethacrynic acid and cibacron blue were very effective inhibitors of LmGSTs3 with I50-values 1.7 and 3.7 μM, respectively. In response to heavy metal (CuSO4, CdCl2) exposure there was a concentration-dependent and time-dependent decrease in activity. The nymph mortalities after carbaryl treatment increased 38.7% after LmGSTs3 were silenced. These results suggest that LmGSTs3 may be involved in carbaryl detoxification in L. migratoria manilensis.     

Paragonimus westermani: a cytosolic glutathione S-transferase of a sigma-class in adult stage

We purified cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) of adult Paragonimus westermani monitoring its activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The enzyme was purified 18.4-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity with 21% recovery rate through a three-step procedure. The purified enzyme (Pw28GST) has a subunit molecular weight of 28 kDa with an isoelectric point at 4.6. Monoclonal antibody (anti-Pw28GST) against Pw28GST did not cross-react with GSTs from other helminths. cDNA library was constructed in lambdaZAP II bacteriophage and screened with anti-Pw28GST. The corresponding gene containing a single open reading frame of 804 bp encoded 211 amino acids. The predicted amino acid sequence exhibited a higher homology with catalytic domain near N-terminus of class sigma GSTs (58%) than with schistosome 28-kDa GSTs (45-41%) or with class sigma GSTs themselves (33-31%). The sequence contained both Tyr-6 and Tyr-10 that are highly conserved in mammalian and helminth GSTs. The apparent K(m) value of a recombinant enzyme was 0.78 mM. Both native and recombinant enzymes showed the highest activity against CDNB, relatively weak activity against ethacrynic acid and reactive carbonyls, and no activity against epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)-propane. The activities were inhibited by bromosulfophthalein, cibacron blue, and albendazole, but not by praziquantel. These findings indicate that adult P. westermani has a class sigma GST.     

Nucleotide sequence of a class mu glutathione S-transferase from chicken liver

A clone coding for glutathione S-transferase (GST) CL2 was isolated from a chicken liver cDNA library. This clone (819 bp) encodes a polypeptide comprising 219 amino acids with a molecular weight of 25,717, excluding the initiator methionine. The primary amino acid sequence of the enzyme has 47% identical sequence with other class mu GSTs.     

Salmonid olfactory system-specific protein (N24) exhibits glutathione S-transferase class pi-like structure

A salmonid olfactory system-specific protein (N24) that has been identified in lacustrine sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) was characterized by biochemical and molecular biological techniques. N24 is a homodimer, and the intact molecular mass is estimated as approximately 43.3 kDa by gel filtration. Furthermore, N24 was located only in the cytosolic fraction of the olfactory tissues as determined by subcellular fractionation. cDNA encoding the lacustrine sockeye salmon N24 was isolated and sequenced. This cDNA contained a coding region encoding 216 amino acid residues and the molecular mass of this protein is calculated to be 242,224.77. The protein and nucleotide sequencing demonstrates the existence of a remarkable homology between N24 and glutathione S-transferase (GST; EC 2.5.1.18) class pi enzymes. Northern analysis showed that N24 mRNA with a length of 950 bases is expressed in lacustrine sockeye salmon olfactory epithelium. Olfactory receptor cells showed strong hybridization signals for N24 mRNA in the olfactory epithelium. N24 demonstrated glutathione binding activity in affinity-purified GST column experiments. The present study describes for the first time cDNA cloning of GST in fish olfactory epithelium.     

A novel theta-class glutathione S-transferase gene in Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Identification,recombinant protein expression and function analyses of RpGSTT1

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play a major role in the detoxification of insecticides and the protection against oxidative damage caused by ROS (reactive oxygen species). The bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), is a major crop pest worldwide. Chemical insecticides are currently used to control aphids, but insecticide resistance is an evolutionary issue for aphid control. In this research, we identified and cloned the full-length cDNA of a theta-class GST gene (RpGSTT1) from R. padi, which contains 702 bp open reading frame encoding 233 amino acids. RpGSTT1 was clustered together with theta classe of insect GSTs in the phylogenetic tree. Effect of insecticide exposure on the GST enzyme activity was investigated in vivo. After affinity purification, the recombinant RpGSTT1 protein was able to catalyze the conjugation of 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). A disc diffusion assay showed that the RpGSTT1 can increase resistance to cumene hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress. In addition, the purified recombinant RpGSTT1 protected super-coiled DNA from oxidative damage. By quantitative PCR, The relative expression level of RpGSTT1 in the aphid was highly up-regulated after 12 h exposure to β-cypermethrin, isoprocarb, malathion and sulfoxaflor, respectively. To our knowledge, RpGSTT1 is the first theta class of GST gene reported in bird cherry-oat aphid. Our findings indicate that RpGSTT1 may be involved in insecticide detoxification in R. padi.     

苦荞谷胱甘肽转移酶(FtGST)基因的克隆与序列分析

采用RACE技术,从苦荞(Fagopyrum tatarium)中克隆得到一个谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase protein,FtGST)基因。序列分析表明,FtGST基因全长DNA序列和cDNA序列编码区分别为746 bp和666 bp,DNA序列含有一个长度为80 bp(342-421 bp)的内含子;开放阅读框(ORF)长666 bp,编码221个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,FtGST基因推导的蛋白质含有Tau家族典型的底物结合口袋、谷胱甘肽结合位点(G-site)和疏水性底物结合位点(H-site)氨基酸残基,表明FtGST为Tau家族蛋白。     

Response of glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes to cadmium exposure in the marine pollution indicator worm, Perinereis nuntia

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a phase II enzyme that functions as a detoxicant by catalyzing the conjugation of reduced glutathione with a variety of xenobiotics via cysteine thiol. Molecular genetic approaches using gene biomarkers show substantial relevance as sensitive biomarkers for the indication of pollution levels. In order to use GSTs as molecular biomarkers for marine pollution monitoring, we cloned and sequenced the full-length cDNA of seven GST genes from the marine polychaete Perinereis nuntia. The deduced amino acid sequence of Pn-GSTs showed a high similarity to those of other species that clustered into the same clades in a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, to evaluate Pn-GSTs as useful biomarkers on effects after cadmium (Cd) exposure, we exposed sublethal concentrations of Cd (5, 50, and 500 μg/L) to P. nuntia, and they showed relatively different but significantly increases, depending on exposure time and Cd concentrations. Particularly, Pn-GST-omega and Pn-GST-sigma genes were highly sensitive with a clear dose-dependent manner on mRNA expression. The total GST activities also have significantly increased levels at higher concentrations of Cd exposure. These results indicate that Pn-GSTs play important roles in Cd-induced oxidative stress in terms of the physiological changes relating to metabolism and cell protection, and those genes would have great potential as molecular biomarkers to monitor marine environmental health.     

野桑蚕GST-Omega1基因在草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞中的表达

谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶（glutathione S-transferases,GSTs）是昆虫的重要解毒酶之一。为了研究野桑蚕Bombyx mandarina中谷胱甘肽S-转移酶在真核表达系统中的表达情况。本研究通过RT-PCR从野桑蚕中肠中获得GST-Omega1基因的cDNA序列,该基因的开放读码框为771 bp,编码256 个氨基酸。对推导的氨基酸序列用NCBI的蛋白质Conserved Domains工具进行在线分析,结果显示GST-Omega1的氨基酸序列中具有Cys38和8个GSH结合位点的Omega类基因保守序列。对所获得的基因克隆进表达载体pFastBacHT b中获得pFast-GST-Omega1,将其转化DH10Bac感受态细胞,获得Bac-GST-Omega1重组病毒DNA,用脂质体法转染草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞,获得重组病毒。对表达产物经SDS-PAGE和Western blotting分析,能检测到一条分子量约为33 kD的特异性条带,与推导的融合蛋白大小相符,该目的蛋白的表达量占总蛋白的14.4%。目的蛋白经His·Bind树脂纯化,用Lineweaver Burk作图法测定其K_m和V_max,结果显示其K_m为2.81 µmol/L,V_max为2.70 µmol/(mg·min）。     

烟夜蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因的克隆、序列分析与表达

为探明谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）在昆虫嗅觉识别中的作用, 本研究采用RT-PCR和RACE方法, 从烟夜蛾Helicoverpa assulta（Guenée）雄虫触角中克隆获得了1个GSTs基因的全长cDNA序列（GenBank登录号为EU289223）。将该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他物种的GSTs进行同源性比对和系统发育分析, 发现该蛋白属于昆虫特异性Epsilon家族成员, 因此将该基因命名为HaGSTe1。同时从烟夜蛾基因组DNA中克隆获得了该基因序列, 发现序列中含有5个内含子, 长度分别为415,513,296,333和269 bp。利用半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR方法对HaGSTe1在雌、 雄虫不同组织的表达进行了定性和定量分析, 结果显示, 该基因在雌、 雄虫的头部（去掉触角和喙）、触角、喙、胸、足、翅以及雌虫的腹部均有表达, 并且在雄虫触角中的表达量最高, 且显著高于雌虫触角, 这种表达情况提示其可能与触角中性信息素及其他外源物质的分解有关。