枯水期鄱阳湖子湖轮虫休眠卵空间分布特征

为了研究枯水期鄱阳湖子湖泊轮虫休眠卵空间分布的差异, 于2015年1月份, 在鄱阳湖南矶山湿地自然保护区的南深湖和白沙湖2个子湖泊进行取样调查。研究发现, 不同生境类型中轮虫休眠卵的密度具有显著差异(P<0.05), 轮虫休眠卵的分布具有明显的梯度性, 在洲滩植被区、泥滩区和积水区中轮虫休眠卵的密度逐渐减少。南深湖植被区中轮虫休眠卵的密度最高, 为(3.34±1.28) ind./cm3, 茭白中密度高达5.45 ind./cm3。不同水生植被生境中轮虫休眠卵的密度趋势为: 挺水植物>洲滩植物>浮叶植物>沉水植物。不同水深区轮虫休眠卵的分布不具有明确的规律性。此外, 研究还发现轮虫休眠卵的密度与底泥的软硬程度具有一定相关性, 泥质越软, 轮虫休眠卵的密度越低。     

Infection of sardine eggs by the protistan endoparasite Ichthyodinium chabelardi off Portugal

In 1997 and 1999 around 30% of the stations off Portugal sampled for sardine eggs Sardina pilchardus included eggs infected with Ichthyodinium chabelardi. A randomization test on the mean nearest neighbour distances of parasitized stations did not reveal evidence of significant spatial clustering. The mean prevalence of infection was c. 0·05 for both years, but the probability of parasite detection increased considerably with egg age. Eggs in their first day of development (before the embryo is formed) were not parasitized; most parasitized eggs were in the cohorts close to hatching. Although the reasons for age-dependent detection are unknown, if all parasitized eggs of the cohort ready to hatch were to die, infection by Ichthyodinium chabelardi would lead to mortality rates similar to those reported for the average daily mortality of sardine eggs and early larvae.     

Resting eggs of lake- Daphnia I. Distribution, abundance and hatching of eggs collected from various depths in lake sediments

SUMMARY. 1. Resting eggs (ephippia) of Daphnia galeata, D. hyalina, D. cucullata and D. galeata X D. hyalina hybrids were collected from the upper 8 cm of sediments at various water depths from two glacial lakes in the Northern Federal Republic of Germany.
2. The horizontal distribution of 'intact' ephippia (i.e. those containing two apparently healthy eggs) was extremely patchy, with mean densities in the upper 8 cm ranging from 1325 to 113,907 m⁻² (coefficient of variation, C=65.5%; Schöhsee, Holstein) and 25,343–159,143 m⁻² (C=58.5%; Kel-lersee. Holstein). Ephippial densities were greatest in sediments from deep waters. The highest densities of intact ephippia were in the upper 4 cm of sediment, with progressively fewer with increasing depth.
3. A proportion of eggs obtained from sediments during autumn (September-November 1985) and spring (March-May 1986) were exposed to continuous light (approximately 18 W m⁻²) at three temperatures (6, 12, 20°C), and the incidence of hatches recorded.
4. Hatching success was consistently low (maximum 14.4%), with most hatching occurring at 12°C. There was no significant difference between the hatching success of ephippia collected during autumn and spring. Decapsulation of ephippial eggs inhibited hatching. Hatching was highly synchronous within each treatment, and the pattern did not differ significantly with sediment depth, though hatching success was lower in deep sediments. A huge reservoir of ephippia is present in lake sediments, of which a proportion may remain viable for many years. Periodic recruitment of hatchlings to the pelagic population may provide an important mechanism for the maintenance of genetic diversity in Daphnia populations, as well as affecting rates of evolutionary change.     

Changes in ovarian development and plasma levels of sex steroid hormones in the wild female Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) during the spawning period

In order to clarify the spawning pattern of Japaneses sardine ( Sardinops melanostictus ) during the spawning period, changes in ovarian histology, frequency distributions of oocyte diameter and plasma levels of oestradiol-17β (E₂) and 17 a ,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 a ,20β-diOH-P) were examined in female fish captured in the region off Kyushu and Shikoku in Japan. With the development of the ovary, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) increased gradually and the size of oocytes became larger. When the GSI exceeded 13, the translucent hydrated eggs began to dominate and ovulation subsequently occurred. After ovulation, GSI decreased to less than 3. Post-ovulatory follicles were found only in the lower GSI ranges and atretic oocytes were always observed in the ovary. Plasma E₂ levels increased along with ovarian development but decreased after completion of yolk accumulation. On the other hand, 17 a ,20β-diOH-P showed the highest level just before and after ovulation. Ovarian histology and hormonal profiles suggest that the sardine spawns repeatedly during the spawning period. Based on the concentration of 17a,20β-diOH-P, the female Japanese sardine was estimated to ovulate before the middle of the night.     

Nematode Community Structure in a Vineyard Soil

Distribution of the nematode community in a California vineyard was studied over a 13-month period. Omnivorous and microbivorous nematodes were similarly distributed in the root zone, with greatest densities occurring between vine rows and near the soil surface. Greatest densities of plant-parasitic nematodes were found in the vine row, with the individual species differing in their vertical distribution. Total nematode biomass was greatest between rows near the surface. Biomass of plant parasites was greatest in the upper 30 cm of soil in the row, whereas biomass of microbivores was greatest in this region between rows. Of the plant-parasitic nematodes, the variability in distribution among vines was greatest for Paratylenchus hamatus and least for Meloidogyne spp.     

The functional response of Uscana lariophaga under different egg distributions of its host Callosobruchus maculatus

The functional response of the egg parasitoid Uscana lariophaga Steffan (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was tested under three different host distributions (even, clumped and random) within clusters of Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) eggs. A Holling Type II functional response was found for all three distributions. Over low host densities, less than 50% of the host clusters was parasitized. At low host densities, U. lariophaga females parasitized significantly fewer eggs in random egg clusters with many beans than in clusters with fewer beans and an even or clumped egg distribution. At higher egg densities, plateau levels of maximum number of hosts parasitized were the same for all three egg distributions. Uscana lariophaga appears to be adapted to search for even or clustered egg distributions, as can be found in the field and under storage conditions.     

Basal hatching by Maculinea butterfly eggs: a consequence of advanced myrmecophily?

Larvae of Maculinea alcon and M. rebeli are unique among Holarctic Lycaenidae in hatching through the base of the eggshell and emerging on the opposite side of the leaf to the egg. This occurs because the exposed upper surfaces of their eggs have exceptionally thick shells. Other species of Maculinea have normal or unusually thin-shelled eggs. It is suggested that both types of Maculinea eggshell have evolved to reduce mortalities from parasitoids and predators. Maculinea alcon and M. rebeli are forced to lay in exposed places due to the structure of their foodplants, and protect their eggs with thick shells. The other three species hide their eggs deep within the inflorescences of their foodplants; M. nausithous and M. teleius require thin flexible shells to achieve this. These adaptations are necessary because Maculinea eggs often occur at much higher densities on their initial foodplants and are hence more vulnerable—than is the case with other Lycaenidae. This is a consequence of myrmecophily. Maculinea population size is regulated more by the status of the ant host than by that of the initial foodplant. Large Maculinea populations, and high densities of eggs, occur on the many sites where the ant is abundant but the foodplant is scarce. Maculinea alcon and M. rebeli eggs occur at the highest densities, and need the greatest protection, due to the advanced form of myrmecophily found in these species. Whereas M. anon, M. teleius and M. nausithous larvae are predators of ant brood, M. alcon and M. rebeli feed mainly at a lower trophic level on ant regurgitations. This leads to roughly seven times more M. alcon and M. rebeli adults emerging per ant nest, and to a similar increase in egg densities per foodplant.     

于GIS和GS的棉铃虫卵空间分布与动态分析

以河北省中南部面积为93 539 平方公里（约占河北总面积的51.5%）的区域作为研究区,应用地理信息系统技术和地统计学方法对1980～1997年的来自36个监测点的二代棉铃虫卵的密度数据进行了空间结构分析和空间分布模拟。结果表明卵在所研究的尺度上存在空间相关性,但各年空间相关的程度均较弱且随年份和地域的不同而不同。空间变异成分所占比例的变化范围为3.54%～61.67%,其相关程从115.92 km到487.08 km。时间序列分析表明,卵的发生数量始终处于波动状态,其中1980～1991年维持在低水平的波动状态,其发生的平均密度为330粒/百株,变化范围为122～706粒/百株;而1992～1997年在高水平波动,其平均密度为1 877粒/百株,变化范围为264～4 023粒/百株。空间模拟结果表明,各年的卵在空间均呈现聚集分布的格局,但聚集程度依据其空间相关成分所占比例的不同而不同。从发生的地域特点看,从东北至西南,卵的发生程度逐渐趋重,其中西部的阜平县、曲阳县、行唐县、灵寿县、平山县等地以及南部的邯郸市、磁县、临漳县、魏县等地发生最重,而东北的遵化市、玉田县、丰润县、唐山市、丰南县等地最轻。卵的密度的各个等级不仅在地域上存在差异,而且随时间发生变化,从整体发生情况看,1992年发生最重,其次为1993和1995年,1981和1990年发生较轻,1987年发生最轻,1980年代的发生数量显著低于1990年代,这与时间序列的分析结果一致。棉铃虫1990年代的发生偏重主要是气温持续偏高、冬季变暖所致。而研究区棉铃虫重发生地位于西部及西南部分地区,该地的主要特点是多山、植被丰富、小麦种植比例高、6月降雨量偏少,根据相关研究,多样性的寄主和干旱的气候条件有利于棉铃虫的大发生。     

Seasonal variation of egg size in the sardine, Sardino pilchardus Walb., of the Saronikos Gulf: causes and a probable explanation

The change of egg size in sardine of the Saronikos Gulf (Greece) during the course of the spawning season is examined in relation to the changing conditions of temperature and plankton biomass. It is suggested that the intraspecific variation of egg size is an ecophenotypic rather than a genetic phenomenon, arising from the disturbance of the normal ratio between growth and differentiation rates during the oocyte stage. Assuming that a positive relation between the growth rate of the mother and the growth rate of the eggs during maturation exists, environmental or endogenous factors promoting or retarding the adult growth rate will accelerate or decrease the growth rate of the eggs in relation to the rate of differentiation, resulting in smaller or bigger eggs respectively.     

The influence of thermal stratification on pelagic fish yields in Lake Kariba, Zambia/Zimbabwe

Lake Kariba is thermally stratified for about 9 months of the year. The Tanganyika sardine, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger), thrives very well when the water is in circulation and when its food (zooplankton) is abundant due to increased nutrients in the water column. There is a fall in the sardine yields as the water column gets partitioned into a nutrient-poor epilimnion and a nutrient-rich hypolimnion during thermal stratification. A very high negative correlation ( r ²= 0.94, n = 32) was found between thermal stratification and the monthly yields of the sardines. This uneven annual distribution of sardine yields creates problems for the local fishery.     

The size composition of the pelagic eggs of walleye pollack <Emphasis Type="Italic">Theragra chalcogramma</Emphasis> in spawning areas of the northern Sea of Okhotsk

The data on the size composition of the pollack developing eggs of walleye pollack collected in the northern Sea of Okhotsk in 2001 during mass spawning are given. The eggs caught in western Kamchatka and in Shelikhov Bay had the greatest diameter; they were somewhat less in the northern Okhotsk Sea area; and the smallest eggs were found in eastern Sakhalin. The clinal variability of the size composition of walleye pollack eggs was observed in the northern Sea of Okhotsk, and in the western and eastern parts it had a local pattern. Parameters such as spawning female size composition, temperature, and salinity, as well their influence on the size composition of eggs, were considered.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2004 by Biologiya Morya, Ovsyannikov.     

A direct effect of some rifamycin derivatives on the morphology of mammalian mitochondria

Protein synthesis has been investigated in cell-free preparations from mature ovarian oocytes, unfertilized and fertilized eggs, and early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster. Preparations from unfertilized eggs have a specific activity that is 5- to 6-fold higher than the activity of fractions from ovarian oocytes. There is an additional small increase in activity of preparations from fertilized eggs. The specific activity that is rapidly attained in the fertilized egg remains essentially constant for 2 to 2.5 h after fertilization, decreases sharply during blastoderm formation, and again increases during gastrulation. The activities of unfertilized eggs decline slightly during the first 2 h after oviposition, and then decrease more sharply. About 35 % of the ribosomes in preparations from both unfertilized and fertilized eggs sediment in the polyribosome region of sucrose density gradients, whereas no polyribosomes could be detected in preparations from ovarian oocytes. In both ovarian oocytes and fertilized eggs, less than 1 % of the ribosome populations were present as subunits. Additional ribonucleoprotein material of buoyant densities different from those of ribosomal subunits or ribosomes was found throughout the sucrose gradients. About 3.5 % of the ribosomes were found to be membrane-bound in preparations from both unfertilized and fertilized eggs.     

Habitat discrimination of juvenile sardines in the Aegean Sea using remotely sensed environmental data

Despite the importance of the recruitment process for small pelagic fish and the high economic importance of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus, Walbaum 1792) in the Mediterranean Sea, knowledge on the distribution and environmental characteristics of its nursery grounds is very limited. In the present study, we used pelagic trawl data collected during 1995–2006 to explore the spatial distribution of sardine juveniles in the Aegean Sea in early summer. Based on sardine abundance per length class, a cluster analysis was initially used to define hauls dominated by juveniles. In a subsequent step, Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) was applied to discriminate stations with high relative abundance of juveniles using satellite environmental data and bottom depth. The parameters contributing mostly to the discrimination of juvenile grounds were sea level anomaly, photosynthetically active radiation, sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-α and bottom depth. The classification functions of DFA were finally used to post classify unsampled areas in the Greek Seas and the Mediterranean Sea in order to map grounds that meet characteristic environmental conditions for young sardine. Such areas were mostly located inshore, in semi-closed productive areas and often in proximity to river mouths, a pattern that is generally supported by existing information. Guest editor: V. D. Valavanis Essential Fish Habitat Mapping in the Mediterranean     

A quantitative analysis of the annual phytoplankton cycle of the Magdalena lagoon complex (Mexico)

An annual cycle of the micro- and nanophytoplankton cell densitiesof whole water samples in combination with the species composition,distribution and diversity of the microphytoplankton fractionin the Magdalena lagoon system, Mexico, has been studied ona bi-monthly basis. Two major patterns were detected: from Novemberto May, high microphytoplankton densities (0.5–1.5 10⁶cells l^–1 prevail throughout a large part of the investigatedarea; from late spring to late autumn cell densities are muchlower (5–250 10³ cells l^–1). During each perioda number of microplankton assemblages occur, each with its characteristicdiversity and stability. The distribution and density of themicrophytoplankton is clearly related to the presence of nutrient-richwater pockets and the prevailing winds for part of the year,as documented in earlier hydrological studies. The nanophytoplanktonplayed a minor role during most of the year; this fraction dominatedquantitatively in only a few cases. Based on these data, theMagdalena lagoon complex can be considered a very productivearea. This is further substantiated by the presence of largequantities of several sardine and mackerel species, feedingalmost exclusively on microphytoplankton. This reveals the existenceof an important short chain pathway in the food web of thiscoastal lagoon system     

Short-term changes in consumption and oviposition rates of Neoseiulus californicus strains (Acari: Phytoseiidae) after a diet shift

Short-term effects on consumption and oviposition rates of four strainsof Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) after a diet shiftwere evaluated. The new feeding conditions experienced by the predators weresixfixed densities of eggs or protonymphs of Tetranychusurticae Koch placed on excised strawberry leaflet discs andmaintained under laboratory conditions (25±1°C,75–85% RH, 16L: 8D). The observations were made on the first and thefifthday of the experiment. The phytoseiids came from three long-term mass-rearedstrains fed on T. urticae, Dermatophagoides farinaeHughes,or Quercus spp. pollen, respectively. The fourth strainwascollected directly in a strawberry field. Time since diet transfer can be addedto the factors (i.e. feeding history and prey density) already known to affectthe functional and numerical responses of N. californicus,both when it feeds on prey eggs and protonymphs. If consumption rates wereaveraged over all strains and densities, 9.04 and 11.41 eggs, and 6.97 and 6.48protonymphs were consumed on the first and the fifth day, respectively. If thesame was done for oviposition rates, predators feeding on eggs produced 1.46and2.36 eggs/female/day, whereas predators feeding on protonymphs produced 1.35and2.29 eggs/female/day. Time had the greatest impact on the functional responseofthe strain that had previously fed on tetranychids, while an effect of time onthe numerical response was detectable in all strains.     

Population Dynamics of Heterodera glycines Life Stages on Soybean

Population fluctuations of Heterodera glycines differ in fields with high and low initial population densities. In a field with low initial numbers of nematodes, the numbers of cysts and eggs in soil remained low through 100 days from planting then increased during the remainder of the growing season. In a field with high initial nematode populations, numbers increased at 30 days, decreased to low numbers at 100 days, and then resurged to maximum populations at harvest. Numbers of juveniles were greatest at 100 days in the low initial population density field and at planting in the high initial population density field. The initial numbers of eggs in the soil gave the best correlation to soil and root nematode populations 15 and 30 days later. Juveniles in the soil at planting gave the largest correlation coefficients with nematode populations in the roots at 15 days in the field with the low initial population density. Eggs and juveniles in the soil at harvest were poorly related to numbers that overwintered.     

Distribution and abundance of fungal sporocarps and diggings of the Tasmanian bettong,Bettongia gaimardi

Abstract The distribution and abundance of diggings of the Tasmanian bettong Bettongia gaimardi and sporocarps of hypogean fungi (the major dietary item of bettongs) were studied in an area of dry sclerophyll forest in northern Tasmania. Digging activity was greatest during August. Sporocarp production was expected to be greatest at this time due to high soil moisture levels. The distribution of both hypogean sporocarps and the diggings of bettongs was highly clumped. Degree of clumping of diggings varied seasonally being greatest in summer and lowest in winter. Digging activity was greatest in sandy soils and least in dolerite soils. This was thought to result from the lower fertility sandy soils having greater densities of sporocarps. Lateritic soils, although the most infertile, had fewer diggings than sandy soils. This is probably due to the difficulty of digging in these gravelly, often cemented soils. The depth of diggings was greatest in winter when soil moisture was high. Mesophellia was the most frequently occurring sporocarp and spores of this genus were the most abundant in the faecal pellets of bettongs.     

Life history strategy of sandy sprat Hyperlophus vittatus (Clupeidae): a comparison with clupeoids of the Indo-Pacific and southern Australia

The life history strategy of sandy sprat (whitebait) Hyperlophus vittatus was compared to those of other clupeoids found in the Indo‐Pacific and southern Australia. Hyperlophus vittatus is a small (100 mm, fork‐length, FL) pelagic species that spawns in inshore waters of southern Australia. The average growth rate for larvae (20.1–27.6 mm, total length, TL) inside the Coorong Lagoon was 0.12 mm day⁻¹. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were k = 1.83 year⁻¹ and L_∞ = 78.10 mm and the oldest fish was ∼4 years of age. Males and females attained 50% sexual maturity at 59 and 58 mm FL, respectively, and all individuals were sexually mature at lengths ≥75 mm, at ∼1.5 years of age. Macroscopic gonad staging showed the spawning season extended from October to February (spring and summer) and peaked during November. Mean egg densities were highest between September and November. Females produced batches of pelagic eggs at a mean frequency of 5 days and batch fecundities ranged between 743 and 5600 hydrated oocytes. The life history of H. vittatus is similar to those of larger, iteroparous clupeoids that occur in southern temperate Australian waters, e.g. sardine Sardinops sagax and Australian anchovy Engraulis australis, and dissimilar to those of small tropical clupeoids and the sympatric blue sprat Spratelloides robustus, which is semelparous.     

Influence of parental density on the distribution pattern of eggs in the common cabbage butterfly,Pieris rapae crucivora

To investigate the relation between the distribution pattern of eggs and the parental density in the common cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, the countings of egg number per plant were made on both cabbage plants cultivated in the farm and planted in the net house in which the female butterflies were released at various densities. The frequency distribution of eggs fits well to the negative binomial excepting the cases where they agree withPoisson series, and the degree of aggregation expressed as the reciprocal of the parameter, 1/k, tends to decrease as the egg or parental density increases. At the same parental density, however, the distribution of eggs can be described by the negative binomial with a common parameter, k_c, regardless of the difference in the density of laid eggs. In the case where a single female butterfly lays eggs, the spatial pattern of egg distribution is always lean, while its frequencies conform toPoisson or the negative binomial series. This lean changes toward patchy with increasing the parental density. From these results, it is concluded that the degree of aggregation in the distribution of eggs decreases with the increase of the parental density.     

Public health implications of soil contaminated with helminth eggs in the metropolis of Kaduna, Nigeria

Environmental and socio-cultural variables influencing the distribution of helminth eggs in 608 soil samples were studied in 14 playgrounds that differ in socio-economic status in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria, using a modified sieving method and a sucrose flotation medium of specific gravity 1.27. Helminth eggs were found in 62% of the soil samples and the distribution was as follows: Toxocara spp. 50.4%, Taenia spp./Echinococcus spp. 36.9%, Dipylidium caninum 26.3%, Ancylostoma spp. 9.0%, Ascaris spp. 7.2%, Trichuris spp. 3.7% and Ascaridia spp. 1.9%. A higher prevalence (68.1%) was recorded during the dry harmattan period while in the rainy period the rate was 58.1%. Mean egg densities ranged from 1.11 +/- 0.32 to 3.92 +/- 2.47 in areas moderately rated. Samples from site 14, which was highly rated, were more contaminated (78.1%) than those collected from other sites, while the intensity of contamination (14.0%) was more in moderately rated site 4 than in the rest of the sites. There were significant associations between the prevalence of helminth eggs and rainy period of the study (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) on OR: 0.20 0.05). This study shows that the period of study, the presence of dogs and vegetation influence the prevalence of helminth eggs in soil in Kaduna metropolis.