生物膜研究在生物物理研究所的兴起与发展

生物膜研究是现代生物学研究的前沿方向之一,本文对文革结束以后生物膜研究在中国科学院生物物理研究所(下称生物物理所)的兴起与发展进行了系统回顾.文革结束后,中国科学院领导了解到国外生物膜研究迅速发展的情况,迅即派遣以生物物理所杨福愉为组长,包括生物化学研究所、动物研究所、植物研究所、上海实验生物研究所等六人的代表团前往联邦德国进行考察.考察结束后院领导根据多学科交叉对生物膜研究的重要作用,组织了生物物理所、植物所、中国医学科学院、北京医科大学等单位联合申报国家自然科学基金委员会重大项目"膜脂-膜蛋白的相互作用及其在医学和农业上的应用",并获得立项.与此同时,院领导建议由中国生物物理学会、中国生化学会和中国细胞生物学会共同组织生物膜学术讨论会.首次会议于1979年3月在北京友谊宾馆举行,以后每3年召开1次,从未中断,有力地促进了生物膜研究的交流与发展.2003年举行的第200届香山会议专门组织讨论21世纪生物膜研究在中国的布局,进一步推动了生物膜研究的发展.本文还重点阐述了中国科学院生物物理研究所在生物膜研究方面所取得的代表性成果:a.金属离子通过膜脂-膜蛋白相互作用调控生物膜能量转换、物质运输及信号转导的分子机制;b.提出"克山病是一种心肌线粒体病"的重要观点;c.发现溶酶体内含有为量甚微、一般认为是消化酶的胰凝乳蛋白酶,并阐明了它通过溶酶体膜外泄后参与细胞凋亡的作用机制;d.确定了通过调控线粒体动态变化而干预肿瘤细胞迁移侵袭的新靶标.最后,特别值得一提的是,2004年,常文瑞与植物研究所匡廷云等在《自然》(Nature)发表了《菠菜中主要捕光色素复合体2.72魡分辨率的晶体结构分析》的研究论文,2005年饶子和与徐建兴等在《细胞》(Cell)发表了《猪心线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅱ的晶体结构》的研究论文,充分标志着我国生物膜研究已在国际上占据一席之地.2004年,徐涛研究员因其在囊泡转运方面的丰厚学术积淀,作为首席科学家组织一批生物膜专家承担了国内首个生物膜973项目,这标志着国内生物膜研究开始进入一个新的发展时期.     

The 275th anniversary of Russian Academy of Sciences and history of biophysics

Within the framework of scientific arrangements devoted to the 275th Anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Second Congress of Biophysicists of Russia was held in Moscow from 23 to 27 August 1999 on the basis of the Lomonosov State University. More than 600 scientists from Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States took part in the Congress. Below we present abridged a report of the Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prof. G.R. Ivanitskii. This report opened the Congress.     

生命科学研究的又一个里程碑——记2003年度诺贝尔化学奖

瑞典皇家科学院宣布 ,美国的两位科学家Agre和MacKinnon ,因他们在细胞膜物质转运通道蛋白质研究方面的重要发现分享 2 0 0 3年度诺贝尔化学奖 .Agre发现了水通道 (waterchannel) ,并且解释了水通道对水分子的选择性通透等重要特性 ;MacKinnon确立了K 离子通道的高分辨率的三维结构 ,并且详细地阐明了其离子选择性等功能机制 .两位科学家把他们对科学研究前沿领域的高度敏感性与科学的方法论紧密结合在一起 .他们从化学基础研究出发 ,为生命科学前沿领域后基因组的研究作出了卓越贡献     

Mean age of death and longevity for male scientists of different specialties

The article provides information on the mean age of death (MAD) for 54 256 men professionally involved in research work and assigned to one of the six categories, namely, physics, chemistry, medicine and biology, mathematics, economics, and humanities. In addition, the effect of teaching activity on MAD and longevity has been evaluated for scientists of different specialties. Special attention has been paid to the analysis of MAD of the deceased members of the Russian Academy of Sciences, including members of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1724–2013). The minimum MAD has been found for mathematicians (72.1 ± 0.21 years) and the maximum MAD for scientists in economics (74.6 ± 0.26 years). The relative number of surviving ≥90 years and ≥100 years is minimal for mathematicians (7.59 and 0.37%, respectively), whereas those numbers for economists reveal the maximum values (10.26 and 0.96%, respectively). Indicators of MAD and proportion of centenarians among the scientists who received public recognition strongly depend on the specialty. Similarly, the members of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Sciences have the highest MAD in economics (74.7 ± 1.05 years) and the lowest in mathematics (70.6 ± 0.74 years). MAD has proven to be 3.5 years higher for scientists involved in teaching at university or college compared to those who were not involved in teaching. In this case, the “gain” is significant, ranging from 3.1 years for economists and humanitarians to 4.9 years for mathematicians. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that intense scientific work contributes to an increase in life expectancy and longevity.     

Biophysics at the turn of the century: autowaves

By the example of the formation of dissipative patterns in Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions and in population waves of mobile microorganisms, an attempt was made to analyze the development of the "autowave conception" in the last ten years. New results obtained at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, were demonstrated. The place of the "autowave conception" among other methods of studying nonlinear cooperative bioprocesses that form the basis of synergism is shown. The review was prepared on the occasion of the 275th anniversary of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the 2nd Biophysical Meeting of Russia.     

WLADIMIR KOWALEVSKY'S SOURCES OF IDEAS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR HIS WORK AND FOR RUSSIAN EVOLUTIONARY PALAEONTOLOGY

Studies of documents and data about W.O. Kowalevsky's life and work have shed new light on his scientific background. After graduating from the School of Jurisprudence in St. Petersburg, he was first engaged in book publishing, but in 1868 began studies at the Anatomical Institute of the Medical-Surgical Academy, founded by N.I. Pirogov, a famous surgeon and anatomist. Pirogov's ideas were adopted by P.F. Lesshaft (1837–1907), later a prominent anatomist and founder of functional anatomy in Russia. Another teacher was the famous physiologist I.M. Sechenov. Only with the background of this new functional anatomy was Kowalevsky able to link up various data to form his own theories and create classical palaeontological works in the space of two and a half years (1871–1873). His influence on the development of vertebrate palaeontology has been lasting. In Russia and the Soviet Union, Kowalevsky and Lesshaft had such successors as A.P. Pavlov (1854–1929), A.A. Borissiak (1872–1944), N.N. Yakovlev (1870–1966), and many other disciples in younger generations of palaeontologists.     

A new species of the millipede genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lamyctes</Emphasis> Meinert, 1868 (Chilopoda,Lithobiomorpha, Henicopidae) from European Russia

Lamyctes inexpectatus sp. n., characterized by a distinctive shape of the female gonopods, is described from European Russia. The new species is compared with other species of the genus Lamyctes from Russia, and a key to these species is given. Types of the new species are deposited at the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.     

氮肥农学效应与环境效应国际研究发展态势

分析国内外农田氮素农学效应和环境效应研究的发展动态、研究热点,为以后研究农田氮素效应提供参考。基于ISI Web of Science数据库,检索出以"农田氮肥施用"为主题的所有SCI论文(1957—2014年8月),并分别提取出与"农学效应"、"环境效应"、"适宜施氮量"相关的文献,采用计量学方法,分析各研究方向的主要热点、研究机构、发文期刊和高被引论文等。共检索出关于农田施氮研究的SCI文献7460篇,其中与"农学效应"研究相关的文献2773篇,主要涉及到施氮肥对小麦、玉米、水稻、大豆等作物产量、氮素利用率和土壤有机碳的影响;与"环境效应"研究相关的文献1609篇,主要涉及到氮肥施用对氨挥发、硝化反硝化、温室气体排放、硝酸盐淋失、地下水水质等环境因素的影响;与"适宜施氮量"研究相关的文献408篇,主要涉及氮肥施用量、氮肥管理等。刊发各类研究成果最多的机构主要来自欧美发达国家,影响力大的期刊与高被引论文也主要来自欧美国家,中国在该领域的研究发展迅速,以中国科学院、中国农业大学、南京农业大学和中国农业科学院等为代表的中国研究机构的研究水平逐渐进入世界前列。文献计量学可用于分析农田氮素效应主题的研究热点和发展态势,目前氮素农学效应仍是研究的重点,随着当前环境污染问题日益突出,农田氮素环境效应研究越来越多,特别是氮流失对水体水质的影响备受关注,而基于氮素综合效应确定农田适宜施氮量是同时保障粮食安全和环境安全的有效措施。中国在相关研究领域的研究起步较晚,高影响力论文偏少,优秀国际期刊不足,但研究实力不断增加,研究成果也逐渐被国际社会所认可。     

蜜蜂全基因组出笼前后

在2006年10月26日,期待已久的蜜蜂的基因组序列在英国杂志《自然》上发表了。这一事件对于全世界蜜蜂生物学家来说,标志着蜜蜂研究“后基因组时代”的开始。这一重大项目由倍乐医学院完成,耗资800万美元,历时2年。而实际上对于基因组的注释又经过近2年的时间,由代表15个国家、来自64个实验室的170名科学家完成。这一等待是值得的基因组序列最终发表后,生物学家通过互联网能做他们自己的“数据采掘”,用这一可得的公共资源验证自己的假说。事实上,在蜜蜂基因组文章在《自然》上发表的当周,其姊妹刊上发表的约50篇相关论文中,有一半以上是基于生物信息学的研究,这些刊物包括《科学》、《基因组研究》、《美国国家科学院院报》及《昆虫分子生物学》。蜜蜂与人类享有一些共性劳动分工,复杂的通信系统包括语言,发达的保卫和防御系统,精妙的建筑以及为了共同利益自我牺牲的特点。由于有这些共性,蜜蜂基因组的发表将使科学家不仅能够深入研究蜜蜂生物学,而且能深入了解我们人类自身的生物学。     

New replacement names in the family Cossidae (Lepidoptera) in Southern Asia

The names of the Cossidae taxa Garuda Yakovlev, 2004 (type species Garuda galina Yakovlev, 2004) and Nirvana Yakovlev, 2004 (type species Nirvana buddhi Yakovlev, 2004) described by the author from various Eurasian regions are substituted by new names due to the former having been previously preoccupied. The name Garuda Yakovlev, 2004: 375 (type species Garuda galina Yakovlev, 2004) is proposed to be substituted for Garrudiella Yakovlev nom. n., since Garuda was used by Scherer (Scherer 1969: 28) while describing a new species in the family Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) (type species Garuda hindustanica Scherer 1969).     

Mycelial fungi maintained in the Russia Collection of Microorganisms (VKM IBPM RAS)

Information on application of diversity of mycelial fungi maintained in the Russia Collection of Microorganisms (VKM) at the Institute for Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences to research and biotechnology as producers is presented, as well as data on additions to the basic collection.     

The science and regulations of probiotic food and supplement product labeling

Presented by the New York Academy of Sciences, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health, the symposium "Probiotic Foods and Supplements: The Science and Regulations of Labeling," was held on June 12, 2010 at the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, NY, the goals of which were to facilitate the exchange of ideas regarding labeling and substantiation of claims for probiotics among academic, industry, and regulatory professionals, and to discuss ways to translate and communicate research results in a truthful way to the consumer and to such health professionals as physicians, pharmacists, and dieticians. The target audience for this symposium included academicians interested in conducting research on the health benefits of probiotics; scientists; communications personnel, and regulatory specialists from companies involved in, or interested in, the marketing of probiotics; U.S. government regulatory experts tasked with oversight of probiotic foods and dietary supplement products; and other experts in the field interested in the development of probiotics for the U.S. market.     

150th Anniversary of the birth of Louis Dollo (1857–1931), a Foreign Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR

December 7, 2007, was the 150th anniversary of the birth of Louis Dollo, a prominent Belgian evolutionary paleontologist. The article briefly describes his life, research, and museum work as well as his work on popularizing science. The main scientific works of Dollo and their international recognition are characterized. Dollo’s high reputation among Russian scientists led to his election, on January 11, 1928, as a Foreign Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.     

50 years of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR): 1953-2003

The history of the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) begins, as does all of laboratory animal science, with the ancient philosophers, anatomists, and physiologists whose work presaged the use of animals in biomedical research and the institutions that arose due to this use. Modern laboratory animal science and medicine began in the late 1940s and early 1950s as five Chicago-area institutions hired veterinarians to manage their animal facilities. Each of these men became instrumental in the founding of the organizations that collectively make up the laboratory animal science and medicine organizations. Nathan Brewer, one of the "Chicago five," was particularly influential in the founding of ILAR. His boss at the University of Chicago, Dr. Paul Weiss, a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), asked him to help establish a committee with the stated purpose of preparing recommendations to the NAS to develop an office to obtain information on sources of supply for research animals. This office became ILAR, and Brewer was chairman of its first report on the diseases of laboratory animals. He was also a founding diplomat and first president of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. This history recognizes the thoughtful and energetic contributions of scientists and veterinarians to ILAR. It provides a 50-year overview of the programs and reports of ILAR and highlights examples where these reports have been adopted by scientists and federal agencies and incorporated into national laws and policies governing the use of animals in research both in the United States and in other countries.     

Stem cells shine in Shanghai

From November 6 to 9, 2007, more than 500 scientists from 20 countries and regions gathered in Shanghai, China, to attend the 2007 Shanghai International Symposium on Stem Cell Research. This dynamic meeting was jointly organized by the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR), the Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIBS/CAS), and other institutes in China. For the first time, the ISSCR added its name to a conference other than its own annual meeting, embracing this opportunity to learn more about research that is happening in China and providing a platform for local researchers who do not always have the opportunity to travel internationally to the ISSCR annual meetings. Here we present a sampling of the diverse research presented by the local and international participants during the science-packed 4 day meeting.     

International conference on “Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability-2016”

During June 19–26, 2016, an international conference (http://photosynthesis2016.cellreg.org/) on “Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability-2016” was held in honor of Nathan Nelson and Turhan Nejat Veziro?lu at the Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, formerly Institute of Photosynthesis, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Pushchino, Russia. Further, this conference celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Institute. We provide here a brief introduction and key contributions of the two honored scientists, and then information on the conference, on the speakers, and the program. A special feature of this conference was the awards given to several young investigators, who are recognized in this Report. Several photographs are included to show the excellent ambience at this conference. We invite the readers to the next conference on “Photosynthesis and Hydrogen Energy Research for Sustainability-2017”, which will honor A.S. Raghavendra (of University of Hyderabad), William Cramer (of Purdue University) and Govindjee (of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign); it will be held during the Fall of 2017 (from October 30 to November 4), at the University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India. See <https://prs.science>.     

重金属污染生态学研究现状与展望

重金属污染生态学的研究迄今已有近 5 0 a的历史 ,在土壤重金属元素背景值和环境标准的制定、重金属在环境中的迁移转化、重金属污染治理、元素分析测定方法和规范、对生物体的毒性及生物体的响应等方面取得了很多研究成果 ,出版了很多专著。在对重金属污染生态学研究进行简要回顾的基础上 ,以重金属在生物体内的行为特征 (吸收、迁移、富集、毒害、解毒和抗性等 )为主线 ,从微观和宏观水平 ,系统综述了目前该领域的研究现状 ,分析了尚存在的一些问题 ,最后从生物对重金属污染适应的分子机理、治理方法和技术的创新性、复合污染下环境标准制定的科学化以及重金属污染条件下全球生物进化的趋势预测等方面作了研究展望     

A new genus for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hysteropterum boreale</Emphasis> Melichar, 1902 (Hemiptera,Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea: Issidae) from China

A new genus is erected for Hysteropterum boreale Melichar, 1902 which is redescribed. Lectotype is designated in the type series of the species deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg, Russia). Photographs of the female (paralectotype) and drawings of the male (lectotype) genitalia are provided.     

中国丛枝菌根真菌的保藏、共享服务与研究利用

2003年中国“丛枝菌根真菌种质资源库（Bank of Glomeromycota in China,BGC）”在北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所建立。目前,该库已保藏丛枝菌根（AM）真菌40种190株,并面向全国开放,提供菌种资源与共享服务等,对国内AM真菌研究与应用发挥了重要作用。本文作者按照菌种利用的研究方向,详细列举了中国保藏的AM真菌菌种资源的研究结果,以期为政府决策、相关研发单位、研究者和生产者等提供参考,以促进中国共生真菌研究的深入开展。