Epidemiologic study of dermatophytoses in Salamanca (Spain)

An epidemiologic study of the dermatophytoses in Salamanca (Spain) from 1973 to 1976 was performed. Dermatophyte species were identified in 224 patients with clinical tinea infections; 31 bovines, 18 rodents and 70 soil samples. The prevalence of Trichophyton verrucosum and Epidermophyton floccosum was strikingly high in relation to other statistics. The most common clinical forms were tinea corporis and tinea cruris. Tinea capitis by anthropophilic species was uncommon.     

被误诊为环状肉芽肿的石膏样小孢子菌引起体癣1例

报告1例被误诊为环状肉芽肿的由石膏样小孢子菌引起的体癣。患者女,60岁,左腕部红斑2个月。外院曾诊断为"环状肉芽肿"治疗不佳,经真菌学检查确诊为石膏样小孢子菌导致的体癣。给予伊曲康唑200 mg/d,共1周,硝酸舍他康唑软膏外用,治疗1周后皮损痊愈。     

犬小孢子菌致体癣1例

报道1例由犬小孢子菌引起的体癣。患者,女,27岁,因前额、颈部多发环状红斑2周就诊。经真菌培养确诊为犬小孢子菌感染所致的体癣。予特比萘芬、灰黄霉素搽剂（商品名“止霉舒搽剂”）外用1周后痊愈。     

Candiduria in Hospital Patients: A Study Prospective

Tinea capitis is rare in adults. We report a case of adult tinea capitis due to Trichophyton violaceum in China. The female patient was immunosuppressed with prednisone due to the underlying disease of vulgaris pemphigus and was treated successfully with terbinafine. We also reviewed published cases of adult tinea capitis in China and compared these data with the characteristics of published cases in other regions in the world.     

Incidence of dermatophytosis in Jordan with special reference to tinea capitis

Clinical data on 1068 cases of dermatophytosis as well as mycological data on 382 of these cases seen from March 1983 to September 1984 are reported. Tinea cruris was present in 34.1%, with Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum isolated from 31% and 25% respectively. Tinea corporis was found in 17.9% of all patients of dermatophytosis with T. tonsurans responsible in 30.8%. Tinea pedis and Tinea unguium were present in 7.2% and 2% respectively, T. rubrum being the main causative agent; nail involvement was present in 27.3% of these cases. Tinea capitis was observed in 38.7% of 1068 dermatophytosis cases with T. violaceum and M. canis causing 48% and 32% of all T.C. cases respectively.The dermatophytic flora of the West Bank of Jordan apparently comprises about 14 dermatophytes, T. violaceum being the predominant agent of infection (in more than 34%). Other most common agents found in this survey were M. canis, T. rubrum, E. floccosum, T. schoenleini, T. tonsurans, and T. mentagrophytes.Formerly Assistant Professor at the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jordan, Amman     

A Clinico-Mycological Study of Dermatophytoses in Goa,India

The study was a clinico-mycological approach to find out the various clinical types of dermatophytoses and as well as the species of dermatophytes in Goa. Various socio-demographic and host factors were assessed to determine the predisposing factors for dermatophytoses. A detailed clinical history of the patients was recorded. Samples were collected aseptically in sterile black paper envelopes. The material was subjected to microscopy using potassium hydroxide mount. Culture was done by inoculating the material in Sabouraud’s peptone glucose agar slants. Tinea corporis was found to be the most common clinical presentation (44.2 %). Among the dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum predominated (38.2 %), followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (27.2 %). Dermatophytoses was more common among the lower and upper lower strata of society. Majority of the patients were in the 21–40 years age group (62 %) with males predominating women in ratio 2.4:1.     

甲癣的病原学研究进展

甲真菌病是由皮肤癣菌、酵母菌及霉菌引起的甲板和甲下组织感染,皮肤癣菌是主要致病菌,其所致的甲真菌病称为甲癣.皮肤癣菌分为3个属:毛癣菌属、小孢子菌属和表皮癣菌属.随着医学真菌学基础知识的普及和真菌学诊疗水平的提高,越来越多的皮肤癣菌在甲中分离,临床上对甲癣致病真菌的正确鉴定对于制定治疗方案、评价预后以及流行病学监测等都有重要的指导意义.该文对国内外现有文献报道的甲癣的致病菌进行综述.     

Epidemiology of dermatomycosis in the eastern Croatia--today and yesterday

The aim of our investigation was to compare the distribution of dermatomycosis species in Eastern Croatia between two different periods: first period from 1997-2001 year, and second period from 1986-88 year. The outpatients from Department of Dermatovenerology University Hospital "Osijek" with confirmed diagnosis infection. Tinea, were selected on the basis o age, gender, localization and dermatomycosis species. During the first period (1997-2001) among 75,691 outpatients Tinea infection was confirmed in 558 (0.73%), while in the second period among 47,832 outpatients there were 126 (0.26%) cases with Tinea, what showed significant increase of fungal infections among population this region. According the age and gender in both periods predominant population were under of the age 16(40.14%: 41.26%), and female population was predominant (58.60% and 57.14%) in comparison to males (41.39% and 42.85%). The most frequent localization of lesions in period I were cutis glabrae (47.31%), palms and soles (31.36%), capitis (17.38%) and unguis (9.31%) and isolated species were as followed: Trichophyton (39.06%), Microsporum (31.72%) and Candida (28.13%) species. In period II the most frequent localization were palms and soles (40.47%), cutis glabrae (36.50%), capitis (12.69%) and unguis (10.31%). The isolated species in this period were: Trichophyton (80.15%), Candida (12.69%) and Microsporum (4.76%) species. From the data collected during two different periods we can observe 1) increase of fungal infection generally in our region; 2) significant changes in causative species (increase of Microsporum and Candida species infection, but Trichophyton spp still remain the first causative agent); and 3) changes in the localization of lesions.     

Fungal diseases of fish in Nanak Sagar,Naini Tal,India

Forty nine patients with mycologically confirmedTinea cruris were investigated for the association of hypersensitivity to trichophytin and the isolation of dermatophytes from clinically normal sites with chronicity and recurrence of infection. At the end of six months following specific therapy, 24 patients returned for follow up and they were similarly studied. Dermatophytes were isolated from clinically asymptomatic sites in 46% patients before treatment and in 21% of the patients on follow up. Immediate weal reaction and increased concentration of IgE antibodies were seen in 73% and 80% of the patients respectively. However, the delayed hypersensitivity reaction was more associated with patients having lesions for more than 6 months (48%) in comparison with patients with a short history (17%). On follow up after 6 months, the different hypersensitivity reactions and IgE antibody concentration maintained more or less the same association. Therefore in persistent or recurrentTinea cruris infection, besides potential carriage in clinically normal sites, hypersensitivity to antigens of dermatophytes possibly plays an important role in pathogenicity.     

Tinea unguium in the north-west of Iran (1996-2004)

Tinea unguium is a common mycosis in many part of the world including Iran. The prevalence of this mycosis varied depending on time, health level and geographical location. To stabilise the etiological, epidemiological and risk factors of tinea unguium in North-west Iran, a study of patients with suspected dermatophyte infections of their nails was carried out between 1996 and 2004. During this study 590 (354 females and 236 males) patients with clinical presentation of fungal infection in fingernails, toenails or in the both sites, were investigated using direct microscopy and culture of clinical samples. Tinea unguium was documented in 41 cases (7%) and among positive cases, 16 cases (39% total positive cases) were female and 25 cases (61% total positive cases) were male. Seventeen patients (41% total positive cases) had tinea unguium in their finger nails and 24 patients (59% total positive cases) had infection in their toe nails. According to the isolated etiologic agent, 66% (19 cases) of tinea unguium infections were caused by zoophilic drematophytes, 31% (9 cases) were caused by anthropophilic drematophytes and 3% (1 case) were caused by geophilic dermatophytes. With regard of sex, tinea unguium did not show a significant difference. The highest prevalence of tinea unguium was found in patients between 11 and 40 years of age. In conclusion the current results identified the etiological agents and epidemiological aspects of tinea unguium in North-west Iran. Tinea unguium in this region is associated with animal husbandry and direct or indirect contact with their products (wool, leather).     

Scalp Dermatophyte Carriage in Pregnant,Pre-, and Postmenopausal Women: A Comparative Study Using the Hairbrush and Cytobrush Methods of Sample Collection

Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection of the scalp that is most often seen in prepubescent children. In this investigation, we examined the prevalence of tinea capitis and symptom-free colonization of the scalp with dermatophytes in 786 pre- and postmenopausal women aged 12–84 years. Scalp samples were collected from all participants by cytobrush or hairbrush, and cultures were then grown from these samples on Sabouraud glucose agar. No participant was diagnosed with tinea capitis; however, one 43-year-old patient (0.1%) was positive for a “scalp carriage” related to anthropophilic Trichophyton rubrum, as detected using a hairbrush. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the isolate were sequenced, and the assembled DNA sequences were examined using the basic BLAST (nucleotide–nucleotide) software of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Web database. This patient was followed up without any antimycotic treatment, and after 4 weeks, mycological clearance was documented. In addition, the contacts and environment at home were screened, where all fungal cultures were sterile. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of a “scalp carriage” related to a cosmopolitan fungus, T. rubrum.     

Epidemiology of Dermatophytes in Belgium: A 5 Years’ Survey

Dermatophytes are among the most common fungal agents causing superficial skin infections worldwide. Epidemiology of these infections is evolving and variable in every country. This report presents the Belgian epidemiological data regarding the distribution of dermatophytes species isolated by the two national reference centers for mycosis during a period of 5 years (2012–2016). Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species, considering all sampling sites (60.3% on average between 2012 and 2016). More precisely, this dermatophyte was the major agent of Tinea unguium and Tinea corporis during this period, followed by species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. Moreover, Microsporum audouinii was the main etiological agent of Tinea capitis (TC) with a frequency of 52.5% on average between 2012 and 2016. Other African dermatophytes species such as Trichophyton soudanense and Trichophyton violaceum were also agents of TC with a respective prevalence of 11.6% and 11.5% on average. This study highlights a different dermatophyte distribution in Belgium in comparison with other European countries.

     

126例面癣临床因素及病原菌分析

目的探讨面癣的致病菌种、临床特点及发病相关因素。方法对126例面癣患者进行真菌分离培养鉴定及流行病学分析。结果面癣见于各年龄段,以11～30岁最多见。患病动物接触史、合并其他部位浅部真菌病史及糖皮质类固醇激素类药物外用史是面癣发病的重要危险因素。分离出皮肤癣菌108株,包括红色毛癣菌63株（58．3％）、犬小孢子菌25株（23．1％）、须癣毛癣菌18株（16．7％）和石膏样小孢子菌2株（1．9％）。结论面癣的发病没有年龄差异,患者可见于各个年龄阶段;面癣的常见致病真菌绝大多数为红色毛癣菌和犬小孢子菌,其发病可能与患者自体接种或接触患病动物相关。面癣容易被误诊,及时进行真菌镜检和培养是降低面癣误诊率的关键。     

Tinea cruris in female prostitutes

Tinea cruris is a dermatophytosis that mainly affects males. Infections in females are rare, and there are no known data on the frequency of tinea cruris in female prostitutes. We describe seven female prostitutes with tinea cruris with on age range of between 19–34 years (mean 25.3). Each prostitute had a mean of 50 sexual partners per month. Four Trichophyton mentagrophytes (57.1%),2 T. rubrum (28.6%), and 1 Epidermophyton floccosum (14.3%) isolates were cultered. Tinea cruris transmission is mainly indirect, but direct contact may serve to transmit the disease in some cases, and the spread of active lesions in prostitutes through multiple contacts among with their clients is possible. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

宠物猫致夫妻共患犬小孢子菌体癣

报道由犬小孢子菌引起的人畜共患体癣2例,二者系夫妻,家中饲养宠物猫。因多发环状红斑2周就诊。取患者及猫的皮屑真菌镜检及培养,鉴定为须癣毛癣菌,经口服及外用抗真菌药物后治愈。     

濮阳市部分浅部真菌病中癣菌和念珠菌混合感染的分析

目的了解濮阳地区部分浅部真菌病中两种及两种以上真菌混合感染的情况。方法对临床确诊为浅部真菌病的患者456例,取标本行10%KOH直接镜检、真菌培养及菌种鉴定。登记确诊患者相关临床资料,分析其中混合感染的发病特点。结果确诊皮肤癣菌和念珠菌混合感染病例36例,分离率为7.89%,多见于股部(58.33%)和足部(27.78%);分离菌株72株,皮肤癣菌中以红色毛癣菌为主(75.00%),念珠菌中以非白念珠菌为主(72.22%)。结论濮阳地区部分浅部真菌病中混合感染主要为皮肤癣菌和念珠菌的混合感染,多见于股部和足部;致病菌以红色毛癣菌和非白念珠菌为主。     

Human pathogenic fungus Trichophytonschoenleinii activates the NLRP3 inflammasome

The fungus Trichophyton schoenleinii (T. schoenleinii) is the causative agent of Trichophytosis and Tinea favosa of the scalp in certain regions of Eurasia and Africa. Human innate immune system plays an important role in combating with various pathogens including fungi. The inflammasome is one of the most critical arms of host innate immunity, which is a protein complex controlling maturation of IL-1β. To clarify whether T. schoenleinii is able to activate the inflammasome, we analyzed human monocytic cell line THP-1 for IL-1β production upon infection with T. schoenleinii strain isolated from Tinea favosa patients, and rapid IL-1β secretion from THP-1 cells was observed. Moreover, applying competitive inhibitors and gene specific silencing with shRNA, we found that T. schoenleinii induced IL-1β secretion, ASC pyroptosome formation as well as caspase-1 activation were all dependent on NLRP3. Cathepsin B activity, ROS production and K⁺ efflux were required for the inflammasome activation by T. schoenleinii. Our data thus reveal that the NLRP3 inflammasome plays an important role in host defense against T. schoenleinii, and suggest that manipulating NLRP3 signaling can be a novel approach for control of diseases caused by T. schoenleinii infection.     

Tinea Capitis by Microsporum canis in an Elderly Female with Extensive Dermatophyte Infection

Mycopathologia - Tinea capitis is a type of dermatophyte infection primarily affecting children. We report a case of an elderly woman with well-controlled diabetes mellitus presenting with a...     

Polymorphic exocellular protease expression in clinical isolates of Trichophyton tonsurans

Tinea capitis continues to be an overwhelmingly prevalent disease in children. Despite the fact that it was recognized over a century ago, the factors that dictate the divergent clinical presentations seen with tinea capitis (e.g., carrier state, chronic non-inflammatory infection, acute severely-inflammatory infection) remain unknown. Given the pathogenicrole of exocellular proteases in dermatophyte infections and their potential immunogenic role, this investigation was designed to characterize strain-specific variability in fungal protease expression and activity in Trichophyton tonsurans isolates identified from children with tinea capitis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Epidemiology of Tinea Manuum in Nanchang Area, South China

Tinea manuum is a common superficial fungal infection which is usually coexistent with tinea pedis; there are few studies available on the epidemiology of tinea manuum at present. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology of tinea manuum and its correlation with tinea pedis in south China. A total of 280 patients with tinea manuum were recruited. The epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed, and causative agents were isolated and identified mycologically. Totally, 84.3 % patients with tinea manuum had co-occurrence of tinea pedis, among which 88.4 % patients had experience of scratching their feet. There was a significant relationship between the touch habits and the hand infection (χ² = 65.451, P = 0.000). More than 90 % patients had quite the same species of isolates from multiple infected sites in one patient. Therefore, it seems that transmission of dermatophytes from the feet to hand by scratching might be a most common way. As for tinea manuum, whether “unilateral” or “bilateral” is just the result that pathogens spread from feet to hand(s), which is only a special clinical presentation of tinea.