越冬期勺鸡集群行为的观察

观察了2001～2004年冬季分布于历山保护区的勺鸡的集群行为行。野外共观察120次,见到勺鸡1034只,其中95．3％的个体营集群生活,环境的异质性和天敌的捕食压力可能是导致勺鸡等雉类冬季集群的重要因素。     

历山自然保护区寿带鸟的生态观察

1996年－1998年5－8月,在山西省沁水县中村地区,对寿带鸟的繁殖生态进行了研究,研究内容含迁徙季节,栖息环境,种群密度,繁残习性,食物组成等,以期为环境监测和保护鸟类资源提供依据。     

山西历山自然保护区虎纹伯劳的生活习性观察

本文对山西历山自然保护区的虎纹伯劳的生活习性作了记述。内容包括季节迁徙、数量分布、繁殖习性、食物组成等。     

黑龙江东部马鹿集群行为的初步观察

本文根据野外观察到的112群马鹿,初步研究了马鹿的集群行为。野生鹿群大小范围为2—19头,平均群内头数为3.55,鹿群在各季节具有明显的变化。通过对3种类型鹿群的观察分析,发现母仔群是主要的鹿群类型,该类型在各季节中所占比例较大(26％—53％),且在产仔期和哺乳期群内分化较高。而在妊娠期群内分化较低。公鹿群在全年比较稳定,混合群在各季节变化较大,每群平均数4.58头,为3种鹿群类型中最大者。     

历山自然保护区乌雕冬季生态观察

历山自然保护区乌雕冬季生态观察张青霞山西历山国家级自然保护区沁水ｏｔ８２１１乌雕却激咖观为我国二级重点保护野生动物。在新疆天山、东北西北部呼伦贝尔盟博克图等地区为留鸟。（’）１９９１—ｌｏｐ年的ｌ－３月和１１—１２月,我们在山西历山自然保护区对乌雕的...     

四川栗子坪自然保护区红腹角雉雌鸟和亚成体冬季集群行为研究

2005年11月至2006年3月,在四川省石棉县栗子坪省级自然保护区对低海拔区域(海拔1800²400 m)红腹角雉Tragopan temminckii雌鸟和亚成体冬季集群行为进行了调查。结果表明:红腹角雉的雌鸟和亚成体以单独活动的个体居多,占44.4%,其它依次为3只群、2只群和4只群。群体的规模较小,最大群体为4只。在集群类型上,家族群可能是主要集群类型,但还有待验证。红腹角雉雌鸟和亚成体集群的个体和单独活动个体在取食行为的时间分配上有显著差异,集群的个体用于取食的时间比例要高于单独活动的个体。在警戒、休息和移动行为时间分配上没有显著差异,但单独活动个体用于警戒的时间比例要高于集群的个体。本研究的结果验证了动物集群的反捕食假说,集群活动的个体有更多的取食时间。     

普通夜鹰的习性

普通夜鹰 (Ｃａｐｒｉｍｕｌｇｕｓｉｎｄｉｃｕｓ)为山西省重点保护鸟类。它捕食害虫 ,为森林益鸟。 1 997～ 1 999年 4～ 1 0月 ,在山西历山地区对该鸟的生态习性作了观察 ,结果如下。1　观察地区和方法历山保护区位于山西省南部中条山东段 ,地处翼城、沁水、阳城和垣曲四县交界 ,总面积 2 4 8ｈｍ2 ,主峰历山海拔 2 32 1ｍ。境内森林茂密。选定保护区内的下川 (阔叶林 ,海拔 1 50 0～ 2 0 0 0ｍ)和大河 (针阔混交林 ,海拔 1 30 0～ 1 50 0 )两个样区 ,对该鸟的季节迁徙、种群密度、繁殖等进行调查。于月明之夜 ,采用路线统计法 ,2ｋｇ/…     

山西历山自然保护区的雉类

１９９０－１９９４年在山西历山国家级自然保护区对雉科鸟类进行了调查研究，已知本区现有本科鸟类七属、七种。其中雉鸡，勺鸡种群数量高，地理分布广；血雉，白冠长尾雉以往文献有记载，但本次调查尚未发现。除斑翅山鹑为冬候鸟外，其余均为留鸟。近年来雉鸡资源遭严重破坏，种群数量日益减少，应制止破坏雉鸡资源的行为。     

贺兰山保护区冬季岩羊集群特征的初步分析

Group size and composition of blue sheep （Pseudois nayaur) were studied in the Helan Mountains, Ningxia Autonomous Region from November to December 2003. We scanned mountain slopes with binoculars and observed with 20 - 60 x spotting-scope. A total of 310 herds of blue sheep and 1 336 individuals were observed during the study period. Blue sheep were frequently seen in small herds of 2 to 8 individuals, which represent 94.8% of total herds observed. Herds consisting of 9 individuals or more represented 5.2%. The largest herd we observed numbered 51 individuals. Mean group size was 4.2 individuals. Blue sheep herds can be divided into three types: male herds （composed solely of males), female herds (consisting of females with or without juveniles of both sexes), and mixed herds （including adult males, females, and subadults). Among the 310 herds, female herds were counted 150 times (48.4%}, mixed herds 154 times (49.7%), and male berds 6 times (1.9%) . Of 1 336 blue sheep classified by sex and age, adults, subadults and juveniles composed 64.1%, 20.8%, and 15.1% respectively. The female: male ratio of adults was 1:0.73. The ratio of adult females to juveniles was 1:0.56, which is higher than the ratio recorded in spring （ 1:0.43) or summer （ 1:0.44). The results showed that the Helan Mountains State Nature Reserve has succeed in protecting blue sheep.     

Nest predation of Common Pheasants Phasianus colchicus

The Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus is currently the most abundant, widespread and economically important gamebird in Europe. The Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust has undertaken several recent studies of Pheasant breeding ecology to improve the management of this species. Although predation is often the most important cause of nest failure in declining ground-nesting birds in agricultural landscapes, the causes of predation and the identity of predators are often unknown. In this paper, we analyse data from approximately 450 nests of radiotagged hen Pheasants collected from six sites between 1990 and 2003 and present results on the fate and survival rates of Pheasant nests in relation to habitat, predation control and other covariates. Survival rates during the laying stage and incubation stage were 28 and 37%, respectively, and overall nest survival was 10%. Nest predation rates were significantly lower on two sites where intensive predation control was undertaken than on four sites with only low levels of predation control. Red Foxes Vulpes vulpes and corvids were the most important nest predators, accounting for at least half of all predation events. We assess these results in the context of other ground-nesting farmland birds.     

Liver specific pyruvate kinase in pheasants Phasianus colchicus

While in chickens, the existence of a liver form of pyruvate kinase is controversial, the liver form of pyruvate kinase in pheasants, murres and puffins is electrophoretically distinct from that in muscle, brain, kidney, lung and small intestine. Although the forms in lungs, muscle, heart, brain and small intestine could not be reliably separated by electrophoresis, the functional characteristics of the lung and muscle forms of pyruvate kinase in the pheasant are distinct and can be classified as K and M isozymes respectively. Our data suggest that these birds possess at least three distinct isozymes of pyruvate kinase.     

Phylogeography of the Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

The Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus is widely distributed in temperate to subtropical regions of the Palaearctic realm. Populations of Common Pheasant have been classified into five subspecies groups based on morphological variations in male plumage. Previous phylogeographical studies have focused on limited sets of subspecies groups in the eastern Palaearctic and knowledge on subspecies in the western Palaearctic region is still poor. In this study, we undertake the first comprehensive analysis of subspecies from all five defined subspecies groups across the entire Palaearctic region. Two mitochondrial (CYTB and CR) and two nuclear (HMG and SPI) loci were used to investigate genetic relationships of these subspecies groups and to infer their dispersal routes. Our results revealed that the subspecies elegans, with its range in northwestern Yunnan, China, was in the basal position among 17 studied subspecies, supporting a previous hypothesis that the Common Pheasant most probably originated in forests in southeastern China. Subspecies in the western Palaearctic region nested within the most subspecies‐rich torquatus group (‘Grey‐rumped Pheasants’), indicating that the torquatus group is not a clade but instead forms a gradation with other subspecies and subspecies groups. Our dating analysis suggested that the initial divergence among populations of Common Pheasant originated around 3.4 Mya with subsequent dispersal into the Western Palaearctic region during the Late Pliocene–Lower Pleistocene approximately 2.5–1.8 Mya. We propose two possible east‐to‐west colonization routes for the Common Pheasant and suggest conservation implications for some regional subspecies. Overall, this study demonstrates the lack of concordance between morphology‐based subspecies delimitation and their genetic relationships. This is likely to be a consequence of initial isolation due to historical vicariance followed by population admixture due to recent range expansion of Common Pheasant in the western Palaearctic region.     

Sexual segregation in winter, spring dispersal and habitat use in the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)

Sexual segregation, spring dispersal and late winter to spring habitat selection were studied in the pheasant Phasianus colchicus L. on two areas for which the proportions of different habitats were similar. On one of the sites (Damerham) hand-reared pheasants were released for shooting. On the other (Fulwell) no releasing or shooting took place.
The sex ratio of birds feeding in fields in autumn favoured males because females fed in groups within woods. Groups of birds were significantly segregated by sex during early to late winter periods, but by late March they were not. Male groups and solitary males in winter were more evenly dispersed than female groups.
At Fulwell, female winter groups consisted of regular group members (mainly adults) and transitory individuals called 'drifters' (mainly immatures).
Females in their first breeding attempt dispersed further from their winter range to their breeding range than did adult females and females dispersed further than males. Males gaining a territory for the first time moved significantly further than old territory owners. Territorial males moved less than non-territorial males between successive spring ranges.
During March June, habitat use by 33 radio-tagged females changed markedly from mixed and deciduous woodland to fields sown with winter and spring corn. The implications for management are outlined.     

Survival of released pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, in Ireland

The survival of 250 hand-reared pheasants was assessed by resightings of tagged individuals following their release into an open-roofed pen on an estate in Ireland. The death rates per 10 days after release were approximated as 5.5% during the first 30 days, 11.6% between 31–70 days, 6.0% between 70–240 days and 2.3% between 241–365 days. The birds suffered their highest rate of loss (48.2%) during their first 10 days after leaving the release pen. This emergence-related mortality was the major factor influencing changes in the observed death rate following release. Predators, mainly foxes, were initially attracted to the area by the presence of inaccessible prey. Males suffered a higher rate of loss following their emergence from the release pen than did the females, possibly associated with the greater proportion of time thereafter spent outside the pen and hence at risk. The factors affecting the survival of hand-reared pheasants are discussed. It is suggested that reducing densities of birds within pens may increase subsequent survival without resorting to predator control.     

环境因子对雉鸡甘肃亚种种群遗传多样性的影响(英文)

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序的方法,测定了雉鸡甘肃亚种9个种群118个样本的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)控制区(D-loop)1150个碱基长度的基因序列,43个变异位点产生51个单倍型。环境因子与种群遗传变异的相关性研究表明,序列变异与经度(r=0.725,P<0.05)、年平均温度(r=0.833,P<0.05)呈显著正相关,核苷酸多样性与经度(r=0.686,P<0.05)、年平均温度(r=0.844,P<0.05)呈显著正相关。片段化与低温是导致雉鸡甘肃亚种遗传多样性的主要因素。序列变异及核苷酸多样性与温度的变异系数呈显著负相关(r序列=-0.679,P<0.05;r核苷酸=-0.669,P<0.05)。温度越稳定地区雉鸡甘肃亚种的遗传多样性越高。     

MHC genotype predicts mate choice in the ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Females of several vertebrate species selectively mate with males on the basis of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. As androgen-mediated maternal effects have long-lasting consequences for the adult phenotype, both mating and reproductive success may depend on the combined effect of MHC genotype and exposure to androgens during early ontogeny. We studied how MHC-based mate choice in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) was influenced by an experimental in ovo testosterone (T) increase. There was no conclusive evidence of in ovo T treatment differentially affecting mate choice in relation to MHC genotype. However, females avoided mating with males with a wholly different MHC genotype compared with males sharing at least one MHC allele. Females also tended to avoid mating with MHC-identical males, though not significantly so. These findings suggest that female pheasants preferred males with intermediate MHC dissimilarity. Male MHC heterozygosity or diversity did not predict the expression of ornaments or male dominance rank. Thus, MHC-based mating preferences in the ring-necked pheasant do not seem to be mediated by ornaments' expression and may have evolved mainly to reduce the costs of high heterozygosity at MHC loci for the progeny, such as increased risk of autoimmune diseases or disruption of coadapted gene pools.     

雉鸡(Phasianus colchicus)营巢生境的模拟分析研究

将多元统计学方法与地理信息系统结合对动物的栖息地进行适宜性分析,是近年动物栖息地研究者和管理者都十分感兴趣的方面。本研究采用马氏距离法,利用地理信息系统模拟甘肃雉鸡的营巢生境。模拟结果表明,与已知营巢生境相似水平为0.95的区域面积,仅占整个研究区的0.68%,而与已知营巢生境迥然不同（P＜0.05）的区域面积占79.08%。营巢生境与非营巢生境在生境类型组成和地形因素上存在多方差异,营巢生境中农田和草坡占有极大比例,用于营巢的区域总是更接近生境的边缘。特别是接近于农田、草坡和白桦阔叶林等生境,表明倾向于在这几种生境的边缘附近营巢。营巢生境的平均海拔比非营巢生境低,坡度也较缓,坡向则更偏于东南方。在同一生境类型内部,用于营巢的区域和不利用的区域之间也存在很大差别,营巢区域总是更接近生境的边缘。某一生境周围的其它生境类型也会影响雉鸡的营巢选择。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序法分析雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构。测序获得了8个种群79个样本的长819bp的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列,发现7个变异位点,界定了6种单倍型(Haplotype),其中Hap-1是共享单倍型,占79.75%。在8个种群中,除ZJC和CHX种群外,其它种群的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性都很低,种群间遗传分化小,基因流大。ZJC种群由于亚种间的基因渗透,导致其遗传多样性最高。CHX种群受徽成盆地周边山地的森林隔离作用,单倍型最多。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异主要发生在种群内,占86.44%。种群间和地理种群组间差异不显著。地理种群组的核苷酸多样性(π)同形态上的变异规律一致。FS值检测表明,雉鸡甘肃亚种曾发生过快速扩张。