宁波大榭开发区北岸潮间带春季大型底栖动物群落格局

为了解宁波大榭岛潮间带春季大型底栖动物群落结构与数量分布,探讨自然环境因子和人类活动对潮间带大型底栖动物种类组成及数量分布的影响,于2006年4月对大榭岛北岸岩礁相和泥沙相两种不同底质的潮间带大型底栖动物进行采样分析.研究表明:(1)岩礁相断面和泥沙相断面共发现大型底栖动物39种,其中贝类20种,多毛类8种,甲壳类8种;(2)岩礁相断面19种,主要以贝类生物为主,达16种,甲壳类只有2种;泥沙相断面20种,贝类、多毛类和甲壳类分布较为均匀,分别为4种、6种和8种;(3)岩礁相断面和泥沙相断面平均栖息密度分别为583.33 ind/m2和32 ind/m2,平均生物量分别为638.56 g/m2和7.83 g/m2,岩礁相断面栖息密度和生物量均远高于泥沙相断面;(4)岩礁相断面大型底栖动物群落垂直变化较泥沙相断面显著.     

胶州湾潮间带大型底栖动物的群落生态

潮间带是沿岸带位于最大高潮水面到最小低潮水面之间的区域,处于陆海过渡带,生物资源非常丰富,也是受各种理化环境因子以及人类活动影响最大的区域。我国近年来对各地不同类型的潮间带进行了一些生态调查研究,包括对胶州湾也进行了数次生态调查,如劭晓阳等(2001)研究了浙江省岛     

渔山岛岩礁基质潮间带大型底栖动物优势种生态位

2009年3月至2010年1月期间对渔山岛岩礁基质潮间带大型底栖动物进行定量采样调查,并获得大型底栖动物85种,筛选出全年取样获得优势种30种,隶属5门7纲24科。对获得的30个优势种以Shannon—Wiener指数为基础进行了生态位宽度测定,以Pianka重叠指数为基础进行了生态位重叠值分析,结果显示：潮间带大型底栖动物群落中优势种生态位宽度变化范围为0.18~1.94,值较高的有条纹隔贻贝、覆瓦小蛇螺、角偏顶蛤、日本笠藤壶、鳞笠藤壶和马氏毛粒蟹,均大于1.00,它们对环境适应的能力较强;各优势种的生态位重叠程度不均匀,在0~0.97之间,它们对群落环境资源的利用存在着交叉,潜在的种间竞争压力较大。以密度数据四次开方为基础,利用欧氏距离进行群落物种的系统聚类分析和非度量多维标度排序分析,结果均表明30个优势种可以分为三大类,即狭布种、泛化种和特有种。优势种生态位宽度、优势种之间的生态位重叠值与物种的分布与数量密切相关,生境相似程度高的物种聚类和排序距离就小,大型底栖动物主要通过在资源位上的分布、摄食类群和生活型等的差异缓解竞争。     

分类多样性在大型底栖动物生态学方面的应用:以黄海底栖动物为例

根据文献资料,系统整理了黄海大型底栖动物物种名录,并得到了其平均分类差异指数和分类差异变异指数的理论平均值及95%置信区间漏斗图。结果表明,黄海共有大型底栖动物1,360种,分属于17门35纲91目368科842属。其平均分类差异指数的理论平均值为93.7,分类差异变异指数为213.6。将已知受到中度扰动的胶州湾部分站位真实值叠加到平均分类差异指数的95%置信区间漏斗图中,发现全部站位均显著低于95%置信区间,显示了平均分类差异指数在海洋污染监测方面的良好应用前景。     

巢湖流域水质生物学评价——以大型底栖动物为例

由于长期暴露在自然环境中,底栖动物可整合不同时间尺度的物理、化学及生物信息,能反映污染物质对其造成的协同危害特征,因而被广泛应用于水体健康评价。为了弄清巢湖流域水体污染状况,于2009年4月对巢湖流域大型底栖动物进行采样调查。59个采样点中,鉴定出大型底栖动物共23种,其中:环节动物门6种,占26.1%;节肢动物门8种,占34.8%;软体动物门9种,占39.1%。尽管不同栖息环境中底栖动物的优势种有较大变化,但霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)和铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为整个巢湖流域优势物种。河流综合生物污染指数评价结果表明,巢湖流域水体均已受到不同程度的污染,南淝河的污染程度>白石山河>派河>巢湖湖体>柘皋河>杭埠河>裕溪河>丰乐河,这一结果与水质指标评价结果基本一致。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物的物种多样性现状

自1998年2月－1999年11月对胶州湾的10个站进行了大型底栖动物分布状况调查,目的在于为进一步的胶州湾生物多样性变化及其保护研究,为胶州湾底栖生物资源的合理开发和持续利用提供科学依据和积累资料。初步分析结果显示,两年内各站春季和秋季的物种多样性指数偏低,冬季和夏季的指数较高,物种均匀度指数夏季最高,春季最低,物种丰富度指数以夏季最高,春季和冬季略同,秋季最低。1999年各站出现的底栖动物种数明显高于1998年,差异显著,生物多样性平均指数较1998年有所下降。     

嵊泗海岛不同底质潮间带春秋季大型底栖动物的群落格局

于2006年9月(秋季)和2007年4月(春季)对嵊泗海岛的不同底质潮间带断面设立的8个取样站采集的调查资料,采用ABC曲线方法和大型多元统计分析软件PRIMER5对嵊泗海岛大型底栖动物进行Bray-Curtis相似性聚类分析和非度量MDS标序,研究群落结构格局以及用物种多样性指数、物种均匀度和物种丰富度指数分析潮间带大型底栖动物物种多样性和群落种类组成,并对大型底栖动物的群落结构进行了初步研究。调查获得嵊泗海岛的不同底质潮间带大型底栖动物130种,其中多毛类31种,软体动物57种,节肢动物32种,棘皮动物4种,其它类6种。春、秋季嵊泗潮间带大型底栖动物多样性指数(H′)(F1,13=0.10,P=0.75)、物种丰富度(D)(F1,13=0.66,P=0.43)和均匀度指数(J)(F1,13=0.33,P=0.58)均无显著差异;不同底质嵊泗潮间带大型底栖动物多样性指数(H′)(F1,13=14.28,P<0.01)、物种丰富度(D)(F1,13=14.07,P<0.01)存在显著差异,而均匀度指数(J)(F1,13=1.62,P=0.23)无显著差异。群落结构聚类分析和MDS标序表明,8个取样站的群落可分为3组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组)。根据所调查嵊泗海岛潮间带的丰度和生物量资料做的ABC曲线分析表明,底栖动物群落受到了中等程度的污染或者扰动。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物生物多样性现状

根据自1998年2月至2001年11月对胶州湾的10个站15个航次（每季度月一次）的大型底栖动物分布状况调查资料,报道了胶州湾大型底栖生物物种多样性现状,采用了香农-威纳指数、物种丰富度指数以及物种均匀度指数对胶州湾大型底栖生物的群落结构、种类组成、优势种以及数量动态趋势进行了分析。本次调查共采到底栖动物322种,其中多毛类44科133种,甲壳动物42科92种,棘皮动物仅有14种。各站获得平均种类数在8—26种之间,种类最少的出现在7号站,最多的出现在3号站。各站位香农-威纳指数也有很大差异,最大的是2001年11月的8号站,最小的则出现在2001年8月的9号站。7号站和9号站种类数、物种多样性指数及物种丰度指数均较低,这是因为它们位于水流较大的区域,且底质为粗砂。3号站虽然种类数较多,并具有较大的香农-威纳指数,但它的物种均匀度指数却非常低,这是因为3号站靠近菲律宾蛤仔养殖区域,蛤仔的高密度降低了均匀度指数。生物多样性除了受种的数量及其个体密度的影响外,还与多种环境因素有关,如水温,盐度、初级生产力等,人为因素（如污染、过度利用）对底栖生物影响非常大。目的在于为进一步研究胶州湾生物多样性变化及底栖生物资源的合理开发和持续利用提供科学依据和积累资料。     

茅埏岛不同生境大型底栖动物生物多样性

2012年11月—2013年10月,对浙江台州茅埏岛不同生境下的大型底栖动物进行了4次取样调查,比较了红树林、互花米草和光滩生境下大型底栖动物的生物多样性及季节变化。共检出大型底栖动物48种,隶属8门9纲28科,其中软体动物、节肢动物和环节动物占总物种数的83.3%。用定量取样的密度数据计算大型底栖动物的Shannon指数、Pielou指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数和G-F多样性指数,结果表明:互花米草生境在物种种数和栖息密度上均低于光滩和红树林生境,物种种数在季节上春夏两季高于秋冬两季;从Shannon指数和G-F多样性指数上看,红树林生境下大型底栖动物的多样性高于光滩与互花米草生境;红树林间,红树幼林大型底栖动物物种多样性低于6年生和8年生红树林,而科属多样性高于后两者。生境和季节是影响大型底栖动物分布的重要因素。     

底栖有孔虫对海洋重金属污染响应研究进展

海洋与人类生存息息相关并受人类活动影响巨大,有孔虫作为一种高敏感、低成本的指示生物,在开展海洋环境污染指示工作中起着重要的作用。本文综述了国内外海洋重金属污染环境中有孔虫的生态指示应用及响应机理研究。已有研究表明,在人类活动影响为主导的重金属污染海域有孔虫个体和种群均出现显著响应,分别表现为个体形态畸形,种群分异度降低、耐受种比例增加等特征,微体生物实验与超微结构研究也提供了相应佐证。但在自然环境压力较大(如高盐、强水文动力环境)的海域,上述响应特征需谨慎应用,可通过历史时期的溯源研究区分自然与人类活动的影响。     

无居民海岛开发生态损害评估——以象山县大羊屿岛为例

无居民海岛独特的生态系统和地理位置决定了受损后的修复成本极高、开发难度极大,其保护与开发已经成为国内外学界关注的重点。基于海岛生态系统服务价值理论构建了无居民海岛开发的生态损害评估模型,以我国首个公开拍卖使用权的大羊屿岛为例验证模型的科学性和可行性,并与2018年调整后的无居民海岛使用金征收标准中生态损害成本额度进行对比分析。研究结果表明：（1）大羊屿岛开发的生态损害补偿金为1644.82万元。其中,陆域开发行为所需的生态损害补偿金为890.19万元,高于海洋开发行为所造成的生态损害补偿金;（2）通过本文计算的海岛陆域生态损害补偿金高出现行海岛使用金标准中的生态损害成本371.90万元,2018年旅游用岛使用金征收标准仍有上调空间。对无居民海岛开发的生态损害评估可以增强政府和企业对于海岛资源的保护意识,重新权衡无居民海岛开发的利弊,避免对海岛资源过度和盲目的开发。     

Limestone to Mitigate Lake acidification: macrozoobenthos response in treated and reference lakes

The littoral macrozoobenthos (MZB) of two low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC = 50.0 µeq l^–1) northeastern Pennsylvania lakes (treatment and reference) were sampled each ice free season, 1984 through 1988, to evaluate response to limestone addition. Following addition of 100 tons agricultural limestone (CaCO₃) to the treatment lake in February 1985, mean annual ANC rose from 20 µeq l^–1 to 668 µeq l^–1 then decreased. In October 1987, ANC in the treatment lake was decreasing, so 15 additional tons of limestone were added. Pre- limestoning there were few significant (p<0.05) differences between MZB assemblages in the two lakes, but 4 years post treatment the following differences (p<0.05) were detected in the treatment lake: more Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hyalella azteca, total MZB numbers and higher Mollusca wet weight than in the reference lake. From 1984 to 1988 in the treatment lake the annual means of the following community characteristics increased (p<0.05): totals of Chironomidae, Ephemeroptera (including Caenis spp.), Odonata, Trichoptera, Sphaeriidae, collectors and MZB numbers; Chironomidae and Ephemeroptera taxa richness and total taxa richness; total and Mollusca wet weight. However, the treatment lake ecosystem is neither self-sustaining nor stable because limestone must be added every 2 to 3 years to maintain ANC above 50 µeq l^–1 In the reference lake annual means of ANC, specific conductance, calcium and magnesium decreased (p<0.05) while Secchi depth increased (p<0.05), suggesting continuing acidification.     

基于海岛生态脆弱性模拟的朱家尖岛空间管控对策

近10年来,桥隧连陆型海岛数量快速增长,这类工程的建设改善了海岛的交通可达性,使得海岛旅游人口快速增长,实现了海岛经济的快速发展.而旅游人口的快速增加和海岛土地利用结构的变化,使得海岛生态脆弱性增加.为实现海岛生态系统的科学管理,科学评价和预测海岛生态系统脆弱性变化趋势及敏感区域,制定不同区域的生态系统管理方式显得尤为迫切.本研究构建了海岛生态脆弱性评价模型,评估了朱家尖岛生态脆弱性现状,以2015年作为基期模拟未来20年旅游人口和土地利用变化,以及未来20年的海岛生态脆弱性变化,在此基础上分析脆弱性变化的敏感区域,并提出相应的管理措施.结果表明:朱家尖岛目前的生态系统处于良好状态,中度和重度脆弱性面积相对较小.随着朱家尖岛旅游人口增加和岛陆开发强度的增强,海岛生态系统趋于脆弱,其中,高脆弱性面积增加,低脆弱性面积减少.针对脆弱性评估的结果结合敏感性分析,将朱家尖岛划分为禁止开发区、限制开发区和有条件开发区,以实现精细化管理.     

Reassembling island ecosystems: the case of Lord Howe Island

Exotic species that invade remote islands, usually following human settlement, have had catastrophic effects on native biota. However, on islands it is increasingly feasible to eradicate key exotic species allowing extant native species to recover in situ or to return naturally. The practice of marooning threatened species on islands where the threat is absent, irrespective of whether the threatened species once occurred on the island, is well established. However, less focus has been given to the 'island' as the management unit on which to return extirpated species or related surrogates for extinct species. We use the example of Lord Howe Island as a case study to explore options for island restoration should the remaining critical exotic pests (rodents and perhaps owls in this case) be eradicated as planned. Lord Howe Island, in the south-west Pacific Ocean, is remote, biologically diverse, has a high degree of endemism, and was only discovered by humans in 1778. Consequently, the original and exotic biota and their interactions are all better known than for many islands with a more ancient human history. Two species of plants, nine terrestrial birds, one bat and at least four invertebrates have been lost from the island since 1778. One plant and two invertebrates could be returned as conspecifics. One plant and all the terrestrial birds that are extinct could be replaced by closely related species from elsewhere in the Pacific Ocean. Decisions on replacing extinct species with surrogates should be based on the taxonomic relatedness of the candidates for reintroduction: the same species before subspecies before genera, with functional replacement being a further filter on candidates that are not the same species. In our opinion, taxa with functional equivalence but without taxonomic relatedness would not be acceptable candidates for reintroduction.     

海南岛生态破坏分级初探

海南岛是我国仅次于台湾的第二大岛,占我国5×10~4km~2热带面积的7.0%左右,具有得天独厚的光、热等资源。解放三十多年来,海南岛的建设取得了不少成绩,但在开发过程中,也造成一定程度的失误,生态平衡出现某种程度的破坏。随着海南岛的建省,办大特区,大     

Long-term studies of macrozoobenthos in intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats near the island of Norderney (East Frisian coast,Germany)

Near the East Frisian island of Norderney two sites are investigated permanently in order to study long-term fluctuations of macrozoobenthos: one transect (since 1977) at the northern side in shallow subtidal waters and another one (since 1976) at the sheltered southern side in the intertidal area of the Wadden Sea. Since 1980 the investigations have been continued in the frame of COST-47, sedimentary intertidal programme (including the shallow subtidal habitats colonized by the Macoma balthica community).The results up to 1984, respectively to 1985, are presented and the changes of abundance of the dominant species are discussed. Discussed are also the influences of water temperatures and sediment disturbances caused by wave action. There is evidence that the intertidal variety of the Macoma balthica community shows a greater stability than the subtidal variety.     

Ecological niche modelling as an exploratory tool for identifying species limits: an example based on Mexican muroid rodents

Niche conservatism theory suggests that recently diverged sister species share the same ecological niche. However, if the ecological niche evolves as part of the speciation process, the ecological pattern could be useful for recognizing cryptic species. In a broad sense systematists agree that the niche characters could be used for species differentiation. However, to date such characters have been ignored. We used the genetic algorithm for rule‐set production for modelling the ecological niche as a means of inferring ecological divergence in allopatric populations of muroid rodents for which taxonomic identity is uncertain. Our results show that niche differentiation is significant in most of the identified phylogroups. The differentiation is likely associated with natural evolutionary units, which can be identified by applying species concepts based on phylogenetic and ecological patterns (e.g. phylogenetic, cohesive, evolutionary). Even so, the role of the niche partition within phylogenetic reconstruction may be a limited one.     

Ecological divergence combined with ancient allopatry in lizard populations from a small volcanic island

Population divergence and speciation are often explained by geographical isolation, but may also be possible under high gene flow due to strong ecology‐related differences in selection pressures. This study combines coalescent analyses of genetic data (11 microsatellite loci and 1 Kbp of mtDNA) and ecological modelling to examine the relative contributions of isolation and ecology to incipient speciation in the scincid lizard Chalcides sexlineatus within the volcanic island of Gran Canaria. Bayesian multispecies coalescent dating of within‐island genetic divergence of northern and southern populations showed correspondence with the timing of volcanic activity in the north of the island 1.5–3.0 Ma ago. Coalescent estimates of demographic changes reveal historical size increases in northern populations, consistent with expansions from a volcanic refuge. Nevertheless, ecological divergence is also supported. First, the two morphs showed non‐equivalence of ecological niches and species distribution modelling associated the northern morph with mesic habitat types and the southern morph with xeric habitat types. It seems likely that the colour morphs are associated with different antipredator strategies in the different habitats. Second, coalescent estimation of gene copy migration (based on microsatellites and mtDNA) suggest high rates from northern to southern morphs demonstrating the strength of ecology‐mediated selection pressures that maintain the divergent southern morph. Together, these findings underline the complexity of the speciation process by providing evidence for the combined effects of ecological divergence and ancient divergence in allopatry.     

广东省川山群岛开发利用生态风险评价

随着海洋经济的迅猛发展,海岛的开发利用程度不断加大,海岛生态环境遭到极大地冲击和破坏,导致海岛生态系统出现环境恶化、灾害加剧的趋势。广东省川山群岛,主岛为上川岛和下川岛,因岛上旅游娱乐和养殖用海等开发利用活动频繁,使其生态系统面临严峻的挑战。根据EPA提出的生态风险评价框架,分析了川山群岛的生态终点、生境类型和压力源状况,构建了一个用以描述川山群岛压力源、生境和评估终点间相互关系的概念模型,采用RRM模型思想进行了川山群岛开发利用风险评价。结果表明:上川岛属于开发利用的高风险区,主要风险区域是潮间带和近海两个生态子系统,其中以岩滩的开发利用压力最大,旅游娱乐和养殖用海是风险压力的主要来源,珍稀水禽是主要受威胁的物种;下川岛较上川岛的开发利用风险低,其岛陆、潮间带和近海3个生态子系统的开发利用压力都不大,养殖用海、旅游娱乐和城镇用地是风险压力的主要来源,也是威胁珍稀水禽和猛禽的主要压力源。基于此,从旅游管理、养殖用海管理等方面给出了上川岛和下川岛的风险管理对策,以期为海岛环境保护和可持续利用提供科学依据。     

On the semiotic dimension of ecological theory: The case of island biogeography

The Macarthur-Wilson equilibrium theory of island biogeography has had a contradictory role in ecology. As a lasting contribution, the theory has created a new way of viewing insular environments as dynamical systems. On the other hand, many of the applications of the theory have reduced to mere unimaginative curve-fitting. I analyze this paradox in semiotic terms: the theory was mainly equated with the simple species-area relationship which became a signifier of interesting island ecology. The theory is, however, better viewed as a theoretical framework that suggests specific hypotheses on the ecology of colonization of insular environments. This paradox is inherent in the use of simplifying analytic models. Analytic models are necessary and fruitful in the work of ecologists, but they ought to be supplemented with a broader, pluralistic appreciation of the role of theories in general.