ULTRASTRUCTURE AND SYSTEMATICS OF TWO NEW FRESHWATER RED CRYPTOMONADS, STOREATULA RHINOSA, SP. NOV. AND PYRENOMONAS OVALIS, SP. NOV.

The ultrastructure and systematics of two red colored freshwater cryptomonads, Storeatula rhinosa , sp. nov. and Pyrenomonas ovalis , sp. nov., are described for the first time. Storeatula, which had been described from marine waters only, has a single inner periplast sheet and a fibrous surface periplast component. Cells lack a furrow but possess a gullet, a bilobed chloroplast connected by a pyrenoid and a nucleomorph located in an indentation of the pyrenoid. This freshwater Storeatula possesses the same general features as the marine species, but it has a contractile vacuole and lacks the lobed chloroplast of S. major. P. ovalis has the generic characteristics described for marine species of Rhodomonas. These characteristics include a short furrow, a deep gullet, square inner periplast plates with beveled corners, a slightly fibrillar surface periplast component, a single chloroplast with two lobes connected by a pyrenoidal bridge and a nucleomorph located in an indentation of the pyrenoid.     

CRYPTOMONAD EVOLUTION: NUCLEAR 18S rDNA PHYLOGENY VERSUS CELL MORPHOLOGY AND PIGMENTATION1

A nuclear18S rDNA phylogeny for cryptomonad algae is presented, including 11 species yet to be investigated by molecular means. The phylogenetic positions of the cryptomonad genera Campylomonas and Plagioselmis are assessed for the first time. Campylomonas groups most closely with morphologically similar species with the same accessory pigment from the genus Cryptomonas. Plagioselmis groups with the genera Teleaulax and Geminigera forming a clade whose members are united by unusual thylakoid arrangement. Nuclear 18S rDNA phylogeny divides cryptomonads into seven major lineages, two of which consist of the monospecific genera Proteomonas and Falcomonas. Analysis of nuclear18S rDNA sequence supports suggestions that a Falcomonas‐like cryptomonad gave rise to all other blue‐green cryptomonads. New sequence from the plastid‐lacking cryptomonad genus Goniomonas is also included, and the order of divergence of the major cryptomonad lineages is discussed. The morphology, number, and pigmentation of the cryptomonad plastidial complex are congruent with nuclear 18S rDNA phylogenies. Host cell features, such as periplast type, furrow/gullet system, and cell shape, can be more variable and may be markedly different in species that are closely related by nuclear 18S rDNA phylogeny. Conversely, some species that are not closely related by molecular phylogeny may display a very similar, possibly primitive, periplast and furrow morphology.     

北京松山国家级自然保护区野生种子植物分布及物种组成分析

采取踏查、样方和样线相结合的方法,调查了北京松山国家级自然保护区内野生种子植物的分布状况,并对其种类组成和分布区类型进行了分析。调查结果显示：该保护区内共有野生种子植物92科382属721种,其中,裸子植物3科4属5种、被子植物89科378属716种;被子植物中包含双子叶植物78科298属569种和单子叶植物11科80属147种。含20种或20种以上的科有7个,包含的属、种数量均占该保护区野生种子植物属、种总数的40%以上,优势科现象明显;含1种和含2-4种的属分别有235和128个,具有绝对优势。该保护区野生种子植物科的分布区类型可分为8个,除世界广布科外,以泛热带分布型科和北温带分布型科为主;属的分布区类型可分为15个,以北温带分布型属为主,热带性质属与温带性质属的数量比为0.20。该保护区内有国家重点保护野生植物2种、北京市重点保护野生植物52种,其中包含兰科（Orchidaceae）植物14属18种以及数量极少的丁香叶忍冬（LoniceraoblataK.S.HaoexP.S.HsuetH.J.Wang）和北京市特有植物北京水毛茛（BatrachiumpekinenseL.Liou）;该保护区内还有7种具有入侵倾向的外来植物。此外,还有北京新记录植物3种,分别为柳叶野豌豆也Viciavenosa（Willd.exLink）Maxim.页、北方红门兰（OrchisroborowskiiMaxim.）和廻旋扁蕾也Gentianopsiscontorta（Royle）Ma页。研究结果表明：该保护区的野生种子植物区系具有典型的温带性质并有一定的过渡性。     

The Order Euplotida (Ciliophora): Taxonomy, with Division of Euplotes into Several Genera

ABSTRACT. The order Euplotida represents a monophyletic order of five families of hypotrich ciliates united by morphology, stomatogenesis, ultrastructure, cyst structure, and behavior. A review of variability of ciliation and nuclei among the 14 genera suggests that lines of evolution may have involved both the loss of cirri and nuclear simplification. We present a binary key to genera in the families Aspidiscidae ( Aspidisca and Euplotaspis ), Certesiidae n. fam. ( Certesia ), Gastrocirrhidae ( Cytharoides, Euplotidium , and Gas-trocirrhus ), Uronychiidae ( Diophryopsis, Diophrys, Paradiophrys , and Uronychia ), and Euplotidae. The latter family contains species formerly in the genus Euplotes. Based primarily on cortical structure, endosymbionts, data from morphometric analysis, and ecology, we recognize four different groups. The first group of species remains in Euplotes with Euplotes charon as type. We place a second group of species into the genus Moneuplotes Jankowski 1979 with Moneuplotes vannus (Müller, 1786) as type. We erect two new genera: Euplotoides n. g. and Euplotopsis n. g. with Euplotoides patella (Müller, 1773) n. comb. and Euplotopsis affinis (Dujardin, 1841) n. comb. as type species respectively. We discuss possible phylogenetic relationships within the order.     

山西蟒河国家级自然保护区猕猴食源植物区系特征

于2012~2013年,以样带法、样方法和无样地法相结合,分4次对蟒河国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地食源植物种类进行了实地调查,并分析了其区系特征。研究发现:(1)蟒河保护区猕猴栖息地内有维管植物659种,隶属102科374属,其中54科126属261种为猕猴的食源植物,占猕猴栖息地植物科、属、种总数的52.94%、33.69%和39.61%;蔷薇科是食源植物中包含种类最多的科,有16属39种,其次为豆科,含11属23种。(2)蟒河保护区内猕猴食源植物区系特征为:食源植物所在科有6个分布型和2个变型,所在属有13个分布型和6个变型;在属的分布类型中,温带性质分布类型的属占优势,有75个,占总属数的66.96%,其中北温带分布类型的属46个,占总属数的41.07%;热带性质分布类型的属有24个,地中海区、中亚、东亚和中国特有分布成分的属共有13个,分别占总属数的21.43%和11.61%,说明蟒河保护区内猕猴食源植物区系为暖温带性质。     

浙江北雁荡山蕨类植物区系特征分析

通过标本和文献查阅以及野外调查,对浙江北雁荡山蕨类植物的区系组成和分布区类型进行了分析.结果显示:北雁荡山共有蕨类植物37科71属156种(含种下分类群);以单种和寡种分布的科和属所占比例最大,分别占总科数和总属数的75.7％和91.5％.该区域蕨类植物科的分布区类型以世界分布型和泛热带分布型为主,分别有14和20科,占总科数的37.8％和54.1％;热带成分总计22科,占总科数的59.5％,而温带成分仅1科.属的分布区类型可划分为9类型2亚型,包含世界分布型17属、热带分布型47属、温带分布型7属;其中,泛热带分布型属数量最多区28属),占总属数的39.4％.种的分布区类型以东亚分布型最多(93种),其中,中国-日本分布亚型有65种,占总种数的41.7％.中国特有种有21种(占总种数的13.5％),其中2种为仅分布于本区域的特有种,分布类型以华东-华南分布最多.由分析结果可见:北雁荡山蕨类植物具有组成丰富、区系起源古老、地理成分多样、热带区系特征明显及特有种数量匮乏等特点,但与周边区域蕨类植物分布有紧密联系.     

Revision of the genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): a combination of molecular phylogeny and morphology provides insights into a long-hidden dimorphism

Seventy-three strains of cryptophytes assigned to the genera Cryptomonas, Campylomonas or Chilomonas were studied by light microscopy, spectrophotometry and whole-mount electron microscopy. Twelve groups of strains were distinguished by light and whole mount electron microscopy using a combination of characters, mainly cell size, type of periplast and presence/absence and number of pyrenoids. However, characters previously used to distinguish Cryptomonas from Campylomonas (e.g. the type of periplast: polygonal periplast plates vs. a continuous periplast sheet) were found to occur together in dimorphic strains, indicating that periplast types relate to different life-history stages of a single taxon. To evaluate the taxonomic significance of the type of periplast and other characters previously used to distinguish genera and species, representatives of each strain group were subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses using two nuclear ribosomal DNA regions (ITS2, partial LSU rDNA) and a nucleomorph ribosomal gene (SSU rDNA). The results of the phylogenetic study provide molecular evidence for a life history-dependent dimorphism in the genus Cryptomonas: the genus Campylomonas represents the alternate morph of Cryptomonas. Campylomonas and Chilomonas are reduced to synonyms of Cryptomonas, the genus Cryptomonas is revised and typified, two new species are described and six species are emended.     

浙江省台州市种子植物区系分析

台州市种子植物丰富,据统计有野生种子植物150科、784属、1892种(含种下分类群),其中裸子植物6科、12属、16种,被子植物144科、772属、1876种。优势科明显,其中10种以上的科有45个,含526属、1453种,分别占总属数、总种数的67.09%、76.80%。本区系历史悠久,起源古老,小属和极小属共707个,占总属数的90.18%。科的分布区类型以热带、亚热带分布最多,其次是世界分布,第3是温带分布。属的分布区类型可划分为14类,以温带性成分为主,也兼有相当比例的热带性成分,具有亚热带特性。地理成分复杂,与世界各地联系广泛。该地区有中国特有属14属,列为国家首批保护的珍稀植物20种。     

Multiple Independent Losses of Photosynthesis and Differing EvolutionaryRates in the Genus Cryptomonas (Cryptophyceae): Combined Phylogenetic Analyses of DNA Sequences of the Nuclear and the Nucleomorph Ribosomal Operons

In this study, evidence for at least three independent losses of photosynthesis in the freshwater cryptophyte genus Cryptomonas is presented. The phylogeny of the genus was inferred by molecular phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (nuclear ITS2), partial nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA), and nucleomorph small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA, NM). Both concatenated and single data sets were used. In all data sets, the colorless Cryptomonas strains formed three different lineages, always supported by high bootstrap values (maximum parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood) and posterior probabilities (Bayesian analyses). The three leukoplast-bearing lineages displayed differing degrees of accelerated evolutionary rates in nuclear and nucleomorph rDNA. Also an increase in A+T-content in highly variable regions of the nucleomorph SSU rDNA was observed in one of the leukoplast-bearing lineages.This article contains three online-only supplementary tables.Reviewing Editor: Dr. Yves Van de Peer     

A Comparative study on pollen exine ultrastructure of Nothofagus and the other genera of Fagaceae

The genus Nothofagus is mainly distributed in South America and New Zealand. The present paper describes its pollen exine ultrastructure and compares the exine ultrastructure with that of the other genera of Fagaceae. The pollen grains were examined using ultrathin sectioning technique under transmission electron microscope. The study shows that the pollen exine ultrastructure of Nothofagus differs from that of the other genera of Fagaceae by its exine structure and thickness, type of aperture, and ornamentation. The pollen exine of Nothofagus is thin and possesses granular bacules, regular foot layer and tectum, spinulate ornamentation, and the endexine is usually visible at poral area, and 5～8 colpate. The pollen exine of the other genera of Fagaceae possesses entire bacules, irregular foot layer and tectum, granulate and tuberculate ornamentation, thicker endexine, and is 3-colporate ( 3-colpate or 3-colporoidate). The pollen exine ultrastructure of Nothofagus may belong to primitive type. The pollen exine ultrastructure data support Kuprianova’s opinion that Nothofagus should be separated from Fagaceae and established as a monogenetic family, i.e. Nothofa-gaceae.     

中国爬行纲动物分类厘定

本文对中国爬行纲动物的分类体系和物种进行了系统的评估, 规范了中文学名, 给出了《中国爬行纲校正名录》, 结果表明: 中国现存爬行纲动物3目30科132属462种, 其中鳄形目(Crocodylia)1科1属1种, 龟鳖目(Testudines)6科18属33种, 有鳞目(Squamata)蜥蜴亚目(Lacertilia)10科41属189种, 有鳞目蛇亚目(Serpentes)13科72属239种。与《中国动物志 爬行纲 第一卷(总论、龟鳖目、鳄形目)》、《中国动物志 爬行纲 第二卷(有鳞目: 蜥蜴亚目)》和《中国蛇类》相比, 目和亚目无变化; 科级水平新增5科, 变更2科; 属级水平新增23属, 合并15属, 变更6属; 种级水平新增81种, 变动2种; 未收录同物异名12种、杂交6种、中国无分布7种。形态和分子系统发育研究结果在爬行动物不同分类阶元均有一定差异, 文章对这些争议进行了讨论, 并对名录的选择做了说明。     

千岛湖库区种子植物区系研究

分析论述了浙江省淳安县千岛湖库区的种子植物区系。该区共有野生种子植物114科、401属、666种,其中裸子植物有4科6属6种,被子植物中单子叶植物11科66属95种,双子叶植物99科329属565种。科的分布区类型以世界广布、泛热带分布和北温带分布居多,热带分布的科多于温带分布的科(48/28)。属的数量统计显示该区单种属和寡种属共有393属,占总属数的71.51%,说明本地区植物组成较为分散。属的分布区类型以泛热带分布最多、共94属,占总属数的23.44%;其次是北温带分布及其变型、有56属,占总属数的13.97%。热带分布与温带分布的属数相当(180/171)。通过大陆和岛屿种子植物区系的分析比较得出,生境片段化可能已经影响了千岛湖库区植物区系的分布。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Norrisiella sphaerica</Emphasis> gen. et sp. nov., a new coccoid chlorarachniophyte from Baja California,Mexico

A new chlorarachniophyte, Norrisiella sphaerica S. Ota et K. Ishida gen. et sp. nov., from the coast of Baja California, Mexico is described. We examined its morphology, ultrastructure, and life cycle in detail, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and time-lapse videomicroscopy. We found that this chlorarachniophyte possessed the following characteristics: (1) vegetative cells were coccoid and possessed a cell wall, (2) a pyrenoid was slightly invaded by plate-like periplastidial compartment from the tip of the pyrenoid, (3) a nucleomorph was located near the pyrenoid base in the periplastidial compartment, (4) cells reproduced vegetatively via autospores, and (5) a flagellate stage was present in the life cycle. This combination of characteristics differs from any of the described chlorarachniophyte genera, and therefore a new genus is established. Fluorescent microscopic observations suggested that the alga formed multinucleate cells prior to forming autospores. Time-lapse observations during autospore formation showed that cytokinesis occurred simultaneously in the multinucleate cells. Zoospores were also produced, and video sequences captured the release of zoospores from coccoid cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

A first phylogenetic analysis of Giant Pill-Millipedes (Diplopoda: Sphaerotheriida), a new model Gondwanan taxon, with special emphasis on island gigantism

The phylogeny of the Giant Pill-Millipedes, order Sphaerotheriida, is investigated using a new morphological character matrix comprising 89 characters. The majority of these characters are employed for the first time in millipedes. All trees obtained agree on the monophyletic status of the Sphaerotheriida and several of its tribes, each restricted to a modern land mass. The species from Madagascar displaying island gigantism do not form a monophyletic group. The classic division of Giant Pill-Millipedes into two families, Sphaerotheriidae and Zephronidae, was not reflected in the analysis. The genus Procyliosoma is the sister-group to all other Sphaerotheriida, rendering the family Sphaerotheriidae paraphyletic. A new family-level classification of Giant Pill-Millipedes, based on the current phylogeny, is introduced. The new family Procyliosomatidae contains only the genus Procyliosoma , distributed in Australia and New Zealand. The family Zephronidae remains unchanged, while the family Sphaerotheriidae now incorporates only the African Giant Pill-Millipede genera. All genera from southern India and Madagascar form a monophyletic group and are placed in the new family Arthrosphaeridae. The Malagasy genus Sphaeromimus is more closely related to the Indian Arthrosphaera species than to other genera from Madagascar. A biogeographical analysis identifies the group as a Gondwana taxon (with a notable absence from South America). The current phylogeny of Giant Pill-Millipede families mirrors perfectly the suggested break-up of Gondwana fragments 160–90 Ma. No evidence for a dispersal event could be found, highlighting the importance of Giant Pill-Millipedes as a potential model taxon.     

Molecular cloning and analysis of cDNA sequences encoding serine proteinase and Kunitz type inhibitor in venom gland of Vipera nikolskii viper

Serine proteinases and Kunitz type inhibitors are widely represented in venoms of snakes from different genera. During the study of the venoms from snakes inhabiting Russia we have cloned cDNAs encoding new proteins belonging to these protein families. Thus, a new serine proteinase called nikobin was identified in the venom gland of Vipera nikolskii viper. By amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA sequence, nikobin differs from serine proteinases identified in other snake species. Nikobin amino acid sequence contains 15 unique substitutions. This is the first serine proteinase of viper from Vipera genus for which a complete amino acid sequence established. The cDNA encoding Kunitz type inhibitor was also cloned. The deduced amino acid sequence of inhibitor is homologous to those of other proteins from that snakes of Vipera genus. However there are several unusual amino acid substitutions that might result in the change of biological activity of inhibitor.     

(山弄)岗植物区系考察报告

<正> 前言 一、鼻岗植物区系的组成 (一)科、属、种的统计 (二)10种以上的科的统计 (三)含10种以上的科在世界区系中的比重 (四)含10种以上的科在广西区系中的比重 (五)木本植物统计。 二、鼻岗植物区系的特点 (一)热带边缘性质 (二)特有性 (三)岩溶特性 三、鼻岗植物区系的地形分布特点及生态变化 (一)谷地、山坡、崖顶的分布概况 (二)水平分布的差异 (三)生态变化 四、鼻岗植物区系与邻近地区植物区系的关系 (一)与中印半岛的关系 (二)与海南岛的关系 (三)与广西阳朔的关系 (四)与花坪的关系 (五)与马来半岛岩溶植物区系的关系 (六)总的比校     

云南蕨类植物的物种多样性和区系组成

在一定实地调查和分类的基础上,采用统计分析及区系地理分析法,对云南地区蕨类植物进行研究。结果表明:云南地区共有蕨类植物60科193属1 530种(包括变种和变型),科、属、种分别占中国蕨类植物科总数的58.8%,属的83.9%和种的95.2%;在这60个科中含30种以上的有13个,含5个属以上的有11个,分别占该蕨类植物区系属、种数的56.5%和79.2%,特别是鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科、水龙骨科和金星蕨科,这4个科共拥有70属761种,分别占总属数、总种数的36.3%、49.7%;193属中含30种以上的有11个,分别占总属、总种数的5.7%和41.7%,最具优势的是鳞毛蕨属和耳蕨属、蹄盖蕨属、铁角蕨属、卷柏属,这5个属共有403种,占总种数的26.3%;该区系中无云南特有科,但具有4个亚洲特有科:雨蕨科、稀子蕨科、柄盖蕨科和骨碎补科;该区系以热带、亚热带性质为主,科的区系成分中热带亚热带分布的科占66.6%,热带成分的属有112个,占68.7%(除世界分布类型);该区系是东亚地区蕨类植物区系的重要组成部分,东亚分布31属和中国特有分布6属,分别占总属数(除世界分布属外)的19.0%和3.7%;该地区蕨类植物区系与西藏、台湾具有共同的区系起源和物种分化形成的背景,属的相似性系数约为70%,种的相似性系数约为30%,均起源于热带亚热带地区;属的热带区系成分与温带区系成分所占比例分别为68.7%和27.6%,存在一定的区系过渡性;该区系科的分化强度为3.2,属的分化强度为7.9,在科、属水平上均表现出较强的区系分化特征。