BaNPV感染油酮尺蠖及Bs484细胞的酯酯分析

本文使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胺电脉及薄层扫描技术测定了油桐尺蠖Ｂｕｎｕｒａ ｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｒｉａ和Ｂｓ４８４细胞感染核型多角体病毒后的酶酶（ＥＳＴ）含量类型的变化。结果表明,油桐尺蠖中肠ＥＳＴ的含量和类型在病毒感染８小时后就有明显的改变,随着感染时间延长,这二项指标都有较大的变化。而Ｂｓ４８４细胞的ＥＳＴ含量变化开始于病毒感染后３小时,细胞ＥＳＴ的类型则无改变。     

BsNPV感染油桐尺蠖及Bs484细胞的酯酶分析

本文使用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及薄层扫描技术测定了油桐尺蠖Ｂｕｚｕｒａｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｒｉａ和Ｂｓ４８４细胞感染核型多角体病毒后的酯酶（ＥＳＴ）含量及类型的变化。结果表明,油桐尺蠖中肠ＦＳＴ的含量和类型在病毒感染８小时后就有明显的改变,随着感染时间延长,这二项指标都有较大的变化。而Ｂｓ４８４细胞的ＥＳＴ含量变化开始于病毒感染后３小时,细胞ＥＳＴ的类型则无改变。     

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒感染Bs484细胞的增殖与病理研究

用油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒（ＢｓＮＰＶ）感染Ｂｓ４８４细胞,对感染后病毒增殖的部分性质及细胞病理变化进行了研究。结果表明：１．病毒子代的增殖在感染后的不同时间具有不同的变化形式,且增殖量与感染剂量具有一定程度的相关,２．病毒感染细胞后１２小时开始在培养物上清检测到明显的胞外病毒粒子;３．就ＢｓＮＰＶ的增殖而言,２４～２６℃是其最佳发育温度;４．病毒感染细胞后的明显病变特征是核内充满多用体,细胞堆积以及细胞体积膨大,同时观察到二类感染细胞,一种核内含较多的多角体,另一种核内则只有几个多用体。     

油桐尺蠖血球细胞系的建立及其对多角体病毒敏感性的测定

建立了稳定生长的油桐尺蠖幼虫血球细胞系,称为WIV-BS-02细胞系,原代培养始于1981年4月,至今已传至第83代,细胞系的群体倍增时间为48～72小时,形状有圆形和梭形两种,具有鳞翅目昆虫的典型染鱼体。比较了6种培养液和3种培养温度对细胞生长的影响,观察了同源油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒感染后,光学显微镜下的细胞病理变化及电镜下病毒的形态发生,测定了细胞培养物对油桐尺蠖的体外培养细胞和幼虫的感染性。     

不同温度对油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒在卵巢细胞系中增殖的影响

本试验用油桐尺蠖核型乡角体病毒(Buzura Suppressaria Nuclear Polyhedro-sis Virus)感染油桐尺蠖卵巢细胞系,分别置于0℃、15℃、20℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、37℃下静止培养,观察细胞病理变化,测定细胞的感染百分率和多角体含量。试验结果表明,不同温度对病毒的感染率及其在细胞中复制有明显的影响。26℃是油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒感染卵巢细胞并形成多角体的最适培养温度,感染率最高,多角体含量也最多。培养温度过低或过高,多角体都不能在细胞内复制。     

昆虫杆状病毒晚期启动子在大肠杆菌中启动CAT基因表达

将油桐尺蠖（Ｂｕｚｕｒａｓｕｐｐｒｅｓｓａｒｉａ）核多角体病毒晚期基因──多角体蛋白基因启动子及５′端编码区,以两种不同方式置于缺乏启动子的氯霉素乙酰基转移酶（ＣＡＴ）基因上游,使其分别终止在不同翻译终止位点,其宿主菌具有明显不同的氯霉素抗性,最高达２００ｍｇ／Ｌ　ＬＢ培养基以上,表明昆虫病毒启动子能启动原核基因表达。对多角体蛋白基因启动子能在大肠杆菌中有效工作的原因进行了讨论。     

昆虫杆状病毒晚期启动子在大肠杆菌中启禖AT基因表达

将油桐尺蠖核多角体病毒晚期基因－多角体蛋白基因启动子及５’端编码区,以两种不同方式置于缺乏启动子的氯霉素乙酰基转移酶（ＣＡＴ）基因上激,使其分别终止在不同翻译终止位点,其宿主菌具有明显不同的氯霉素抗性,最高达２００ｍｇ／ＬＬＢ培养基以上,表明昆虫病毒启动子能启动原核基因表达,对多角体蛋白基因启动子能在大肠杆菌中有效工作的原因进行了讨论。     

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒的空斑测定

在油桐尺蠖卵巢细胞系上对油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒(BsNPV)进行了空斑测定。用此方法测定了BsNPV的感染力,并将所得的结果与其TCID_(50)进行比较,结果显示这两种方法在测定病毒感染力时敏感性相似。     

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒接种几种脊椎动物细胞的试验

利用昆虫病毒防治害虫,既要求有防虫效果,又必须考虑其安全性。油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒对实验动物的致病性试验,已有报道。本文侧重于细胞水平,用油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒接种鸡胚细胞、地鼠肾细胞及人胚肺细胞,观察病毒能否在细胞中增殖或引起细胞病理变化。     

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒多角体蛋白的理化性质及二级结构预测

由ＳＤＳ及梯度胶电泳测得测得油桐尺蠖核型多型多角体病毒多角体蛋白天然状态及亚基分子量分别为３６３ｋＤ与３１．５ｋＤ从而推断此蛋白为十二聚体,亚基间无二硫键作用,ＢｓＮＰＶ多角体蛋白的远紫外圆二色谱显示,它的二级结构含有３１．７％的α螺旋,２３．８％的β折叠及４４．５％的无规卷曲,与二级结构预测结果相符,通过荧光光谱实验推知,ＢｓＮＰＶ多角体蛋白的表面疏水性弱;其色氨酸残基位于蛋白疏水核内部。     

油桐尺蠖卵巢细胞系BS-484克隆株特性的研究

通过有限稀释法由Bs—484细胞系中成功地分离出四个克隆株(Bs—484B,E,F,G)。克隆细胞侏的生长特性不同于原细胞株Bs—484,各克隆株之间的形态特征、细胞倍增时间、以及在维持油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒的复制能力等方面均有差异。用三种同工酶(乳酸脱氢酶、苹果酸脱氢酶和酯酶)比较了各克隆株与原细胞株之间的异同。     

Schistosoma mansoni: nitrothiazolines and the male tegument

Within 24 hr of treatment of the mouse host with BW484C, 2-[5-nitro-2-(pivaloylimino)-4-thiazoline-3-yl]diacetamide, pairs of Schistosoma mansoni exhibited "hepatic shift" and began to leave the mesenteric veins. The tegument of the males was altered, both morphologically and physiologically, while that of females was unaffected. This morphological damage to males correlated well with therapeutic efficacy against both sexes in a range of analogues of BW484C. However, parasites removed from mice after treatment but before the hepatic shift and then maintained in vitro were far from moribund as treated males could be maintained for 8 days in vitro, although this was 5 days less than males from untreated mice. Females survived as well as control worms. In contrast, male and female S. mansoni remaining in their host after therapy were invaded by host cells in the liver after 2 days. The morphological effects and reduction of the in vitro survival of males treated in the mouse and removed after 24 hr could be simulated by in vitro exposure for 24 hr to 10(-5) M BW484C. Females were not susceptible to this regime. It was concluded that worm pairs were swept to the liver as a result of drug dependent damage to the tegument of the male and that phagocytic invasion of male and female schistosomes by host cells within the liver was an important factor in the efficacy of BW484C. The biochemical events underlying the effects on the tegument of male worms remain unknown.     

Basic science track. Entry and release of canine coronavirus from polarized epithelial cells

Virus entry into and release from epithelial cells are polarized as a result of the distribution of the viral receptors. In order to establish the polarity of entry and release of CCoV from epithelial cells, the interactions of the virus with A72 and CrFK cells grown on permeable supports was evaluated, and the amount of infective virus in the apical and in the basolateral media was determined and compared. Infection of A72 cells after different times post seeding demonstrated that CCoV grow after infection from both apical and basolateral sides. In CrFK cells, CCoV was observed in both compartments only in the later phase of the infection. To establish the reciprocal binding of CCoV on plasma membrane, A72 cells on a permeable support were preincubated with a mAb specific for CCoV. Infection from the apical side was blocked by mAb applied to that side; in contrast, such treatment on the basolateral side had no effect on the infectious process. Similarly, the low levels of CCoV observed after basolateral exposure to virus was abolished following mAb treatment of that side. The identification of CCoV into the basolateral medium could play an important role in the viral pathogenesis.     

Entry and release of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus are restricted to apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells.

The transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects the epithelial cells of the intestinal tract of pigs, resulting in a high mortality rate in piglets. This study shows the interaction of TGEV with a porcine epithelial cell line. To determine the site of viral entry, LLC-PK1 cells were grown on permeable filter supports and infected with TGEV from the apical or basolateral side. Initially after plating, the virus was found to enter the cells from both sides. During further development of cell polarity, however, the entry became restricted to the apical membrane. Viral entry could be blocked by a monoclonal antibody to the viral receptor aminopeptidase N. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that this receptor protein was present at both the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains just after plating of the cells but that it became restricted to the apical plasma membrane during culture. To establish the site of viral release, the viral content of the apical and basolateral media of apically infected LLC-PK1 cells was measured by determining the amount of radioactively labelled viral proteins and infectious viral particles. We found that TGEV was preferentially released from the apical plasma membrane. This conclusion was confirmed by electron microscopy, which demonstrated that newly synthesized viral particles attached to the apical membrane. The results support the idea that the rapid lateral spread of TGEV infection over the intestinal epithelia occurs by the preferential release of virus from infected epithelial cells into the gut lumen followed by efficient infection of nearby cells through the apical domain.     

Protracted course of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus WE infection in early life: induction but limited expansion of CD8+ effector T cells and absence of memory CD8+ T cells

Viral infections in human infants frequently follow a protracted course, with higher viral loads and delayed viral clearance compared to viral infections in older children. To identify the mechanisms responsible for this protracted pattern of infection, we developed an infant infection murine model using the well-characterized lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) WE strain in 2-week-old BALB/c mice. In contrast to adult mice, in which viral clearance occurred as expected 8 days after infection, LCMV titers persisted for several weeks after infection of infant mice. LCMV-specific effector CD8(+) T cells were elicited in infant mice and fully functional on day 7 but rapidly waned and could not be recovered from day 12 onwards. We show here that this results from the failure of LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells to expand and the absence of protective LCMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells. Under these early life conditions, viral control and clearance are eventually achieved only through LCMV-specific B cells that contribute to protect infant mice from early death or chronic infection.     

Cell killing by spleen necrosis virus is correlated with a transient accumulation of spleen necrosis virus DNA.

Spleen necrosis virus productively infects avian and rat cells. The average number of molecules of unintegrated and integrated viral DNA in cells at different times after infection was determined by hybridization and transfection assays. Shortly after infection, there was a transient accumulation of an average of about 150 to 200 molecules of unintegrated linear spleen necrosis virus DNA per chicken, turkey, or pheasant cell. No such accumulation was seen in infected rat cells. Soon after infection there was in chicken cells, but not inturkey, pheasant, or rat cells, also a transient integration of an average of 35 copies of viral DNA per cell. By 10 days after infection, the majority of this integrated viral DNA was lost from the population of infected chicken cells. At the same time, the majority of the unintegrated viral DNA was also lost from infected chicken, turkey, and pheasant cells. The transient cytopathic effect seen in these infected cells also occurred at this time. Late after infection about five copies of apparently nondefective spleen necrosis proviruses were stably integrated at multiple sites in chicken, turkey, pheasant, and rat DNA. These results demonstrate a correlation between the transient accumulation of large numbers of spleen necrosis virus DNA molecules and the transient occurrence of cytopathic effects.     

Correlation between cell killing and massive second-round superinfection by members of some subgroups of avian leukosis virus.

Avian leukosis viruses of subgroups B, D, and F are cytopathic for chicken cells, whereas viruses of subgroups A, C, and E are not. The amounts of unintegrated linear viral DNA in cells at different times after infection with cytopathic or noncytopathic viruses were determined by hybridization and transfection assays. Shortly after infection, there is a transient accumulation of unintegrated linear viral DNA in cells infected with cytopathic avian leukosis viruses. By 10 days after infection, the majority of this unintegrated viral DNA is not present in the infected cells. The transient cytopathic effect seen in these infected cells also disappears by this time. Low amounts of unintegrated linear viral DNA persist in these cells. Cells infected with noncytopathic viruses do not show this transient accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA. Cells infected with cytopathic viruses and subsequently grown in the presence of neutralizing antibody do not show the transient accumulation of unintegrated viral DNA or cytopathic effects. These results demonstrate a correlation between envelope subgroup, transient accumulation of unintegrated linear viral DNA, and transient cell killing by avian leukosis viruses. The cell killing appears to be the result of massive second-round superinfection by the cytopathic avian leukosis viruses.