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1.
Jesús M. Castillo Enrique Mateos-Naranjo Francisco J. Nieva Enrique Figueroa 《Hydrobiologia》2008,614(1):363-371
The South American cordgrass Spartina densiflora is invading European salt marshes getting into contact with the indigenous and endangered low-marsh dominant, Spartina maritima. This work describes the evolution of the plant zonation during 7 years in a marsh of S. maritima invaded by S. densiflora. S. maritima appeared throughout the whole intertidal gradient from 1.72 to 3.33 m over Spanish Hydrographic Zero (SHZ), showing its higher
biomasses and shoot densities at low elevations. In contrast, S. densiflora only invaded upper areas (>+2.59 m SHZ) at the centre of circular tussocks of S. maritima. Above-ground biomass of S. maritima dropped drastically at maximum occupation of space by the alien, and its shoot density and above-ground biomass decreased
at S. densiflora zone during the study. The competitive potential of S. densiflora was reflected in high above- and below-ground biomass and shoot densities, accompanied by elevated wrack accumulation and
the absence of other marsh plants presented together with S. maritima from areas dominated by S. densiflora. S. densiflora altered the native vegetational zonation pattern through the invasion of the centre of S. maritima tussocks; however, the alien invasion may be limited by the presence of the autochthonous cordgrass at lower elevations.
Handling editor: Luis Mauricio Bini 相似文献
2.
Background
Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria that commonly infect numerous arthropods. Despite their broad taxonomic distribution, the transmission patterns of these bacteria within and among host species are not well understood. We sequenced a portion of the wsp gene from the Wolbachia genome infecting 138 individuals from eleven geographically distributed native populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta. We then compared these wsp sequence data to patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation of both infected and uninfected host individuals to infer the transmission patterns of Wolbachia in S. invicta. 相似文献3.
We documented patterns of seasonal abundance and rates of parasitism in introduced populations of Pseudacteon tricuspis Borgmeier, a phorid parasitoid of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Adult P. tricuspis populations were censused at monthly intervals for 1 year at three sites in northern Florida. Censuses were conducted by aspirating phorids attracted to disturbed S. invicta mounds. Pseudacteon tricuspis adults were present in every month at all sites, although abundances varied greatly among sites and over time. The highest densities of flies (up to 453 censused at 10 disturbed S. invicta mounds in 30 min) were observed in November, and changes in abundance over time were positively correlated among sites. Sex ratios were usually male biased. Parasitism rates were evaluated by collecting workers from field colonies and monitoring them in the laboratory for evidence of parasitism. Parasitism rates were very low – always less than 1%. The average parasitism rate per colony over 16 colonies and 2 years was 0.058%. No pupariation occurred within the first 8 days of collection, suggesting parasitism by P. tricuspis induced behavioral changes in parasitized workers that precluded such workers from our collections. If so, true field parasitism rates may be several times higher than measured here, yet still low in an absolute sense. These low parasitism rates can be reconciled with observed adult phorid densities by considering the large number of host ants present at the study sites. 相似文献
4.
Ishak HD Plowes R Sen R Kellner K Meyer E Estrada DA Dowd SE Mueller UG 《Microbial ecology》2011,61(4):821-831
Social insects harbor diverse assemblages of bacterial microbes, which may play a crucial role in the success or failure of
biological invasions. The invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) is a model system for understanding the dynamics of invasive social insects and their biological
control. However, little is known about microbes as biotic factors influencing the success or failure of ant invasions. This
pilot study is the first attempt to characterize and compare microbial communities associated with the introduced S. invicta and the native Solenopsis geminata in the USA. Using 16S amplicon 454 pyrosequencing, bacterial communities of workers, brood, and soil from nest walls were
compared between neighboring S. invicta and S. geminata colonies at Brackenridge Field Laboratory, Austin, Texas, with the aim of identifying potential pathogenic, commensal, or
mutualistic microbial associates. Two samples of S. geminata workers showed high counts of Spiroplasma bacteria, a known pathogen or mutualist of other insects. A subsequent analysis using PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence
of Spiroplasma in additional colonies of both Solenopsis species. Wolbachia was found in one alate sample of S. geminata, while one brood sample of S. invicta had a high count of Lactococcus. As expected, ant samples from both species showed much lower microbial diversity than the surrounding soil. Both ant species
had similar overall bacterial diversities, although little overlap in specific microbes. To properly characterize a single
bacterial community associated with a Solenopsis ant sample, rarefaction analyses indicate that it is necessary to obtain 5,000–10,000 sequences. Overall, 16S amplicon 454
pyrosequencing appears to be a cost-effective approach to screen whole microbial diversity associated with invasive ant species. 相似文献
5.
Ante Žuljević Thierry Thibaut Marija Despalatović Jean-Michel Cottalorda Vedran Nikolić Ivan Cvitković Boris Antolić 《Biological invasions》2011,13(10):2303-2308
Here we present the first observation of the impact of the invasive Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea on native photophilic sponge species in the Adriatic Sea, with special focus on Sarcotragus spinosulus. Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea is able to completely overgrow the sponge, developing an exceptionally thick canopy with a maximum measured density of 1,887 m
of stolons m−2 and 40,561 fronds m−2. Necrosis of the sponge surface was significantly correlated with the algal dry biomass, frond number and stolon length.
Dense algal canopy, penetration of the algal stolon and rhizoids into the sponge oscula and covering of the ostiae probably
diminishes the seawater circulation through the sponge and consequently results in its smothering and even death. We suggest
that chemotropism is the reason why C. racemosa penetrates the sponge oscula and establishes such dense canopy on the sponge. 相似文献
6.
Christian Anton Martin Musche Vladimir Hula Josef Settele 《Journal of Insect Conservation》2008,12(5):511-517
Butterflies of the highly endangered genus Maculinea are parasites of red Myrmica ants. Prior to the adoption by Myrmica worker ants Maculinea caterpillars feed on a specific host plant. This field study aims to answer the question whether the density and distribution
of the host plant Sanguisorba officinalis or the density of the host ant M. rubra limit the density of M. nausithous egg, larval and adult stage. We found that the density of M. nausithous egg stage and adult stage increased with the density of the host ant. The density of M. nausithous caterpillars was not associated with ant density or plant density. This study suggests that the density of M. nausithous is limited by the density of the host ant M. rubra. We conclude that habitat management for M. nausithous should focus on the maintenance of habitats that hold both resources, but that enable high densities of M. rubra. In addition, it is discussed why high densities of host ants might be more important in predatory than in cuckoo-feeding
Maculinea. 相似文献
7.
Michael A. D. Goodisman Karen A. Sankovich Jennifer L. Kovacs 《Biological invasions》2007,9(5):571-584
Social insects are among the most successful and damaging of invasive taxa. We studied spatial and temporal variation in two
traits, colony genetic structure and worker mass, associated with social insect success in the introduced fire ant Solenopsis
invicta. Our aim was to determine if changes in social structure occurred over time and if variation in worker size was related to
worker genotype. We sampled 1139 workers from five multiple-queen S. invicta nests on six dates over a one-year period. The genotypes of workers were determined at ten microsatellite loci and at the
selected locus general protein-9 (Gp-9). We found little evidence for genetic differentiation of workers sampled from distinct nests or from different dates at
the microsatellite loci. However, worker Gp-9 genotype frequencies varied among nests and over time. In addition, worker mass was affected by nest-of-origin, sampling
date, ploidy level, and Gp-9 genotype. Our results suggest that large numbers of queens contribute to the production of workers in introduced S. invicta nests throughout the year. Colony boundaries are semi-permeable, although the among-nest variation in Gp-9 genotype frequencies and worker mass does suggest that boundaries are present. In addition, selection operating on Gp-9 genotype depends on nest environment. Finally, worker mass is affected by both endogenous and exogenous factors in S. invicta. Overall, our data suggests that the key traits of colony social structure and worker size reflect the effects of variable
selection in invasive social insects. 相似文献
8.
Allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte Potamogeton malaianus on Scenedesmus obliquus were assessed using a two-phase approach under controlled laboratory conditions. In the co-culture experiment (phase І),
the growth of S. obliquus at two different initial cell densities was significantly inhibited by P. malaianus. Moreover, the growth inhibition was dependent on the biomass density of P. malaianus. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and POD), MDA, APA, total soluble protein, protein electrophoretic pattern and morphology
of S. obliquus were determined after the co-culture experiment was terminated. The activities of SOD, CAT, POD and APA at the low initial
cell density were stimulated, the contents of MDA and total soluble protein were increased, and some special protein bands
disappeared in P. malaianus treatments. The macrophyte had no effect on the activities of SOD and APA at the high initial cell density, but significantly
influenced other physiological parameters of S. obliquus with the increase of biomass density. The morphology of S. obliquus showed no difference in the macrophyte treatments and the controls, and the cultures were dominated by 4-celled coenobia.
The results indicated P. malaianus had significant allelopathic effects on the growth and physiological processes of S. obliquus. Moreover, the allelopathic effects depended on initial algal cell density, biomass density of the macrophyte, and their
interaction. In the experiment of P. malaianus culture filtrates (phase II), filtrates from combined culture of plant and S. obliquus at the low initial cell density exhibited no apparent growth inhibitory effect on S. obliquus. The result showed that initial addition of growth-inhibiting plant filtrates had no allelopathic effect on S. obliquus. We concluded that the allelopathic effects on S. obliquus were found in the presence of P. malaianus, but not in P. malaianus filtrates. However, the absence of allelopathic effect on S. obliquus might be due to the very low concentrations of allelochemicals in the filtrates.
Handling editor: S. M. Thomas 相似文献
9.
A genetic transformation system has been developed for callus cells of Crataegus
aronia using Agrobacterium
tumefaciens. Callus culture was established from internodal stem segments incubated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with
5 mg l−1 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.5 mg l−1 6-benzyladenine (BA). In order to optimize the callus culture system with respect to callus growth and coloration, different
types and concentrations of plant growth regulators were tested. Results indicated that the best average fresh weight of red
colored callus was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.5 mg l−1 kinetin (Kin) (callus maintenance medium). Callus cells were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium harboring the binary plasmid pCAMBIA1302 carrying the mgfp5 and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hptII) genes conferring green fluorescent protein (GFP) activity and hygromycin resistance, respectively. Putative transgenic calli
were obtained 4 weeks after incubation of the co-cultivated explants onto maintenance medium supplemented with 50 mg l−1 hygromycin. Molecular analysis confirmed the integration of the transgenes in transformed callus. To our knowledge, this
is the first time to report an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system in Crataegus
aronia. 相似文献
10.
The significance of the taxonomic distinction of two species of Blackbutt was studied by analysing patterns of genetic (microsatellite
markers; n = 13) and phenetic (capsule morphology) differentiation. Analysis of genetic structure using a Bayesian modelling
approach on range-wide samples of both taxa (n = 457) showed the major division was within the more widely distributed species,
Eucalyptus pilularis, and not aligned with taxonomy. Comparisons of intra- and inter-taxon genetic differentiation in paired-samples of taxa from
each of four locations spanning the distribution of the more restricted E. pyrocarpa, showed that around twice as much variation was found among locations within taxa, than between taxa. Despite the lack of
differentiation at effectively neutral microsatellite markers, significant phenetic differences (including capsule size) were
evident between taxa at most sites. A landscape mosaic of taxa, coincident with changes in elevation, vegetation and soil
types, suggested some phenetic differences were probably adaptive and spatial differentiation was stabilised by environmental
factors. An absence of morphological intermediates and a lack of correlation in the rankings of locus inter-taxon differentiation
(PhiBT) across locations, was consistent with parapatric origins for E. pyrocarpa. We conclude the taxa are at the lower end of the speciation spectrum and might best be viewed as ecotypes, divergent in
evolutionary potential, but with genomes broadly permeable to inter-taxa gene flow. Gene exchange between plantings of E. pilularis and nearby E. pyrocarpa forest is likely as the two taxa appear to have few barriers to reproduction. 相似文献
11.
Seasonal distribution patterns of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), and its principal parasitoids Diadegma insulare (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Microplitis plutellae (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were investigated over three site-years in commercial fields of canola (Brassica napus L.) in southern Alberta, Canada. The sampling of P. xylostella, D. insulare, and M. plutellae from points arranged in grid patterns, together with the mapping and analysis of their spatial distributions over time, generated
a detailed picture of the pattern of crop infestation by the herbivore and its parasitoids. Plutella xylostella exhibited significant aggregations on different scales most often when its host plants were in early flowering. Diadegma insulare adults exhibited significant aggregated distributions during early flowering and distributions subsequently became more uniform
as the wasps moved into the crop later in the season. However, M. plutellae distributions were aggregated in mid flowering in only one site-year. The close spatial associations between densities of
D. insulare and P. xylostella indicated that host abundance was the main determinant of parasitoid distribution patterns. Spatial distributions of nutrient
contents in leaf tissue and their spatial associations with the herbivore and parasitoids were also investigated. Significant
spatial associations existed between certain nutrients (e.g. nitrogen, sulfur, and potassium) and P. xylostella distributions. Sulfur exhibited a positive effect on the distributions of D. insulare but not of M. plutellae. We observed similar relationships between nutrients and the distribution of P. xylostella parasitoids as for nutrients and P. xylostella, but these relationships lacked consistency and may be the results of the spatial associations between the parasitoids and
their hosts. Aggregated distributions of adults and larvae of P. xylostella hold promise for spatially targeted insecticidal applications as a means for reducing the environmental impact of insecticides
on nontarget and beneficial species in canola agroecosystems. 相似文献
12.
The predatory copepod Acanthocyclops americanus is commonly found in shallow ponds and lakes in Mexico. We tested the survivorship and reproduction-related variables of
this copepod, isolated from Lake Huetzalin (Xochimilco, Mexico City), on four mixed diets comprising two algal concentrations
(0.8 × 106 and 1.6 × 106 cells ml−1 of Scenedesmus acutus) and two rotifer densities (1 and 8 ind. ml−1 of Brachionus havanaensis). Survivorship patterns of naupliar and adult stages of A. americanus were evaluated at 24 ± 1°C. The demography experiments were initiated with five females and five males (1:1 ratio, 5th copepodites)
into each of the 16 test [= 4 diet combinations × 4 replicates (cohorts)] jars containing 50 ml medium and with one of the
chosen algal-rotifer diets. Data on the survival of naupliar and copepodites (up to V) showed a high death rate (80%) in A. americanus by the time nauplii reached the adult stage. The duration of developmental time for nauplii and the copepodite V (C-V) was
about 28 days by which time A. americanus became adults. Food combination had a significant effect on both survival and duration of the naupliar and C-V but not on
the development time in C-I, C-II, C-III, and C-IV. Naupliar stages showed highest life expectancy at low food levels (rotifers
or alga). Adult male and female copepods showed better survival under higher availability of rotifers in the medium, while
higher algal density resulted in steep mortality during the first days. Average adult lifespan and life expectancy of A. americanus varied from 19 to 23 days, depending on the diet combination. Age-specific reproductive output (m
x
) of female A. americanus showed low reproduction (<10 offspring per female on any given day) when raised on low rotifer density, regardless of the
algal concentration. On the other hand, enhanced offspring production (average of about 50 nauplii per female) was recorded
when the rotifer density was higher (i.e., 8 ind. ml−1). Gross and net reproductive rates varied from 48 to 438 and 27 to 318 offspring per female, respectively. In general, higher
availability of rotifers in the medium resulted in higher (8–10 times as compared to those in low rotifer density) gross and
net reproductive rates. There was no significant difference in the generation time (13–14 days) in relation to the diet combination.
The rate of population increase (r) (range: 0.29–0.69 per day) increased with greater abundance of B. havanaensis in the medium. Thus, our study showed that inclusion of animal protein in the diet is necessary for high population growth
rates of A. americanus. 相似文献
13.
Erica D. Dawson Amber W. Taylor James A. Smagala Kathy L. Rowlen 《Molecular biotechnology》2009,42(1):117-127
We developed molecular diagnostic assays for the detection of Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE), two streptococcal pathogens known to cause both pharyngitis and more invasive forms of disease in humans. Two real-time
PCR assays coupled with an internal control were designed to be performed in parallel. One assay utilizes a gene target specific
to GAS, and the other utilizes a gene target common to the two species. Both assays showed 2–3 orders of magnitude improved
analytical sensitivity when compared to a commercially available rapid antigen test. In addition, when compared to standard
culture in an analysis of 96 throat swabs, the real-time PCR assays resulted in clinical sensitivity and specificity of 91.7
and 100%, respectively. As capital equipment costs for real-time PCR can be prohibitive in smaller laboratories, the real-time
PCR assays were converted to a low-density microarray format designed to function with an inexpensive photopolymerization-based
non-enzymatic signal amplification (NESA™) method. S. pyogenes was successfully detected on the low-density microarray in less than 4 h from sample extraction through detection. 相似文献
14.
Mohsin Abbas Zaidi Gongyin Ye Hongwei Yao Taek H. You Evelin Loit Donald H. Dean Sheikh Riazuddin Illimar Altosaar 《Molecular biotechnology》2009,43(3):232-242
Nucleotide sequence encoding the truncated insecticidal Cry1Ca1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis was extensively modified based on the codon usage of rice genes. The overall G + C contents of the synthetic cry1Ca1 coding sequence were raised to 65% with an additional bias of enriching for G and C ending codons as preferred by monocots.
The synthetic gene was introduced into the Chinese japonica variety, Xiushui 11, by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic rice plants harboring this gene were highly resistant to Chilo
suppressalis and Spodoptera litura larvae as revealed by insect bioassays. High levels of Cry1Ca1 protein were obtained in the leaves of transgenic rice, which
were effective in achieving 100% mortality of S. litura and C. suppressalis larvae. The levels of Cry1Ca1 expression in the leaves of these transgenic plants were up to 0.34% of the total soluble proteins.
The larvae of C. suppressalis and S.
litura could consume a maximum of 1.89 and 4.89 mm2 of transgenic leaf area whereas the consumption of non-transgenic leaves by these larvae was significantly higher; 58.33 and
61.22 mm2, respectively. Analysis of R1 transgenic plants indicated that the cry1Ca1 was inherited by the progeny plants and provided complete protection against C. suppressalis and S.
litura larvae. 相似文献
15.
Brian Schrire 《Kew Bulletin》2008,63(3):477-479
Summary Eleven species comprising the Madagascan genus Vaughania are subsumed within the large pantropical genus Indigofera. Six new combinations are made; the remaining species were originally described in Indigofera. 相似文献
16.
This paper discusses a number of experiments performed, involving the fusion by an electric field of mesophyll protoplasts
from Solanum tuberosum cv. Bintje, S. tuberosum dihaploid clones 243, 299 and the wild tuberous disease-resistant species S. bulbocastanum and S. pinnatisectum. Three fusion experiments (S. bulbocastanum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 243, S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum cv. Bintje and S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 299) yielded 542 calli, the 52 ones of which produced shoots. Obtained regenerants were estimated by the flow-cytometry (FC)
and RAPD analysis to determine hybrid plants.The utilisation of the FC as a useful method for detecting somatic hybrids is
also discussed in this paper. The combination S. bulbocastanum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 243 led to the creation of eight somatic hybrids, the combination S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum cv. Bintje yielded four somatic hybrids and the combination S. pinnatisectum + S. tuberosum dihaploid 299 resulted in no hybrid regenerants. Morphology in vitro, growth vigour and production of tuber-like structures
were evaluated in hybrid plants. Plants were transferred in vivo for further estimation (acclimatization, habitus evaluation
and tuberization ability). 相似文献
17.
The presence of the anaerobic spore former Clostridium in Arthrospira platensis destined for human consumption is generally not assessed during quality assurance procedures. As this nutraceutical is administered
as complementary medicine to the immunocompromised, this study aimed to investigate the presence of these potential pathogens.
Anaerobic counts performed on tablets from a single manufacturer indicated an excess of 105 CFU/endospores g−1 tablet for three different A. platensis batches. Tests for coliforms for use as “indicators” of pathogens in the tablets were negative. Using classic culture techniques,
five species of Clostridium were isolated. Subsequent use of PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting of tablets showed a divergent
microbial population, with a predominance of anaerobic endospore formers, including Clostridium. Sequencing of a 1.5 kb 16S rDNA clone library and phylogenetic analyses of prominent operational taxonomic units confirmed
the presence of an additional five Clostridium spp. and other genera in the tablets. A composite molecular ladder, using 16S rRNA DGGE amplicons of 17 representative bacterial
species was constructed to assist in identifying anaerobes present in tablets sourced from three different A. platensis manufacturers. Results indicated that commercial A. platensis preparations were contaminated with potentially hazardous clostridia and other anaerobic species. Results suggest that certain
commercial A. platensis preparations require stringent microbial quality assurance measures to ensure safe use as a nutraceutical for the immunocompromised
and the general public. 相似文献
18.
Background
New fungal species that are morphologically similar to Aspergillus fumigatus were recently described and included in section Fumigati. Misidentification of such fungal species, particularly of the human pathogens, Aspergillus lentulus, Neosartorya fischeri, Neosartorya hiratsukae, Neosartorya pseudofischeri and Neosartorya udagawae, has been increasingly reported by numerous clinical labs. Nevertheless, A. fumigatus still accounts for more than 90% of all invasive aspergillosis cases. The purpose of the present study was to develop a rapid method for the molecular identification of A. fumigatus to distinguish it from other species within the section Fumigati. 相似文献19.
Procedure for the Agrobacterium
tumefaciens mediated T-DNA delivery into the elite clone(s) of Eucalyptus tereticornis using leaf explants from microshoots has been developed. Amongst two strains of A. tumefaciens namely, EHA105 and LBA4404 (harbouring pBI121 plasmid), strain EHA105 was found to be more efficient. Pre-culturing of tissue
(2 days) on medium supplemented with 100 μM acetosyringone, before bacterial infection significantly increased transient expression
of reporter gene (GUS). Co-cultivation period of 2 days and a bacterial density of 0.8 OD600 resulted in higher transient GUS expression. Method of injury to tissue, presence of acetosyringone in co-cultivation medium
and photoperiod during co-cultivation also influenced the expression of transient GUS activity. Amongst the three clones tested,
maximum transient GUS activity was recorded in clone ‘CE2’ followed by clone ‘T1’. Regeneration of transformed shoots was
achieved on modified Murashige and Skoog medium (potassium nitrate was replaced with 990 mg/l potassium sulphate and ammonium
nitrate with 392 mg/l ammonium sulphate, and mesoinositol concentration was increased to 200 mg/l). Stable transformation
was confirmed on the basis of GUS activity and PCR amplification of DNA fragments specific to uidA and nptII genes. The absence of bacteria in the stable transformed tissues was confirmed by PCR amplification of fragment specific
to 16S rRNA of bacteria. 相似文献
20.
Despite the widespread impacts invasive species can have in introduced populations, little is known about competitive mechanisms
and dominance hierarchies between invaders and similar taxa in their native range. This study examines interactions between
the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, and other above-ground foraging ants in two habitats in northeastern Argentina. A combination of pitfall traps and baits
was used to characterize the ant communities, their dominance relationships, and to evaluate the effect of phorid flies on
the interactions. Twenty-eight ant species coexisted with S. invicta in a gallery forest gap, whereas only ten coexisted with S. invicta in a xerophytic forest grassland. S. invicta was the most numerically dominant species in the richest and complex habitat (gallery forest); however it performed better
as discoverer and dominator in the simpler habitat. S. invicta was active during day and night. In spite of its poor capacity to discover resources, S. invicta showed the highest ecological dominance and the second-best behavioral dominance after Camponotus blandus. S. invicta won 78% of the interactions with other ants, mostly against its most frequent competitor, Pheidole cf. obscurithorax, dominating baits via mass recruitment and chemical aggression. P. cf. obscurithorax was the best food discoverer. S. invicta won 80% of the scarce interactions with Linepithema humile.
Crematogaster quadriformis was one of the fastest foragers and the only ant that won an equal number of contests against S. invicta. The low presence of phorid flies affected the foraging rate of S. invicta, but not the outcome of interspecific interactions. This study revealed that the red imported fire ant ecologically dominated
other terrestrial ants in its native range; however, other species were able to be numerically dominant or co-dominant in
its presence. 相似文献