巴氏钝绥螨rDNA的ITS基因片段序列分析

采用酚-氯仿抽提法提取了采自江西赣南的巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseiusbarkeri Hughes,1948基因组DNA。以相应引物对巴氏钝绥螨核糖体ITS基因进行PCR扩增,直接测序,得到了652bp的碱基片段（国际基因库索引号FJ392365）,其碱基序列A、C、G、T含量分别为193bp（29．60％）、114bp（17．48％）、144bp（22．09％）、201bp（30．83％）,并对其与其他植绥螨5．8SrDNA及两侧ITS序列进行了分析。     

不同猎物及密度对巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨同类相残和集团内捕食作用的影响

明确不同猎物及密度下巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri与拉戈钝绥螨Amblyseius largoensis(Muma)的同类相残和集团内捕食作用,为其协同应用控制橡胶树害螨提供依据.在室温27±1℃、湿度75％±5％、光周期12 L∶12D 条件下,以六点始叶螨 Eotetranvchus sexmaculatus(Riley)、比哈小爪螨Oligonychus biharen(Hirst)和东方真叶螨Eutetranychus orientalis(klein)为集团外猎物,观察巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨对集团内和集团外猎物的捕食选择行为,以及不同集团外猎物密度下两种捕食螨对同种和异种捕食螨的捕食作用.巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨对异种个体及集团外不同猎物的捕食偏好性及捕食时间存在明显差异.巴氏新小绥螨偏好取食集团外猎物,异种捕食螨拉戈钝绥螨残存率达到80.00％以上;拉戈钝绥螨偏好取食集团外猎物六点始叶螨和比哈小爪螨,而当东方真叶螨存在时,其更偏好取食异种捕食螨巴氏新小绥螨(残存率为26.67％);发生集团内捕食时,拉戈钝绥螨为集团内捕食者,而巴氏新小绥螨为集团内猎物.集团外猎物密度可显著影响巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨相残作用,尤以猎物六点始叶螨对巴氏新小绥螨和东方真叶螨对拉戈钝绥螨影响最为明显,其充足时比无猎物时捕食量分别下降了 68.85％和62.90％.巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨的集团内捕食分别以比哈小爪螨和六点始叶螨的影响最大,猎物充足时比无猎物时捕食量下降了 80.00％和69.44％,但拉戈钝绥螨在以东方真叶螨为猎物时集团内捕食受猎物密度影响较小,猎物充足时取食量与猎物不足时接近,比无猎物时捕食量只下降20.83％.集团外猎物六点始叶螨、比哈小爪螨存在时,巴氏新小绥螨和拉戈钝绥螨表现为偏好选择集团外猎物,密度增加对两种植绥螨的同类相残和集团内捕食作用有明显抑制作用,但东方真叶螨充足与否,拉戈钝绥螨对巴氏新小绥螨的集团内捕食作用影响差异不显著.     

Suppressing Establishment of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Cucumber Crops by Prophylactic Release of Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)

Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is the most damaging pest of protected cucumbers in the UK and reliable control measures are required that are compatible with other components in the IPM programme. Although the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans (Acarina: Phytoseiidae), has been used for thrips control for many years, results against F.occidentalis in cucumbers during the early 1990s were frequently unacceptable. Three experiments in 1994/95 evaluated a prophylactic approach to the control of F.occidentalis. This involved placing one A. cucumeris culture sachet on each plant immediately after planting. F. occidentalis was released in all crops to ensure that the biocontrol measure received a severe test. Treatment was compared to untreated controls and the delayed release of culture sachets. The cultures remained active and produced populations of A. cucumeris on leaves for at least nine weeks. Establishment of F. occidentalis populations was almost entirely suppressed when the culture sachets were placed immediately after planting. Thrips damage was reduced compared to untreated controls when introduction of culture sachets was delayed by 2-4 weeks but this increased the risk of control failure.     

温度对取食芦笋蓟马的巴氏钝绥螨生长发育、存活和繁殖的影响

观察了巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri Hughes在5种温度(15、20、25、30和35℃)、食料为芦笋蓟马,相对湿度72%,L∶D=12∶12条件下的发育历期、存活率和繁殖力。结果表明:巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨及世代发育历期在15℃下最长,随着温度的升高而缩短,35℃下最短。产卵前期在15～30℃下,随温度的上升而缩短,35℃下稍有延长。存活率15℃下最低,随温度的上升而提高,30℃下最高。产卵量15℃下最少,其次是35℃,20～30℃下产卵量较多。根据实验结果,组建了巴氏钝绥螨以芦笋蓟马为食料在5种不同温度下的实验种群生命表。     

Taxonomy and biological control: Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a case study

The predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an important biological control agent of thrips and other small pests worldwide. Yet, despite its economic importance, this species is poorly defined taxonomically and cannot be reliably separated from other species on the basis of morphology alone. Neoseiulus cucumeris has been reported from Australia, although considerable confusion exists as to whether the Australian material is actually N. cucumeris or a presumed endemic species, Neoseiulus bellinus (Womersley). A morphological investigation of N. bellinus and several geographical 'strains' of N. cucumeris demonstrated that: (i) N. bellinus is a distinct species, the males of which can be morphologically separated from those of N. cucumeris , using setal and cheliceral lengths and number of teeth on the fixed digit; and (ii) N. cucumeris , or a morphologically identical species, is present in Australia. Despite behavioural differences, there are no significant morphological differences between the 'strains' of N. cucumeris . Biosystematic research is a more reliable method of species separation, and such a method is suggested for future work with phytoseiid mites.     

释放巴氏钝绥螨对沙田柚上橘全爪螨的防治效果

2007～2008年开展释放巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri(Hughes)防治沙田柚上橘全爪螨Panonychus citri McGregor试验示范。结果表明:巴氏钝绥螨能在江西省吉安市沙田柚果园大量繁殖,每株成年沙田柚树上释放3～4盒巴氏钝绥螨,每盒含巴氏钝绥螨600头以上,可有效控制橘全爪螨的危害,减少施药次数和农药用量,节约防治成本,改善橘园生态环境和果品品质。     

Combining plant- and soil-dwelling predatory mites to optimise biological control of thrips

The efficiency of a natural enemy combination compared to a single species release for the control of western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) on cucumber plants was investigated. Since a large part of F occidentalis seems to enter the soil passage, a joint release of the plant-inhabiting predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) that feeds on thrips first-instar larvae and the soil-dwelling predatory mite Hypoaspis aculeifer (Canestrini) that preys on thrips pupae in the ground might offer a promising approach for a holistic control strategy. Therefore, two sets of experiments were conducted in cooperation with a commercial vegetable grower where the plants in plots were infested with a defined number of larval and adult F occidentalis. Two species of natural enemies were released either synchronously or solely, and their efficacy was compared to control plots devoid of antagonists. In both experiments, the predatory mites were released twice with a density of 46 A. cucumeris/m2, and 207 H. aculeifer/m2 (low-density) in the first experiment and 528 H. aculeifer/m2 (high-density) in the second one. Population growth of all arthropod species on the plants and in the soil was quantified at regular intervals and included all soil-dwelling mites and alternative preys present in the substrate. The results showed that H. aculeifer alone had a significant impact on thrips population development only when released at high-densities, but competence was lower compared to the other antagonist treatments. The impact of A. cucumeris alone and A. cucumeris & H. aculeifer combined was similar. Thus, the pooled exploitation of natural enemies did not boost thrips control compared to the single species application of A. cucumeris (non-additive effect), which could be explained by resource competition between both predatory mite species. Species number and population size in the soil of the experimental plots both showed a high variability, a possible consequence of their interaction with released soil-dwelling predatory H. aculeifer mites. The impact of resource competition and presence of alternative preys on thrips biological control is exhaustively discussed. From our study, we can extract the subsequent conclusions: (1) the combined use of H. aculeifer and A. cucumeris cannot increase thrips control on cucumber compared to the release of A. cucumeris alone, but the overall reliability of thrips biological control might be enhanced, (2) the availability of alternative preys seemed to affect the thrips predation rate of H. aculeifer, and (3) the impact of naturally occurring soil predatory mites on the control of WFT seemed to be partial.     

Control ofThrips tabaci [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] on glasshouse cucumber using large introductions of predatory mitesAmblyseius barkeri [Acarina: Phytoseiidae]

The phytoseiid miteAmblyseius barkeri (Hughes) (=Amblyseius mckenziei Sch. & Pr.) was used for biological control ofThrips tabaci Lind. in 7 commercial glasshouses with cucumber (a total of 5780 m²). Predatory mites were introduced 3–4 times in densities ranging from 40 to 300/m² at each release. In 6 of the 7 glasshouses, control of thrips was satisfactory throughout the growing season. Thrips densities were kept below 15 individuals per leaf. In 1 glasshouse, thrips damage was seen on the fruits at densities of 25 thrips per leaf, but the thrips population was quickly reduced and remained at low densities for the next 3 months.      

多次释放胡瓜新小绥螨对橘园节肢动物群落多样性的影响

为了探明长期多次释放胡瓜新小绥螨(Neoseiulus(Amblyseius)cucumeris)是否会对橘园节肢动物群落的生物多样性产生影响,我们在福州马尾和晋安试验区的2个橘园分别设置生防园、自然园和化防园,连续两年每月两次在各处理橘园的树冠和地面杂草中采集并记录节肢动物的种类和数量,结果表明两个试验区的物种丰富度(S)均以生防园最高,且都显著高于相应的化防园和自然园;马尾试验区三种处理的多样性指数(H’)和均匀度指数(E)的大小依次为生防园>自然园>化防园,晋安试验区则为自然园>生防园>化防园,表明释放胡瓜新小绥螨防治柑橘害螨,减少农药的使用,能恢复或增加橘园节肢动物群落的生物多样性。此外,释放胡瓜新小绥螨未对橘园原有的捕食螨类群产生影响。     

有益真绥螨与巴氏新小绥螨的集团内捕食和同类相残作用

【目的】有益真绥螨Euseius utilis是北方地区广泛分布的一种多食性植绥螨,而巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri目前在我国广泛应用于农业害虫的生物防治中。本研究旨在对巴氏新小绥螨在本地的应用进行风险评估及为与有益真绥螨的联合释放提供依据。【方法】本研究在室内通过一系列实验,比较了实验室饲养的巴氏新小绥螨和采自内蒙古农业大学校园的有益真绥螨的雌成螨对同种或异种未成熟螨的捕食量、存活时间及产卵量的差异,检测了有益真绥螨与巴氏新小绥螨两种植绥螨相互之间的攻击强度以及种内和种间的相互作用。【结果】两种植绥螨都难以刺吸同种或异种植绥螨的卵,而对同种或异种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量最大,其次是对若螨。在无共同食物的情况下,有益真绥螨雌成螨对同种植绥螨幼螨的攻击性比对异种植绥螨幼螨的攻击性强(BreslowDay检验:χ~2=13.84,df=1,P0.001),且有益真绥螨对同种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(9.10±1.65头)高于对异种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(5.31±1.43头)(T检验:t=5.487,P0.001),巴氏新小绥螨对异种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(7.48±0.75头)高于对同种植绥螨幼螨的捕食量(4.75±0.58头)(T检验:t=9.110,P0.05)。【结论】有益真绥螨更倾向于捕食同种幼螨而发生同类相残;巴氏新小绥螨更倾向于捕食异种幼螨而发生集团内捕食。     

Assessment of Amblyseius fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) for biological control of tetranychid mites in an Ontario peach orchard

We introduced a mass-reared pyrethroid-resistant strain of the predatory phytoseiid mite Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) into an Ontario peach orchard in an attempt to control populations of the phytophagous mites Panonychus ulmi Koch and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). Releases of 1,000 and 2,000 mites per tree were made, at three different times. The release of 2,000 mites per tree in June and in July resulted in significantly higher phytoseiid densities than was observed on control trees. However, densities of P. ulmi or T. urticae were not significantly affected by any release rate or by timing. The release of 1,000 A. fallacis per tree, or of any density in August, did not significantly increase phytoseiid abundance. In the following year, population dynamics of both phytoseiid and phytophagous mites were not significantly affected by the previous year's release. Amblyseius fallacis can be a useful predator in some fruit orchards. However, further research is necessary into the timing and rate of release, modified spray programmes, and with different crops, in order to clarify the role of this species for biological control in Ontario peach orchards.     

Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a successful predatory mite on Rosa spp

Roses on commercial nurseries commonly suffer from attacks by the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, which have a negative influence on growth and quality. The aim of this project is to find natural enemies that are well adapted to roses, and may improve biological control. At different sites such as a plant collection garden, public parks and field boundaries, leaves were sampled from roses to identify the indigenous species of predatory mites. Amblyseius andersoni was amongst other species frequently found, which suggests that this species thrives well on roses. The possibility for biological control of spider mites with A. andersoni was investigated both in container roses outdoors and in glasshouses. In plots of outdoor roses artificially infested with spider mites, the following treatments were carried out: spider mites alone (untreated plot), Amblyseius andersoni Amblyseius andersoni and ice plants, Neoseiulus californicus, Neoseiulus californicus and ice plants. There were four replications of the treatments. The ice plants, Delosperma cooperi, were added to some treatments to supply pollen as extra food for the predatory mites. Natural enemies such as Chrysoperla spp., Conwentzia sp., Orius sp., Stethorus punctillum, and Feltiella acarisuga occurred naturally and contributed to the control of spider mites. After one month the spider mites were eradicated in all treatments. At the end of the trial, predatory mites were collected from all plots for identification. The ratio of Amblyseius andersoni to Neoseiulus californicus was approximately 9:1. There was no obvious effect of the ice plants on the number of predatory mites. On a nursery, where new roses are bred and selected, Amblyseius andersoni was released in three glasshouses after one early treatment with bifenazate against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. In two of these glasshouses Neoseiulus californicus was also released. Samples, which were taken in the summer months showed that the spider mites were kept at a very low level. Amblyseius andersoni was found, even if spider mites were absent. Rose plants infested with spider mites, that were brought in to the glasshouses later developed spider mite 'hotspots'. Phytoseiulus persimilis was introduced in the hot spots and contributed to the control along with Neoseiulus californicus, Amblyseius andersoni and naturally occurring Feltiella acarisuga. These observations showed that Amblyseius andersoni is a good candidate for preventing spider mite outbreaks, as it easily survives without spider mites. This predatory mite is able to survive on other food, including thrips and fungal spores.     

以实验种群生命表评价六种植绥螨对西花蓟马的控制潜力

【目的】植绥螨是蓟马等害虫(螨)的重要捕食性天敌,在当前生物防治中应用广泛,本研究旨在为本地植绥螨资源的开发利用及筛选出控制西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis最有效的植绥螨天敌提供依据。【方法】以西花蓟马为猎物,在室内温度(25±1)℃、光照16L︰8D、相对湿度80%±5%的条件下,比较了内蒙古本地植绥螨种类有益真绥螨Euseius utilis Liang et Ke、苏氏副伦绥螨Paraseiulus soleiger Ribaga和巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri Hughes及目前应用的植绥螨斯氏钝绥螨Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot、东方钝绥螨A.orientalis Ehara和黄瓜新小绥螨N.cucumeris Oudemans取食西花蓟马后的发育历期和生殖潜力,并组建了实验种群生命表以评价各类植绥螨的捕食潜能。【结果】有益真绥螨的日均产卵量(1.67±0.02)粒和黄瓜新小绥螨的日均产卵量(1.58±0.06)粒相近且无显著差异,仅次于斯氏钝绥螨(1.69±0.07)粒;有益真绥螨其子代雌雄性比与黄瓜新小绥螨的性比也相同(1.63︰1),低于斯氏钝绥螨(1.77︰1)和巴氏新小绥螨(1.64︰1);有益真绥螨的世代平均周期最短(T=19.36 d),内禀增长率(rm=0.16)和周限增长率(λ=1.17)均最大,种群倍增时间最短(t=4.33 d)。【结论】有益真绥螨以西花蓟马为食后种群数量增长的潜力强于其他5种植绥螨,是本地防治西花蓟马较有潜力的植绥螨种类。     

利用植绥螨防治烟粉虱的研究进展

对目前利用植绥螨防治烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的研究现状进行综述。主要介绍植绥螨作为生防作用物的应用历史、替代食物在利用植绥螨进行生物防治中的作用,并对代表种Typhlodromips(Amblyseius)swirskiiAthias-Henriot等作为烟粉虱生防作用物的最新研究进展、产业化现状、应用前景及可能存在的问题进行了分析,以期为这些植绥螨的引进和利用提供参考。     

西花蓟马、二斑叶螨与黄瓜新小绥螨的相互关系研究

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pergande）和二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是温室花卉与蔬菜上的重要害虫（螨）。植物常被两者同时危害。黄瓜新小绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris（Oudemans）是世界上广泛应用的温室蓟马的生物防治物,有时也被用来防治二斑叶螨。本研究中,在人工气候室盆栽条件下利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治西花蓟马和/或二斑叶螨。结果显示,当每豆株上接入10或20头二斑叶螨时,按照1∶4的益害比释放黄瓜新小绥螨可有效控制二斑叶螨。同样密度比的情况下,5和10头黄瓜新小绥螨的释放量可显著控制西花蓟马的接入量。二斑叶螨密度的增加没有显著影响到黄瓜新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制作用。西花蓟马可捕食黄瓜新小绥螨的卵,日捕食量达1.2粒。本文对利用黄瓜新小绥螨防治温室中西花蓟马进行了讨论。     

胡瓜钝绥螨对太平洋细须螨的捕食效能初步研究

胡瓜钝绥螨Amblyseius cucumeris Oudemans能捕食为害蝴蝶兰的害螨---太平洋细须螨Tenuipalpus pacificus Baker的卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨。室内研究了胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨卵、幼螨、若螨的捕食功能反应。结果表明,随着太平洋细须螨密度的增加,胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨的捕食数量也随之上升,捕食功能反应曲线符合Holling II型方程。胡瓜钝绥螨雌成螨对太平洋细须螨卵的控制能力显著强于对幼螨和若螨的控制能力,a/Th值分别为165.8、79.2和63.8。在猎物密度一定时,由于胡瓜钝绥螨个体间存在相互竞争和相互干扰作用,随着捕食螨密度的提高,捕食螨平均捕食量逐渐减少。     

温度对黄瓜钝绥螨发育历期的影响

恒温条件下测定了以茶黄螨(Polyphagotarsonemus latus)为食的黄瓜钝绥螨(Amblyseius cuc-umeris)发育历期与温度的关系。结果表明,黄瓜钝绥螨在18、20、23、25、28、30和31℃温度条件下整个世代的发育历期分别是13．02、9．61、5．96、5．26、4．65、4．78和5．80d,32℃条件下黄瓜钝绥螨卵不能孵化,该螨整个世代最低临界、最适和最高临界发育温度分别为12.77,23．87和33．50℃。     

截形叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的吸引作用

室内测定表明,截形叶螨不同螨态对胡瓜钝绥螨均有显著的吸引作用,均达到极显著水平,而胡瓜钝绥螨对截形叶螨的排泄物没有明显的反应。截形叶螨对胡瓜钝绥螨的这种吸引作用说明胡瓜钝绥螨具有自动搜索截形叶螨的能力,表明胡瓜钝绥螨可以用于截形叶螨的生物防治。     

Prey suitability of western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis,and onion thrips,Thrips tabaci,for the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, are both important polyphagous pests of vegetables and ornamentals in greenhouses. Difficulties in biological control of these pests have prompted a search for new natural enemies. Most recently, the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii has been commercialised as biological control agent of whiteflies and thrips. However, little is known about the suitability of thrips as prey for A. swirskii. We therefore assessed prey acceptance and life history of A. swirskii when feeding on F. occidentalis and T. tabaci at 25±1°C. Amblyseius swirskii juveniles preyed upon first larval instars of both F. occidentalis and T. tabaci but suffered from high mortality (67 and 78%). Developmental time (egg to adult) of A. swirskii was 7.8 days with either prey species. Adult A. swirskii females readily accepted first larval instars of both thrips species, which were attacked in <20 min on a leaf and <10 min in an artificial cage. Oviposition rates (0.92 and 0.99 eggs/female/day) and offspring sex ratios (63 and 70% females) were similar with F. occidentalis and T. tabaci as prey. Less than one-third of juveniles reaching adulthood and oviposition rates below one egg/female per day resulted in relatively low intrinsic rates of increase (r _m) (0.056 and 0.024 per day with F. occidentalis and T. tabaci, respectively). Altogether, our study suggests that the recently reported superiority of A. swirskii to the widely used Neoseiulus cucumeris in suppression of thrips is due to other traits than its population growth capacity with thrips as prey.     

胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的生物防治效果

以生命表参数及天敌在室内和田间的应用效果来评价胡瓜钝绥螨对苹果全爪螨的控制效果.结果表明:胡瓜钝绥螨取食苹果全爪螨,能够完成发育历期并产卵,在(25±1)℃条件下一个世代仅需9.54d;其雌螨产卵期(24.85d)和寿命(38.52d)都比猎物的产卵期(15.93d)和寿命(34.79d)长,雌螨的平均产卵量仅为苹果全爪螨的56.1%;苹果全爪螨净增殖率(R0)和内禀增长率(rm)分别比胡瓜钝绥螨高103.9%和13.2%.室内释放情况下,无论益害比是1:30还是1:150,释放20d后防治效果均可达95%以上;在苹果示范园释放胡瓜钝绥螨,60d后防治效果达91.73%,比化防园高23.77%.表明胡瓜钝绥螨具有优良天敌的重要特征,在每叶苹果全爪螨低于2头时,果园释放胡瓜钝绥螨能有效控制苹果全爪螨的种群增长.