Escherichia coli cells with mutations in the gene for adenylate cyclase (cya) exhibit a heat shock response

Abstract Adenylate cyclase mutants of Escherichia coli showed the heat-shock response. The heat-shock response was studied in two different mutants and in different growth media, including rich and minimal media. These results are in disagreement with the proposal that the cya gene regulates the expression of the heat-shock genes.     

Characterization of the lipopolysaccharides from Rhizobium meliloti strain 102F51 and its nonnodulating mutant WL113

Lipopolysaccharides from the Rhizobium meliloti wild-type strain 102F51, which is effective in symbiosis with alfalfa, and from the nonnodulating mutant WL113, defective in root hair adhesion, derived thereof, were isolated and comparatively analyzed. Both preparations were composed of galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucosamine, 3-deoxyheptulosaric acid, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid as the major sugar constitutents. After a modified methylation analysis (consisting of the following consecutive steps: methylation, carboxyl reduction, remethylation, mild acid hydrolysis, reduction, and trideuterio-methylation), all of the 3-deoxyheptulosaric and some of the 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid residues were converted into their corresponding 3-deoxyalditol derivatives, which carried trideuteriomethyl groups at positions C-2, C-4, and C-6. Another part of the permethylated 3-deoxyoctitol was also found as 2,5,6- and 2,6,8-tri-O-trideuteriomethyl derivatives. NMR data obtained with the separated oligosaccharides and the results of methylation analysis indicated that the majority of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate was present in the fraction of permethylated disaccharide alditols, namely as 6-O-CD₃-aGlc(1→5)3-deoxyoctitol, 6-O-CD₃-βGlcNMeAcyl(1→4)3-deoxyoctitol, and as the permethylated trisaccharide alditol, αGalA(1→3)-[6-O-CD₃]-β-Glc(1→5)-[4-O-CD₃]-3-deoxyoctitol. The presence of trideuteriomethyl groups at C-4 of both 3-deoxyalditols and at C-6 of the glucosaminyl or glucosyl residues indicated the linkage points of the released acid-labile ketosidic substituents, such as 3-deoxyheptulosarate and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate, in these oligosaccharides. The main differences between the preparations from the wild-type 102F51 and its mutant strain WL 113 were found in the higher content (in strain 102F51) of the following oligosaccharides: α-glucuronosyl(1→4)2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and α-galacturonosyl-(1→3)α-glucosyl-(1→5)2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and in the decreased content of β-glucosaminyl(1→4)2-keto-3-deoxy-octonate. Received: 21 July 1995 / Accepted: 25 October 1995     

甜菜NADH-NR基因的克隆和序列分析

利用同源序列克隆方法从标准偏高糖型甜菜品种甜研7号(Ty7)中获得氯素诱导NADH-NR基因片段,通过RACE技术克隆NADH-NR基因全长序列.该基因ORF长度2 718 bp,编码905个氨基酸,包括147 bp的5'UTR和382 bp的3' UTR,GenBank上的注册号为EU163265,基因编码蛋白的等电点为6.12,推测分子量大小为102 kD,C端(778-891 aa)有一个跨膜区域.基因编码多肽含有3个氧化还原功能区:钼辅因子功能区(eukary NR Moco,93 - 478aa),Fe-血红素结合区(Cytb5,535 -608 aa),FAD结合区(FAD binding 6,653 -760 aa).在甜研7号NR下游的氨基酸残基中含有NADH-NR特有的CGPPP-M基序,说明该蛋白以NADH为电子供体.通过比对,甜研7号的NADH-NR基因与菠菜NADH-NR基因同源性最高,为86.18％.经Southem杂变检验,甜研7号中NADH-NR基因以低拷贝数存在.经基因组克隆分析,甜研7号NADH-NR含有3个内含子,4个外显子.     

Relative genetic structure of a population of Rhizobium meliloti isolated directly from soil and from nodules of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and sweet clover (Melilotus alba)

Insertion sequence (IS) hybridization was used to define the structure of a population of Rhizobium meliloti isolated directly from soil and from nodules of Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and Melilotus alba (sweet clover) grown under controlled conditions and inoculated with a suspension of the same soil. The detection of R. meliloti isolated from soil on agar plates was facilitated by use of a highly species specific DNA probe derived from ISRm5. All R. meliloti obtained directly from soil proved to be symbiotic (i.e. nodulated and fixed nitrogen with alfalfa). Analysis of 293 R. meliloti isolates revealed a total of 17 distinct IS genotypes of which 9, 9 and 15 were from soil, M. alba and M. sativa, respectively; 8 genotypes were common to soil and both plant species. The frequency of R. meliloti genotypes from soil differed markedly from that sampled from nodules of both legume species: 5 genotypes represented about 90% of the isolates from soil whereas a single genotype predominated among isolates from nodules accounting for more than 55% of the total. The distribution of genotypes differed between M. sativa and M. alba indicating species variation in nodulation preferences for indigenous R. meliloti. The data are discussed in the context of competition for nodulation of the host plant and the selection of Rhizobium strains for use in legume inoculants. This study has ecological implications and suggests that the composition of R. meliloti populations sampled by the traditionally used host legume may not be representative of that actually present in soil.     

A biological containment system for Rhizobium meliloti based on the use of recombination-deficient (recA−) strains

Abstract Using a newly developed integration vector, the Escherichia coli gusA gene conferring GUS-activity or the firefly ( Photinus pyralis ) luc gene mediating bioluminescence were integrated into a non-essential site of the chromosome of Rhizobium meliloti 2011. The integration of the constitutively expressed marker genes into the chosen site per se did not affect the strains' ability to perform homologous recombination, its growth characteristics or its symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Comparative microcosm analyses between the bioluminescent, recombination-proficient (RecA⁺) R. meliloti strain L33 whose construction is reported in this paper, and its previously described recombination-deficient (RecA⁻) isogenic counterpart L1 indicate that RecA⁻ strains of Rhizobium are safe hosts for deliberate release experiments.     

The Sinorhizobium meliloti insertion sequence (IS) elements ISRm102F34-1/ISRm7 and ISRm220-13-5 belong to a new family of insertion sequence elements

The Sinorhizobium meliloti insertion sequence (IS) elements ISRm102F34-1 and ISRm220-13-5 are 1481 and 1550 base pairs (bp) in size, respectively. ISRm102F34-1 is bordered by 15 bp imperfect terminal inverted repeat sequences (two mismatches), whereas the terminal inverted repeat of ISRm220-13-5 has a length of 16 bp (two mismatches). Both insertion sequence elements generate a 6-bp target duplication upon transposition. The putative transposase enzymes of ISRm102F34-1 and ISRm220-13-5 consist of 449 or 448 amino acid residues with predicted molecular weights of 50.7 or 51.3 kDa and theoretical isoelectric points of 10.8 or 11.1, respectively. ISRm102F34-1 is identical in 98.9% of its nucleotide sequence to an apparently inactive copy of an insertion sequence element, designated ISRm7, which flanks the left-end of the nodule formation efficiency (nfe) region of plasmid pRmeGR4b of S. meliloti strain GR4. ISRm102F34-1 and ISRm220-13-5 are closely related since they show an overall identity of 57.0% at the nucleotide sequence level and of 47.3% at the deduced amino acid level of their putative transposases. Both insertion sequence elements displayed significant similarity to the Xanthomonas campestris ISXc6 and its homolog IS1478a. Since none of these insertion sequence elements could be allocated to existing families of insertion sequence elements, a new family is proposed. Analysis of the distribution of ISRm102F34-1/ISRm7 in various local S. meliloti populations sampled from Medicago sativa, Medicago sphaerocarpa and Melilotus alba host plants at different locations in Spain revealed its presence in 35% of the isolates with a copy number ranging from 1 to 5. Furthermore, ISRm102F34-1/ISRm7 homologs were identified in other rhizobial species.     

苦荞谷胱甘肽转移酶(FtGST)基因的克隆与序列分析

采用RACE技术,从苦荞(Fagopyrum tatarium)中克隆得到一个谷胱甘肽转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase protein,FtGST)基因。序列分析表明,FtGST基因全长DNA序列和cDNA序列编码区分别为746 bp和666 bp,DNA序列含有一个长度为80 bp(342-421 bp)的内含子;开放阅读框(ORF)长666 bp,编码221个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,FtGST基因推导的蛋白质含有Tau家族典型的底物结合口袋、谷胱甘肽结合位点(G-site)和疏水性底物结合位点(H-site)氨基酸残基,表明FtGST为Tau家族蛋白。     

牦牛SRY和TRO基因部分序列克隆与测序分析

对牦牛SRY和TRO的部分基因克隆和序列分析,以期为进一步开展该基因与其性别相关分析,进行性染色体的基因定位、以及分子标记辅助选择等研究提供了理论依据。用特定引物对牦牛和西门塔尔牛的SRY、TRO基因部分序列进行扩增并进行TA克隆和测序。通过测序结果与普通牛的比对分析表明,这两个基因区域在牛种中有极高的保守性。牦牛与普通牛SRY和TRO基因这两个区域的核酸同源性分别达到了99．08％和99．39％。根据对这两个基因序列的研究为精子或者胚胎的性别鉴定提供有力的理论基础。     

Effects of NaCl and GTP on the inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase by 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine (synthetic platelet-activating factor)

We have investigated the effects of NaCl and GTP on the inhibition of platelet adenylate cyclase by 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine (1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-G-3-PC), using particulate fractions from human and rabbit platelets that had been frozen and thawed in the presence of ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate to prevent Ca²⁺-dependent proteolysis. When 10 μM GTP was present, 100 mM NaCl stimulated the activity of the rabbit enzyme 5.6-fold and that of the human enzyme 2.2-fold. Under these conditions, maximum inhibitions of 90% and 64% were obtained on addition of 100 nM 1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-G-3-PC to rabbit and human preparations, respectively. These inhibitions resulted partly from an NaCl-independent inhibition of basal enzyme activity and partly from reversal of the stimulatory effect of NaCl. The relative abilities of the chlorides of different monovalent cations to enhance inhibition of rabbit platelet adenylate cyclase were: NaCl >LiCl >KCl >choline chloride. NaCl also increased the concentrations of 1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-G-3-PC required for half-maximal inhibition of adenylate cyclase but this action of NaCl did not correlate with its stimulatory effect on enzyme activity. After particulate fractions from platelets of either species were washed, 10 μM GTP inhibited basal adenylate cyclase activity in the absence of NaCl but stimulated the enzyme in the presence of NaCl. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase by 1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-G-3-PC was then either enhanced by GTP (rabbit material) or completely dependent on added GTP (human material). Stimulation of the activity of the washed human preparations by NaCl required GTP, but concentrations lower than required for potentiation of the inhibitory effect of 1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-G-3-PC by NaCl were effective.     

Characterization of the norepinephrine-activation of adenylate cyclase suggests a role in memory affirmation pathways: Overexposure to epinephrine inactivates adenylate cyclase,a causal pathway for stress-pathologies

Incubation with noradrenaline (norepinephrine) of isolated membranes of rat's brain corpus striatum and cortex, showed that ionic-magnesium (Mg²⁺) is required for the neurotransmitter activatory response of adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing) (EC 4.6.1.1)], AC.     

Effects of HIS1 modifications on the ability of vasoactive intestinal peptide to stimulate adenylate cyclase from rat and human tissues

The importance of the N-terminal His residue of VIP for stimulating adenylate cyclase was appreciated by estimating the intrinsic activity and EC50 of four VIP analogues on membranes from rat lung, liver, brain, anterior pituitary, and pancreas, and on human heart membranes. In all tissue preparations tested except one, the order of efficacy (and often potency) was: VIP greater than (Ac-His1)VIP greater than (Phe1)VIP = (3-Me-His1)VIP greater than (D-His1)VIP. In rat heart membranes, the order of efficacy was somewhat different: VIP greater than (Ac-His1)VIP = (Phe1)VIP greater than (D-His1)VIP greater than (3-Me-His1)VIP. These data demonstrated the key role of His1 in VIP in activating adenylate cyclase. They suggest that a given VIP analogue might act as full agonist in tightly coupled adenylate cyclase systems (such as those of rat lung and liver membranes) whereas the same analogue could not promote full activity in poorly coupled systems (such as that present in rat brain synaptic membranes).     

Cloning of a Vero toxin (VT2) gene from a VT2-converting phage isolated from Escherichia coli 0157: H7

Abstract A Vero toxin (VT2 or Shiga-like toxin II)-converting phage was isolated from Escherichia coli 0157: H7 strain J-2. Nontoxigenic E. coli C600 produced VT2 when lysogenized with the toxin-converting phage. Eco RI fragments of the phage DNA were ligated with Eco RI-digested pBR322 or pUC118 and were transformed into E. coli MC1061 or MV1184. Transformants exhibiting VT2 production commonly contained a 4.6 kb Eco RI fragment. It was found that a 2.3 kb Kpn I- Sph I fragment coded VT2 production and that this fragment hybridized weakly with the 2.1 kb fragment encoding VT1.     

Interaction of the insecticide 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane with the beta-receptor adenylate cyclase system in Chang liver cell membranes

Interaction of the insecticide 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) with beta-receptor binding and adenylate cyclase activity of biological membranes has been studied. Following exposure of cultured Chang liver cells to DDT, maximal binding of the catecholamine antagonist [125I]-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol (HYP) to isolated cell membranes was decreased by 30% whereas the dissociation constant remained unchanged. Both basal activity and maximal isoproterenol-stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase were not altered. The isoproterenol concentration required for half-maximal stimulation of the enzyme was increased about 2-fold as was the agonist concentration required for half-maximal displacement of the antagonist HYP at the beta-receptor binding site. Thus, coupling efficiency of hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was not influenced by the presence of DDT in these membranes. The data show that interaction of DDT with the beta-receptor adenylate cyclase complex is restricted to the receptor component. Enzyme activity is directly linked to changes of agonist binding at the beta-receptor. Interference of DDT with signal transduction via 'fluidization' of membrane lipids has not been detected.     

感染CDV的犬病料N、H、F基因的克隆与序列分析

目的了解病料中犬瘟热病毒（CDV）的变异情况,为犬瘟热的预防与治疗提供理论依据。方法采用RT-PCR方法对犬病料中CDV的血凝素蛋白（H）、融合蛋白（F）和核衣壳蛋白（N）基因进行扩增,将扩增产物克隆到pGEM-T-easy载体中测序,并进行序列分析。结果测定一株CDV的H、F和N基因大小分别为1863 bp、1653 bp和2235 bp。同源性分析表明,未发现碱基的插入和缺失。该病毒的H、F和N基因分别与国内强毒株BJ080127株的H基因、GN株的F基因和HL株的N基因亲缘关系最近,氨基酸同源性分别为97.3%、97.7%和99.3%。与国外标准野毒株A75-17在核苷酸水平上同源性依次为94.4%、93.8%和97.2%,与疫苗株CDV3在核苷酸水平上同源性分别为88.5%、88.8%和93.9%。系统进化树表明该病毒与国内强毒株在同一谱系。糖基化分析显示,该病毒在F基因3～5位氨基酸处多出1个糖基化位点。结论本研究从犬病料中成功克隆了犬瘟热病毒血凝素蛋白、融合蛋白和核衣壳蛋白,在F基因中新增了一个糖基化位点,为犬瘟热的遗传变异和流行学研究提供了分子生物学依据。     

PMWS病猪猪圆环病毒2型全基因组序列分析

根据GenBank中发表的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)全基因序列,设计一对特异性引物,用PCR方法直接从5省病料中分别扩增出5个PCV2毒株的全基因组,分别命名为FujianPCV、GuangxiPCV、HainanPCV、HunanPCV和ShandongPCV。将扩增片段克隆于pMD18一T载体,进行序列测定,结果表明,除FujianPCV株核苷酸长度为1768bp,其余四株均为1767bp。应用DNAstar序列分析软件分析表明,本实验的5个PCV2分离株与世界上其它地区的PCV2分离株密切相关,核苷酸序列同源性达93％-98．8％,与PCVl毒株的序列同源性只有68．4％～70％。其中ORFl和ORF2所编码的氨基酸序列与国内外PCV2毒株比较,同源性也很高,分别为98．1％499．4％和88％99．1％。     

PMWS病猪猪圆环病毒2型全基因组序列分析

根据GenBank中发表的猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)全基因序列,设计一对特异性引物,用PCR方法直接从5省病料中分别扩增出5个PCV2毒株的全基因组,分别命名为FujianPCV、GuangxiPCV、HainanPCV、HunanPCV和ShandongPCV.将扩增片段克隆于pMD 18-T载体,进行序列测定,结果表明,除FujianPCV株核苷酸长度为1768bp,其余四株均为1767 bp.应用DNAstar序列分析软件分析表明,本实验的5个PCV2分离株与世界上其它地区的PCV2分离株密切相关,核苷酸序列同源性达93%～98.8%,与PCV1毒株的序列同源性只有68.4%～70%.其中ORF1和ORF2所编码的氨基酸序列与国内外PCV2毒株比较,同源性也很高,分别为98.1%～99.4%和88%～99.1%.     

家蚕BmST2基因的克隆与转录活性检测

通过生物信息学分析和生物学试验获得了家蚕糖转运蛋白基因BmST2(GenBank登录号:GQ871755),基因位于家蚕27号染色体,开放阅读框(ORF)长1398 bp,编码465个氨基酸,预测蛋白序列有典型的Sugar_tr结构域和11个疏水的跨膜结构域,与家蚕BmST1蛋白相似性和一致性分别达79%和64%,与登录号为EAT47626、EDS35465、EAA11457和EFA05337的同源蛋白相似性在50%以上。RT-PCR检测基因在5龄第3天家蚕幼虫的9种组织中转录活性,结果显示,BmST2基因除在脂肪体没有表达外,其他组织均有表达。最后成功构建了基因的酵母穿梭表达质粒pG-BKT7-BmST2。     

休哈塔假丝酵母（Candida shehatae）木糖醇脱氢酶基因（xyl2）克隆与序列分析

根据木糖醇脱氢酶基因序列相似的特点,根据树干毕赤酵母（Pichia．sfipitis）,热带假丝酵母（Candidatropicalis）设计1对简并引物获得C．shehatae HDYXHT－01木糖醇脱氢酶基因的序列,此片段长为1095bp。利用生物信息学软件对此序列进行了同源性分析、氨基酸组成分析、疏水性分析、磷酸化位点预测、CDS分析、二级结构预测。结果表明,该克隆片段为C．shehataeHDYXHT－01木糖醇脱氢酶基因的序列。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒变异株(793/B)核蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

根据GenBank已经发表的传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)N全基因组序列设计引物,对IBV 793/B分离毒株N基因进行克隆与序列分析.结果表明,IBV 793/B的N基因由1229bp组成,与GenBank已发表的11株IBV的N基因相比较,IBV 793/B的N基因共有88处点突变,在第991位发生了一个核苷酸的缺失.N基因的核苷酸同源性为86.9%～91.4%,氨基酸同源性为75.8%～77.5%.表明IBV 93/B的N基因存在着较大的变异性.