Electrophoretic types of leucine aminopeptidase in sheep serum

Leucine aminopeptidase in sheep serum was studied by starch gel electrophoresis. Two phenotypes, A and B, were observed, of which the former was present in 70–90 % of all the sheep examined. These two phenotypes have been shown to be controlled by a single autosomal locus, with two alleles Lay^A and Lap^B . The Lap^A allele is dominant. The frequencies of Lap phenotypes and alleles were determined in eleven Spanish and two foreign breeds. Serum alkaline phospatase and serum leucine aminopeptidase are electrophoretically distinct.     

Studies on strong and weak killer phenotypes of wine yeasts: production, activity of toxin in must, and its effect in mixed culture fermentation

R.A. MUSMANNO, T. DI MAGGIO and G. CORATZA.1999.Two different killer phenotypes were detected among K⁺ (killer) yeasts isolated from spontaneous wine fermentations using a plate bioassay. The two phenotypes differed in their degree of killer activity, and were designated as SK⁺(strong killer) and WK⁺(weak killer). Strains showing either phenotype were assayed for expression of killer activity under different growth conditions. Growth in must negatively affected expression of the killer activity of both phenotypes. The supernatant fluids from must cultures showed a lower killing effect than those from yeast phosphate dextrose broth (YPDB) cultures. The ability of the two K⁺ phenotypes to prevail on K-sensitive yeasts was studied in mixed-culture fermentation experiments. Under these conditions, only strains showing SK⁺ phenotype were able to prevail on the K-sensitive yeasts. These results suggest that the K⁺ phenotype could play a relevant role in spontaneous fermentations provided that the strain exhibits an SK⁺ phenotype, and that the latter phenotype should be preferred when selected K + strains are to be used as fermentation starters.     

Genetic variants of phosvitin in egg yolk of the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica

Summary. Phosvitin polymorphism in egg yolk of the Japanese quail was found by horizontal polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Six phenotypes of yolk phosvitin designated A, B, C, AB, AC, and BC were observed in a population of 281 birds. Analysis of family data revealed that the phenotypic variation of quail yolk phosvitins was controlled by an autosomal Pv locus with three codominant alleles, Pv^a, Pv^b and Pv^c. The gene frequencies of Pv^a, Pv^b and Pv^c were 0.064, 0.824 and 0.112, respectively.     

Studies on the transferrins of goats. 3. Evidence for a third transferrin allele

A new allele Tf ^c in serum transferrin of goats is postulated. It was considered that serum transferrins in goats classified into six phenotypes are genetically controlled by three codominant alleles, Tf ^A, Tf ^B and Tf ^c. Frequencies of Tf ^c were low in native goats in Korea, Philipines and Thailand, and this allele is yet to be observed in other breeds of goats.     

An additional locus controlling liver esterases of chickens

Starch gel electrophoresis of liver extracts of chickens revealed six regions, designated I to VI, of esterase activity. Three phenotypes, A, B and AB, were found in esterases in region I. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by a pair of codominant autosomal alleles, Es -5^A and Es -5^B.     

Polymorphism of alkaline ribonuclease in the leucocytes of Black-and-White cattle

Studies were carried out on the polymorphism of alkaline ribonuclease in Black-and-White cattle in the north-eastern region of Poland. Leucocytes isolated from peripheral blood were used. Three phenotypes were defined, consisting of the combination of two alleles. The gene frequency was: q⁴= 0,7082, q^B= 0,2918. In calves the frequency of allele RNA-ase^B and number of RNA-ase^A/ RNA -ase^B heterozygotes were higher than in adult animals.     

Bovine plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in relation to age, J substance and β-lactoglobulin phenotypes

In Jersey cattle the plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was found to be markedly age-dependent. Among animals grouped with regard to age a marked decrease in the average plasma AP activity was shown to take place until an age of 2¹/₂ to 3 years. For the J substance and β-lactoglobulin phenotypes a dependency of age was not observed in the material studied.
Excluding animals less than 3 years old and thus eliminating variation in AP activity due to age, a significant association (P<0.01) between AP activity and J phenotypes was observed among 91 animals. The J^cs phenotype was associated with low AP activity and the j^a phenotype with high AP activity. On the average the J substance phenotypes, J^cs, J^s and j^a, exhibit an increasing plasma AP activity of 3.6, 4.2 and 6.8 King Armstrong Units, respectively, and a corresponding decrease in J substance.
In a similar comparison of the β-lactoglobulin phenotypes and plasma AP activity involving 82 lactating cows, an excess of the β-lactoglobulin BB phenotypes with high AP activity just at P = 0.05 was observed.     

Genetic control of cholinesterase activity in horse serum

The cholinesterase activity in horse serum was shown to be controlled by four co-dominant autosomal alleles, Ch ^A, Ch ^B , Ch ^c and Ch ^D. The respective alleles controlled an activity of approximately 40, 76, 126 and 155 units. Nine phenotypes with different enzyme levels were distinguished. Family data with 11 stallions, 108 mares and 128 offspring were consistent with the genetic theory. The gene frequencies in the North Swedish horse breed were 0.32, 0.42, 0.13 and 0.13, respectively.     

Genetic polymorphism of the sixth component of complement (C6) in dogs

Using agarose gel isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting with rabbit anti-rabbit C6, a genetic polymorphism was found in the sixth component of complement (C6) in 18 Asian native breeds or populations and three European breeds of dog. The C6 locus was highly polymorphic. The phenotype distribution data indicated that dog C6 phenotypes were controlled by seven codominant alleles, C6 ^A, C6 ^B, C6 ^C, C6 ^D, C6 ^E, C6 ^F and C6 ^G, at a single autosomal locus. Breed differences were observed among the gene frequencies, especially between Asian and European breeds. Two gene flows from the adjacent areas into Japanese native dogs were postulated.     

NADH diaphorase as a genetic marker for sheep red cells

Three NADH diaphorase phenotypes were observed in the red cells of sheep. Breeding data indicated that this polymorphism was under the control of two autosomal co-dominant alleles, designated Dia^F and Dia^s. Phenotype Dia F had significantly lower NADH diaphorase activity than phenotype Dia S. The frzquency of Dia^F and Dia^S was determined in 9 different breeds.     

Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc) in the musk shrew (Suncus murinus)

In the musk shrew ( Suncus murinus ), the electrophoretic bands in the post-albumin region were identified as vitamin D binding protein (Gc) by the [³HI vitamin D₃ binding method. Three Gc phenotypes were distinguished from each other: a single faster band (Gc-A), a single slower band (Gc-B) and the double bands (Gc-AB). Results of mating experiments indicated that the Gc-A and Gc-B are controlled by two codominant alleles, Cc ^a and Gc ^b at an autosomal locus ( Cc ), respectively. It was noticed that, in the Gc-AB phenotypes, the Gc-B band was constantly more intense than the Gc-A band in the protein staining. The same tendency was also observed btween the homozygous Gc-A and Gc-B bands, and further, radioactivity of the Gc-B bound with [³H] vitamin D₃ was about twofold higher than that of the Gc-A. These results suggest that the Gc^b yields its protein product twofold more than the Gc ^a. No cross-reaction between the shrew proteins and a rabbit anti-human Gc protein was observed.     

Genetic control of liver esterase forms in chickens

Six regions of esterase activity designated I to VI were resolved from liver extracts of chickens by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. These esterases were further characterized on the basis of their substrate affinities and differential responses to various inhibitors.
Genetic variation was found in esterases of region VI which appeared to be ali-esterase. Four phenotypes, A, B, AB and O, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated Es-3 , with alleles Es-3 ^A, Es-3 ^B and Es-3 ^O. This locus is not closely linked to the blood group loci A and B , serum alkaline phosphatase ( Ap ), liver acid phosphatase ( Acp-2 ) and serum esterase ( Es-1 ) loci.     

Phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism in the domestic cat

Genetic variation of the enzyme phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) has been found in the erythrocytes of Australian domestic cats by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.2. Three complex patterns of isoenzymes, designated F, FS and S, were obtained migrating anodally. Limited family studies and the distribution of the three main phenotypes indicated that the polymorphism is controlled by two codominant autosomal alleles, PHI^F and PHI^S Gene frequencies for PHI^F and PHI^S have been calculated as 0.036 and 0.964 respectively. Three additional variant forms have also been observed.     

Polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase in a German breed cattle

Haemolysates from cattle belonging to the Hochfleckvieh breed (N = 42), were studied for electrophoretic variation of phosphoglucomutase. Three phenotypes were observed which could be explained on the basis of two alleles PGMi^A and PGMi^B. The PGM'^B frequency of 0.7325 is comparatively lower than in other breeds.     

The evidence of erythrocyte acid phosphatase by starch gel electrophoresis in the pig

Up to now no polymorphism of acid phosphatase in pigs has been reported. According to the method of Radam & Strauch (1971) 3 phenotypes of acid phosphatase, A, AB and B, were identified in haemolysates from 284 German Landrace boars. The corresponding gene frequencies¹ were found: 0.74 for P ^A and 0.26 for P^B.     

Prealbumin locus in chickens

Three different phenotypes of a weakly staining prealbumin migrating near the borate line during starch gel electrophoresis were found in chicken sera and egg yolks. It is shown that the synthesis of these phenotypes is determined by one autosomal locus with two alleles, Pa ^A and Pa ^B.
The paper also presents the results of partial isolation of polymorphic prealbumins from cock sera. Rivanol®– ammonium sulphate precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200® were used for this purpose.     

The blood group factor Kf and allele Kae in the pig

By means of alloimmune reagents used in the indirect Coombs test and the dextran test a new factor Kf in the K bloodgroup system of pigs was found, controlled by alleles K ^acf, K ^acef and K ^bf. A new allele K ^ae was also detected.
The K system with 6 alleles, 11 phenotypes and 21 combinations of genotypes remains (from the genetic point of view) an open system.     

Autoaggregation and adhesion ability in a Bifidobacterium suis strain

On the basis of autoaggregation ability, two different phenotypes (Agg⁺ and Agg⁻) were selected from a strain (BSu895) of Bifidobacterium suis . The relationship between autoaggregation and adhesion of bacteria to intestinal tissue was investigated by observing the adhesivity of the two phenotypic variants to ileum and colon tissue pieces collected from six new-born piglets. The results suggest that there is a good relationship between autoaggregation and adhesion as variant Agg⁺ (autoaggregating) has a stronger adhesion ability than Agg⁻ (non-autoaggregating).     

Polymorphism of canine serum albumin

Three serum albumin phenotypes were observed in a population of 257 dogs consisting of 18 breeds and breed crosses. Canine serum albumins are controlled by an autosomal locus with two codominant alleles Alb^F and Alb^S. Separation of the albumin types was possible by using buffer solutions with a pH of about 4.     

Polymorphism of adenosine deaminase in the pig: allelic variation in erythrocytes

Within the frame of our investigations on genetic variation of pig red cell enzymes, by means of enzymo-electrophoresis and spectrophotometric measurements, four kinds of adenosine deaminase phenotypic patterns were identified in haemolysates from 542 Belgian Landrace and 502 Pietrain pigs. Segregation data are consistent with the hypothesis that these phenotypes are determined by two codominant alleles ADA ^A and ADA ^B and a recessive silent allele ADA ^O, at an autosomal locus. Differences in gene frequencies between the two breeds are highly significant.