CO2浓度倍增和UV-B辐射增强对冬季大棚番茄生长、果实品质和产量的影响

在CO₂浓度倍增(700μmol·mol^-1)条件下,对补充5个不同低剂量的UV-B辐射对大棚番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、干重、鲜重,果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,以及果实产量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,CO₂倍增能够明显促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高了番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量以及果实的产量。在CO₂倍增条件下,补充低剂量UV-B辐射可以进一步促进番茄幼苗的生长,提高番茄果实的紫外吸收物、可溶性糖、有机酸、Vc、番茄红素等含量,说明在CO₂倍增的条件下低剂量UV-B辐射对番茄的生长有促进效应,但对果实的产量影响不大。当UV-B的辐射剂量为1.163kJ·m^-2时,这种促进效应最明显,超过这一剂量时,UV-B辐射对番茄的促进效应开始减弱。     

UV-B辐射增强和CO2浓度倍增的复合作用对番茄生长和果实品质的影响

以番茄（Lycopersicon esculeutum）为研究对象,在人工模拟8.40 kJ·m^-2的UV-B辐射和700 μmol·mol^-1的CO₂浓度复合处理下,研究了番茄的生长和果实品质变化.结果表明,UV-B辐射使番茄的株高、鲜重、干重、总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、光合速率、水分利用效率、可溶性蛋白、维生素c及番茄红素等降低,导致果实品质恶化;而CO₂浓度倍增作用相反.在UV-B辐射增强和CO₂浓度倍增复合作用下,番茄的上述指标与对照相比差异不明显.分析认为,CO₂倍增与UV-B辐射增强复合处理下,CO₂的正效应作用可以减轻甚至抵消UV-B辐射的负效应.     

CO2浓度倍增减轻UV-B辐射对大棚番茄的抑制作用研究

在CO2浓度倍增(700 μmol·mol-1)条件下,以5个不同剂量的UV-B辐射对大棚番茄的光合作用及SOD、POD、CAT酶活性的影响进行了研究.结果表明CO2倍增能够明显提高番茄叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性.在CO2倍增条件下,低剂量UV-B辐射(<1.163 kJ·m-2·d-1)可以刺激番茄叶片叶绿素含量升高,抗氧化酶活性升高,与CO2的正效应有叠加现象,但对光合作用的影响不大;高剂量的UV-B(>1.163 kJ·m-2·d-1)辐射使植株的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性降低,对植物产生胁迫作用,CO2倍增与UV-B辐射复合处理可以减弱和部分抵消这种抑制作用.     

CO2倍增及UV-B增强对大豆植株生长和根际微生物的影响

以大豆'齐黄27'为研究材料,采用人工气候室模拟大气CO2浓度倍增(350～700 μmol*mol-1)及紫外线B(UV-B,280～320 nm)辐射增强(4～15 μW*cm-2)的环境条件,研究了CO2浓度增加及UV-B辐射增强对大豆生育前期的生长及根瘤、根际微生物数量的影响.结果表明:(1)增强UV-B能显著减少大豆植株地上部生物量,而对株高的抑制作用不显著;CO2浓度倍增促使大豆株高和地上生物量显著增加,对根系生物量的促进作用不显著,但能够减轻UV-B辐射增强对地上及根系生物量的抑制作用;CO2浓度增加、UV-B辐射增强及其复合胁迫均导致大豆植株根冠比下降,且复合胁迫对根冠比的抑制作用更明显.(2)CO2浓度倍增降低了大豆叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及花青素含量,提高了净光合速率;UV-B辐射增强导致叶绿素含量减少,光合速率下降,却增加了类胡萝卜素及花青素含量;CO2浓度增加、UV-B辐射增强复合处理对叶片色素含量及光合速率的影响具有复合效应.(3)CO2浓度倍增能够促进根瘤数量及根际真菌数量的增加,而UV-B增强处理则显著降低细菌和放线菌的数量;CO2浓度倍增能够缓解UV-B增强处理对放线菌的抑制作用,却导致根际细菌数量进一步减少.研究发现,CO2浓度增加及UV-B辐射增强对大豆生育前期植株生长、叶片色素含量及根际微生物数量存在抑制或促进效应,而且在某些性状上存在复合效应,它们可能主要是通过调节大豆植株的干物质分配及根系的代谢间接影响根瘤数量及根际微生物数量.     

He—Ne激光对UV—B辐射小麦幼苗糖代谢的影响

分别采用5 mW·mm-2 He-Ne激光辐照、10.08 kJ·m-2·d-1 增强UV-B辐射及二者组合对"晋麦8号"小麦幼苗进行处理,测定各处理幼苗叶片可溶性糖、还原性糖、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS) 以及α,β-淀粉酶的变化.研究分析He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射引起小麦损伤的修复效应.结果表明:He-Ne激光辐照可使UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗可溶性糖含量升高,还原性糖含量降低,SS,SPS活力降低,α,β-淀粉酶活力升高.该结果同时表明可溶性糖、还原性糖、SS、SPS、α,β-淀粉酶的变化同小麦幼苗损伤修复的能力相关,一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照可部分修复增强UV-B对小麦幼苗糖代谢的辐射损伤.     

增强UV-B辐射与CO2浓度倍增复合作用对冬季大棚黄瓜生长发育的影响

研究了不同剂量的紫外-B辐射与浓度倍增的CO2复合处理对大棚黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)生长发育过程中植株形态、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质含量以及SOD、POD、CAT酶活性的影响。结果表明：作形态方面,UV-B辐射明显降低了植株的株高、叶柄长度、叶面积,而茎粗增加。复合处理B2C明显提高了黄瓜叶绿素的含量,整个处理对黄瓜蛋白质的含量没有大的影响;酶活性以B2C处理时,其SOD、POD、CAT酶活性最高。说明一定低剂量的UV-B与CO2相复合时,可以促进黄瓜的生长发育,其促进程度大于CO2单因子的效应。     

不同氮供应下增强UV-B辐射对谷子叶片重要生理指标的影响

以谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)为研究材料,从拔节期开始持续浇灌1.88、15mmol·L-12种氮供应水平营养液,从抽穗期开始对材料进行增强UV-B辐射处理(14.7μW·cm-2),研究了谷子叶片中总叶绿素、可溶性物质及紫外吸收物质的含量在开花期期间的变化。结果表明:与较高氮供应水平相比,无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射,较低氮供应水平明显降低了谷子叶中总叶绿素、可溶性蛋白的含量,但提高了其紫外吸收物质的含量;与较低氮供应水平相比,较高氮供应水平下的谷子叶中总叶绿素含量在开花期初期和中期,可溶性蛋白含量在开花期中期对增强UV-B辐射处理更敏感;氮供应水平虽然对开花期中期至末期的谷子叶片可溶性糖含量有显著影响,但在整个增强UV-B辐射处理期间,该指标对增强UV-B辐射并不敏感。上述结果表明,较低氮供应水平可促进谷子叶片在开花期期间紫外吸收物质的积累,有利于增强其抵抗UV-B辐射能力,但仍应寻求一个合理范围的氮供应水平,以平衡谷子生殖生长和提高对UV-B辐射抗性的需求。     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗核蛋白的影响

采用低剂量(5 mW.mm-2)He-Ne激光辐照经增强UV-B辐射处理(10.08 KJ.m-2.d-1)后的‘ML7113’小麦幼苗,待小麦幼苗长7 d后,对各处理组小麦幼苗的核蛋白进行提取,通过紫外吸收法测定各个处理组幼苗核蛋白的含量。采用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE)进行电泳。结果显示:小麦幼苗经UV-B辐射后核蛋白含量明显增高;单独激光处理后,小麦幼苗核蛋白含量低于对照组;经He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射复合处理后,小麦幼苗核蛋白含量低于UV-B辐射处理组,而高于对照组,推测一定剂量的He-Ne激光在一定程度上抑制了增强UV-B辐射的促进作用。     

加工番茄高光效特性与其产量和品质的协调性研究

以6个加工番茄品种为试材,通过盆栽试验对各品种叶片光合色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、光合特性以及果实产量和相关品质性状进行了鉴定,探讨不同品种光效特性与产量和品质性状的相关关系及其可能机理。结果表明,番茄由苗期进入花期后,各品种叶片光合色素和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素比例亦提高,"库"和"源"的增加呈对应关系;各品种的果实产量与花期叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关,与光合色素含量相关性不显著;在本栽培地区和试验条件下,花期‘石红9号’品种的叶片净光合速率和可溶性蛋白含量以及果实产量显著高于其它品种,且其果实Vc含量、番茄红素含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比等品质指标也均表现良好,综合性状最优,而‘UC-82’品种的光合色素含量、番茄红素含量和产量等指标均显著低于其它品种。研究发现,加工番茄品种的高光效特征与产量和品质提高具有一定协调性。     

UV-B辐射对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以哥伦比亚生态型(Columbia-0)拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)为实验材料, 人工模拟UV-B辐照处理拟南芥种子, 统计其发芽势和发芽率, 测定根长、株高、叶绿素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白以及丙二醛(MDA)含量, 研究UV-B辐照处理对拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明, 低剂量的UV-B辐照可以促进拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长, 并且最佳辐照剂量为1.0 kJ·m^–2(P<0.05), 此时的发芽势、发芽率、根长、株高、叶绿素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白的含量均达到最大, 而丙二醛的含量变化则不明显(P>0.05)。当辐照剂量大于1.0 kJ·m^–2时, 促进作用逐渐变小, 并且随着辐照剂量的增加, 表现出了抑制作用。实验结果表明, 适当剂量的UV-B辐照在一定程度上可以促进拟南芥种子萌发和幼苗生长, 而过高剂量的辐照则对其产生抑制或损伤作用。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.