受低毒病毒调控的板栗疫病菌总蛋白质组学

【目的】为解析低毒病毒调控板栗疫病菌生理性状和致病性的机制,在总蛋白质组水平上寻找受病毒侵染调控的宿主蛋白及其编码基因。【方法】使用双向电泳方法对野生型菌株EP155和受低毒病毒感染的菌株EP713进行差异蛋白质组分析,同时,对差异表达蛋白质编码基因的mRNA水平进行定量分析。【结果】共找到71个因病毒侵染而发生差异表达的蛋白质点,分别属于58种不同蛋白质。以EP155为对照,表现为上调的19个,下调的52个,主要涉及能量代谢,蛋白质、核酸和碳水化合物代谢,信号传导以及压力应激和氧化还原反应。对10个受病毒调控的蛋白的编码基因进行了mRNA水平定量,其中7个基因受病毒感染后的mRNA水平变化与蛋白水平变化趋势一致,3个基因的mRNA水平变化与蛋白水平变化趋势不相符,表明低毒病毒对板栗疫病菌不同基因的调控可以发生在不同的调控层面上。【结论】低毒病毒的侵染弱化了宿主TCA循环的能量流动,调控了宿主体内的甲基化过程及真菌致病因子的表达。     

在板栗疫病菌线粒体中检出低毒病毒编码蛋白p29

p29蛋白是低毒病毒基因组编码的一个木瓜蛋白酶样蛋白。前人研究发现,在宿主板栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)体内表达p29,会引起真菌毒力降低,色素产生减少,丧失产生无性孢子的能力。除已知p29与源于高尔基体的膜结构共分离之外,p29在细胞内的其它分布形式未明。本研究在成功制备p29特异抗体和高效分离板栗疫病菌线粒体的基础上,尝试用p29抗体检测线粒体中是否存在p29蛋白。Western印迹结果表明,受CHV1-EP713感染的EP713菌株线粒体中存在与p29抗体特异作用的病毒蛋白。本研究结果暗示,低毒病毒蛋白p29可能参与调控宿主线粒体功能。     

板栗疫病菌ntl基因的功能研究

板栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)是引起板栗疫病的病原真菌。在实验室前期研究中,获得了一个不支持病毒复制且丧失致病力的板栗疫病菌紫外诱变突变株UV57。与野生型菌株EP155相比,UV57中检测不到蛋白100472的表达。为研究蛋白100472的功能,我们构建了编码100472蛋白的ntl基因的缺失突变体△ntl及其互补转化株△ntl-com。与野生型EP155相比,△ntl菌株表型不变,但对休眠板栗树枝的致病性明显降低,而互补转化株△ntl-com的致病力与野生型没有区别。ntl基因的缺失不影响低毒病毒CHV1-EP713的复制累积量,但导致参与G蛋白信号传导途径的cpga1、cpgb1、cpgc1和ste12基因以及参与MAPK途径的cpmk1转录水平明显下调。本研究结果为阐明病原真菌致病机制提供了新的知识。     

应用二维液相色谱评价低毒病毒感染对板栗疫病菌总蛋白表达的影响

根据丝状真菌自身的特点,本文建立了一套完整的适合于板栗疫病菌蛋白质组分析的总蛋白质提取方法,并使用二维液相系统对野生强毒株EP155和受低毒病毒感染的弱毒株EP713进行了差异蛋白质组的比较。用ProteoVue和DeltaVue软件进行分析,得到了重复性较好的二维模拟凝胶图谱,在EP155和EP713之间共找到296个峰值差异强度在2倍以上的蛋白质紫外吸收峰:以EP155为标准,病毒感染导致蛋白上调的209个,下调的87个。根据蛋白质分子量,使用SDS-PAGE聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳可以得到纯度更高的蛋白质条带,本研究为大规模质谱鉴定丝状真菌差异表达蛋白质提供了一种新方法。     

板栗疫病菌致病力分化的研究

中国板栗(Castanea mollissima Blume)对板栗疫病菌(Cryphonectria parasitica(Murr.)Barr)具有强的抗病力。但近十多年来,我国许多省份均发现有板栗疫病,据调查,广西有19个县市存在栗疫病,有的地方发病还相当严重。为了解释疫病发生的上述情况,并为生产和该病菌的更深入研究提供指导,作者在广西桂林、南宁、柳州、梧州、河池等地收集菌株,对疫病菌致病性的分化进行了研究,现将结果报道如下。 1 材料和方法 1.1 毒力参照菌株 法国已知弱毒株EPF为毒力参照株。 1.2 栗疫病菌的采集、分离和单孢纯化 1.2.1 标本采集:1988年12月～1989年6月,采自广西桂林、南宁、柳州、梧州、河池等地板栗病株。 1.2.2 菌株分离和纯化:将病枝或病树皮,用经灯焰灼烧过的刀片削去表皮,取坏死内皮约5×5mm^2,压于PDA上,28℃,光照培养,产孢后用微块法进行单孢纯化。 1.3     

板栗疫病菌cpnat基因的功能分析

赖氨酸乙酰化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰,广泛参与多种生命过程的调节.目前,赖氨酸乙酰化修饰在植物病原真菌——板栗疫病菌中的功能和调节机制尚无报道.本研究克隆了板栗疫病菌的编码乙酰转移酶的cpnat基因,成功构建了cpnat基因的缺失突变体Δcpnat,与野生型菌株相比,板栗疫病菌cpnat基因缺失株生长速率不变,气生...     

利用cryparin基因的启动子构建板栗疫病菌高效表达载体

低毒病毒/板栗疫病菌是研究植物病原菌致病机理和病毒与宿主相互作用的一个优秀模式系统.本研究克隆了板栗疫病菌转录水平最高的cryparin基因的启动子,并构建了由该启动子控制的表达载体.构建的载体能成功表达GFP蛋白.利用该载体表达积累量较高的CHV1-Euro7病毒的病毒量控制基因,能提高细胞内CHV1-EP721的积累量,反式互补效率从常用的gpd启动子控制的低于10%提高至67%和80%.高效表达载体的成功构建,为研究板栗疫病菌功能基因以及低毒病毒与宿主板栗疫病菌的相互作用提供了新的工具.     

板栗疫病菌致病性机理的双向凝胶电泳法研究

双向凝胶电泳技术是蛋白质组学研究的基础性技术平台。如何得到一张高质量的双向凝胶电泳图谱是进行后续研究的关键。为探索适用于板栗疫病菌可溶性总蛋白的最佳提取条件,从蛋白组学角度来探索板栗疫病菌致病性机理,比较了目前在丝状真菌中常用的两种蛋白质提取方法,制备的蛋白质样品经双向凝胶电泳后,在凝胶上呈现的蛋白质斑点的丰度和分布特点。结果表明,两种方法获得的蛋白质主要集中分布在pH4~7的范围内;TCA-丙酮沉淀法得到的图谱分辨率高但是蛋白质总量很少。裂解液-TCA-丙酮沉淀法得到的蛋白质总量较大,通过cleanupkit处理后图谱分辨率可以达到差异蛋白组的要求。随机提取几个银染蛋白点用MALDI-TOFMS/MS进行分析,可以得到高质量的肽质量指纹谱。表明该样品制备方法可以满足蛋白质鉴定的要求。     

栗疫菌低毒力菌株dsRNA的分离及转移

自云南、广西、江苏、浙江、河北、京郊六个省市的板栗树(Castanea mollissima)溃疡斑上分离了栗疫菌(Endothia parasitica)160株,进行了dsRNA的提取及其毒力测定,获得两株含dsRNA的低毒力菌株(H),其毒力与带有起源于欧洲的dsRNA的低毒力菌株比较相近。比较国内菌株与欧洲低毒力菌株的dsRNA电泳谱带,示有共同分子量为5x106或6．2 x 108的电泳带。与正常毒力菌株(V)混合接种能显著降低致病力。这是欧美大陆发现低毒力菌株后,亚洲地区的首次报告。以5株具有欧洲dsRNA的低毒力菌株作为供体,与云南、江苏、浙江的10株毒力菌株配对,16％(8,50)的毒力菌株发生形态变化,dsRNA转入后毒力明显降低。结果表明,国内毒力菌株可以接受欧洲低毒力因子——dsRNA并转变为低毒力菌株。     

Fifty‐three polymorphic microsatellite loci in the chestnut blight fungus,Cryphonectria parasitica

We report on 53 microsatellite loci for use in population genetic or linkage mapping studies in Cryphonectria parasitica. In 40 isolates collected from throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 14 (mean 5.17) with gene diversity values ranging from 0.049 to 0.859 (mean 0.437). Samples from Asia were more diverse than those from Europe and North America. Most of the markers (48 of 53) were developed from an expressed sequence tag library, and hence, offer the opportunity to examine population structure or provide genome location information for specific expressed genes vs. anonymous genomic regions.     

High diversity in populations of the introduced plant pathogen, Cryphonectria parasitica, due to encounters between genetically divergent genotypes

The ascomycete fungus Cryphonectria parasitica is an aggressive introduced pathogen of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). It has spread throughout the chestnut-growing areas of Europe, with higher diversity in the regions close to its first introduction and lower diversity in its expanding ranges in Europe. To reconstruct the invasion events that could explain the high diversity of C. parasitica in Croatia and Slovenia, 180 samples were genotyped using 11 sequence-characterized amplified region markers. Eight of 11 loci were found to be polymorphic, and a total of 66 different haplotypes were identified. Bayesian clustering indicated the existence of two clusters, which suggests two separate introductions of C. parasitica in these regions. The first cluster is dominant in western parts of Croatia and Slovenia and the second in eastern and northern regions. The data analysis indicates that northern Italy was the first source of infection, with the subsequent introduction from south-eastern Europe, which contributed significantly to the diversity of the C. parasitica populations tested. Most haplotypes were probably derived through sexual recombination between a few divergent haplotypes, which suggests that multiple introductions and sexual reproduction are important for the formation of genetically diverse C. parasitica populations.     

我国和欧美洲栗疫菌低毒株dsRNA同源性比较

在发现我国栗疫苗(Cryphonectria parasitica=Endothia parasitica)含dsRNA低毒力菌株基础上,分别以国内菌株EpC140和EpC32、欧洲低毒株Ep713的dsRNA为探针,同欧洲、美洲及亚洲低毒力菌株dsRNA进行分子杂交,结果表明亚洲株同欧洲株之间有序列同源性,同美洲株之间无序列同源性.     

栗疫病菌不同毒力菌株胞外酶活性和草酸产量的比较

对栗疫病菌不同毒力菌株产生胞外酶的种类、活性和草酸产量以及草酸对多聚半乳糖醛酸酶水解聚果胶酸钙的影响进行了研究。所有供试菌株均未能检测到淀粉酶活性。栗疫病菌在培养中可分泌漆酶,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和脂酶,但不同毒力菌株产生这些酶的能力不同。总的来说,强毒力菌株均可分泌这些酶,且活性强,但弱毒力菌株的酶活性较弱或不分泌这些酶。菌丝产量和草酸产量分析表明,强毒力菌株的草酸产量明显高于弱毒力菌株。菌丝产量与草酸产量没有相关性。在没有草酸盐存在的条件下,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶不能降解聚果胶酸钙。     

New taxonomic concepts for the important forest pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica and related fungi

Species of Cryphonectria include some of the world's most important and devastating tree pathogens. Largely through the application of DNA sequence phylogenies, the taxonomy of these fungi has undergone major changes in recent years. Cryphonectria, including the chestnut blight pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, has been restricted to species that have semi-immersed stromata, orange and pulvinate conidiomata, and one-septate ascospores. Other species of Cryphonectria with different morphological characteristics have been transferred to new genera that are strongly supported by phylogenetic data. This review represents a summary of the taxonomic changes to species of Cryphonectria sensu lato, and we discuss the impact that these changes might have on the understanding of their ecology, pathology and worldwide distribution.     

Differential expression of the putative Kex2 processed and secreted aspartic proteinase gene family of Cryphonectria parasitica

Kex2-silenced strains of Cryphonectria parasitica, the ascomycete causal agent of chestnut blight, show a significant reduction in virulence, reduced sexual and asexual sporulation and reductions in mating and fertility. Due to this and the known involvement of Kex2 in the processing of important proproteins in other systems, we searched the whole C. parasitica genome for putative Kex2 substrates. Out of 1299 open reading frames (ORFs) predicted to be secreted, 222 ORFs were identified as potential Kex2 substrates by this screen. Within the putative substrates we identified cell wall modifying proteins, putative proteinases, lipases, esterases, and oxidoreductases. This in silico screen also uncovered a family of nine secreted aspartic proteinases (SAPs) of C. parasitica. Northern blot analyses of this gene family showed differential expression when exposed to chestnut wood and Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). Due to the reduction in fungal virulence known to be caused upon hypoviral infection of C. parasitica, the differential gene expression observed, and the known involvement of SAPs in virulence in other systems, we conducted deletion analyses of four of these proteinases, representing different expression patterns. Deletion of each of the four SAPs did not affect growth rates, sporulation or virulence, suggesting that none of the considered SAPs is essential for the full development or virulence of C. parasitica under the conditions tested.     

Structural determination of the complex exopolysaccharide from the virulent strain of Cryphonectria parasitica

The structure of a new exopolysaccharide from the virulent strain of Cryphonectria parasitica was elucidated by means of 2D NMR spectroscopy and selective degradations (mild hydrolysis and acetolysis). The polysaccharide is built up of mannose, galactose and rhamnose and has a rather complex non-repetitive structure that can be idealised as follows: