古田山10种主要森林群落类型的α和β多样性格局及影响因素

古田山国家级自然保护区地处中亚热带, 地形复杂, 森林群落类型丰富。我们在保护区内10种主要森林群落类型中网格化布置并调查了79个20 m × 20 m样地, 分析了不同群落类型内及相互间的α (Shannon-Wiener指数)、β (Horn-Morisita相异性指数)多样性分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明: (1) α多样性主要受到群落类型、海拔和坡向的影响。α多样性在不同群落类型间差异显著, 并且随海拔升高、坡向从南到北, α多样性增大。(2) β多样性主要受到群落类型和海拔的影响, 受空间距离的影响不显著。不同群落类型间的β多样性显著大于同一群落类型内部, 并且随海拔升高β多样性增大。总体而言, 群落类型和海拔是古田山森林群落α和β多样性的主要影响因子, 表明生境过滤等机制对该区域的森林物种多样性格局起着主要作用。     

浙江省主要亚热带森林群落类型物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性比较

了解不同森林群落类型的物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性,有助于指导森林经营和生物多样性保护。本研究比较了浙江省内不同地点主要森林类型(包括常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林)的物种α多样性和谱系α多样性,以及物种β多样性和谱系β多样性。研究表明,该地区主要森林类型的物种和谱系α多样性均存在较大差异,但控制了空间和地形因子的作用后,差异几乎全部消失;森林类型内部及相互间的物种和谱系β多样性均存在显著差异,同种森林类型内部的物种和谱系β多样性分别小于不同森林类型之间的物种和谱系β多样性,且在控制了空间和地形因子的作用后,以上差异仍然显著。本研究表明影响亚热带主要森林群落类型物种和谱系水平的α和β多样性的因素存在差异:α多样性可能主要受到空间和地形因子等的影响,而β多样性则可能受到森林类型的重要影响。     

太白山森林群落和林下草本物种变化的环境解释

采用典范对应分析(CCA)、Pearson相关分析、冗余分析(RDA)分别研究了不同环境因子对太白山森林群落及林下草本物种组成、多样性、功能性状等方面的影响。结果表明:(1)9种环境因子对于群落及林下草本物种的组成变化的解释程度不高,分别为23.9%和21.1%,但与海拔和土壤含水量紧密相关的CCA 1轴能大致区分高、中、低海拔样方的群落所有物种和草本植物的组成差异。(2)沿海拔梯度,群落所有物种的α多样性先增加后降低,林下草本物种α多样性沿海拔梯度有下降趋势,但二者都与坡度(Slope)及木本层盖度(WCD)无关。(3)海拔是决定森林群落及林下草本层物种功能性状值变化的主要因子,与海拔密切相关的RDA1轴能解释森林群落和林下草本物种性状值变化的71.2%和54.7%,林下草本植物与群落的最大株高(Hmax)变化模式不一致。     

南岭国家级自然保护区林下植物分布的地形相关性

以南岭国家级自然保护区山地森林群落林下植物为研究对象,探讨地形因子对林下植物分布的影响。该区3个海拔高度下的山地常绿阔叶林林下植物组成丰富,但个体多度在样方中的分布存在很大的空间异质性。在9000m^2的样地中设置的450个4m^2小样方,共记录到林下维管植物255种,隶属于95科、181属,总的物种个体多度为18203株。多响应置换过程（MRPP）分析表明,坡向和海拔（p〈0．0001）及坡度（p〈0．05）这3个地形因子对林下植被分布有显著的影响,其影响程度大小排序为：海拔〉坡向〉坡度。指示种分析（ISA）进一步确定了不同地形条件下具有显著指示值（IV≥50）的指示种。本项研究表明林下植物的空间分布会同时受到多个地形因子的影响,因此需综合各因子间的相互作用全面考虑;同时,MRPP结合ISA对于揭示群落植物分布的空间异质性及其与环境因子作用的相互关系、生物多样性保育、森林恢复以及造林引种等方面均有着重要的理论意义和实践价值。     

喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性环境解释与自然火干扰

以新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区科学实验区未受人为干扰的泰加林火成演替森林群落为对象,基于160个样方及其自然火干扰发生时间和火烈度的调查,采用冗余分析方法,分析森林群落物种多样性与环境因子和火干扰因子之间的关系以及草本层、灌木层和乔木层物种多样性与群落物种多样性之间的关系。结果表明:喀纳斯泰加林群落草本层物种多样性受环境因子海拔、土壤含水量、土壤全氮含量、土壤温度和火干扰因子火烈度的影响较大;灌木层物种多样性受海拔、土壤含水量、土壤电导率和土壤有机质含量的影响较大;乔木层物种多样性受环境因子海拔、土壤含水量、土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮含量和火干扰因子火烈度的影响较大。泰加林群落物种多样性除受环境因子海拔、土壤含水量和土壤有机质、全氮含量和火干扰因子火烈度的影响较大,草本和乔木层的相互作用和影响,对群落物种多样性起了决定性作用。喀纳斯泰加林群落物种多样性分布格局是由以海拔为主的多种因子综合作用的结果。     

林冠结构和地形对亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林林下幼苗物种多样性和功能多样性的影响

森林结构和地形是森林生态系统最明显的特点,也是影响林下幼苗存活和物种多样性的关键因子。该研究采用半球面摄影方法提取八大公山生长监测样地（共1.2 hm²）林冠结构参数,通过调查地表层木本植物幼苗的组成和多度,获取常见植物幼苗叶片功能性状,结合详细的地形信息,利用空间同步自回归模型探究林冠结构变量及地形因子对幼苗物种多样性及功能多样性的影响。结果表明：（1）八大公山亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶林林冠结构复杂度较高,最大林冠高的平均值达到19.94 m,叶面积指数、平均叶倾角和林冠覆盖度分别为2.94、30.88°和0.87;（2）林冠结构变量和地形因子能够解释32.6%~48.4%的林下幼苗物种多样性指数变异和28.5%~70.2%的功能多样性变异,但地形因子对幼苗物种多样性的影响很小;（3）预测在亚热带常绿落叶阔叶林高海拔的山坡上,有较低的叶面积指数和平均叶倾角群落有较高的幼苗物种多样性;而在低海拔山脊上,较低的叶面积指数和平均叶倾角群落林下幼苗层有较高的功能多样性。此结果对科研人员和林业工作者开展野外森林更新情况评估和样方调查将有所帮助。     

山西吕梁山草本群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局及与环境因子的关系

山地草本群落物种多样性的海拔梯度格局及其与环境因子的关系一直是生态学和地理学研究的热点问题。为探究吕梁山草本群落不同尺度物种多样性(α、β、γ多样性)的海拔梯度格局及其与环境因子的关系,该研究采用样方法在吕梁山从北向南选取管涔山、关帝山、五鹿山,并对每个山地划分出高、中、低3个海拔梯度,对草本群落物种多样性和环境因子进行调查分析。结果表明:(1)α多样性随海拔升高呈先升后减的单峰变化格局,峰值出现在中海拔;β多样性中Cody指数在1 900～2 000 m间出现峰值,而BrayCurtis指数出现最小值,表明1 900～2 000 m海拔带是草本群落物种更新速率和组成变化较快的过渡地带;γ多样性随海拔升高也呈先升后减的单峰变化格局(R²=0.406,P<0.01)。(2)海拔对温度、湿度变化的影响极其显著(P<0.01);海拔、温度、湿度等环境因子共同影响物种的α多样性,其中海拔是主要影响因素(P<0.05),温度、湿度影响不显著(P>0.05)。综上所述,吕梁山草本群落多样性在海拔梯度上多表现为"中间膨胀"变化格局,海拔变化是影响多样性变...     

庞泉沟国家自然保护区森林群落的数量分类和排序

根据84块样方资料,对庞泉沟国家自然保护区的森林群落进行TWINSPAN分类和DCA、DCCA排序.结果表明：（1）TWINSPAN将该区的森林群落分为7个类型;（2）样方与物种的DCA排序及样方的DCCA排序较好地揭示了该区森林群落的分布格局与环境梯度的关系：DCCA第一轴明显地反映出森林群落的海拔梯度,即热量因子,沿DCCA第一轴从左到右,海拔逐渐升高,森林群落对热量的要求降低;DCCA第二轴主要表现出森林群落的坡向、坡度变化趋势,即水分和光照因子,沿DCCA第二轴,从下到上,坡向由阴坡向阳坡变化,坡度由平缓变陡峭.其中海拔梯度是环境因子中对森林群落分布起决定性作用的因子.（3）与DCA相比,DCCA的排序轴更有利于生态意义的解释,后者能同时反映样方间在种类组成上及环境因子组成上的相似性,表现在排序图中样方较集中,群落间的界线变得较模糊,因此如果同分类结合使用,DCA的效果要好于DCCA.（4）TWINSPAN分类与DCA和DCCA排序的结果,同时表明了该地区森林群落的垂直分布格局.     

长城北京段风景区植被特征及植物多样性

为了对长城北京段风景区的植被景观恢复重建和生物多样性的保育提供科学依据,探讨旅游开发对风景区生物多样性的影响,对长城北京段八达岭、慕田峪、司马台风景区的植物多样性进行了样方调查。结果表明：八达岭、慕田峪、司马台分别含维管植物459、626、437种,41个群系;植物向菊科、禾本科、豆科等世界性大科集中;八达岭与司马台物种相似性较大,但与慕田峪群系相似性较大。根据海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位因子对群落进行除趋势典范对应分析（DCCA）,发现海拔是决定植物群落类型分布的主要因子,但群落物种多样性与海拔没有明显的关系;用Wilson指数和群落结构变异指数对荆条、油松等常见群落β多样性测度发现,旅游影响降低了风景区内局部地区如海拔420、490、620m等处物种多样性;八达岭、司马台景区内森林群落还处于森林植被恢复演替初期,群落不稳定,应加强封育、抚育。同时,根据长城景区植物多样性、植被及旅游管理现状提出了相关保护建议。     

阿尔卑斯山黄花茅（Anthoxanthum alpinum）沿海拔梯度的基因频率 …

在瑞士阿尔卑斯山贩２个定点样地,黄花茅从森林线（海拔１７００ｍ）到山顶（海拔２８３０ｍ）呈连续分布。在海拔梯度样带的最高和最低定样场所间的垂直距离差不多为１０００ｍ,但２个定样场所间相距仅仅１．４ｋｍ。在所研究的３个海拔梯度样带中,３个同工酶位点（Ｐｘ－１,Ｇｏｔ－２和Ｍｄｈ－１）被观察到有统计意义的倾群变异。研究结果显示：沿海拔梯度样带的亚居群间的基因流可能太弱不足以克服自然选择的影响,后者促使     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.     

Self-organization in the determination of the size of the axial structures in the embryogenesis of the clawed toad

Experiments were performed using X. laevis embryos during gastrulation and neurulation (stages 10, 11 1/2, 12 1/2, 13 1/2, 15 and 18). Part of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm was removed, and embryos raised until stage 25. The size of axial structures (notochord, somite mesoderm, central nervous system) was determined using serial histological sections and compared with that of control embryos. In experimental embryos, the size of axial structures was decreased. Until a specific stage of development, close correlation was found between the volume of embryonic compartment corresponding to a particular, structure and the volume of presumptive epidermis and lateral plate mesoderm. This stage is individual for each axial organ: middle gastrula (stage 11 1/2) for notochord, late gastrula (stage 12 1/2) for somite mesoderm, and late neurula (stage 18) for central nervous system. This data suggest that differentiation pattern of ecto-mesodermal rudiment is subject to regulation during gastrulation-neurulation, and subdivision of ectoderm and mesoderm into axial and non-axial tissues is a self-organizing process.     

Role of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus in the function of generalization in the cat

In chronic experiments on cats contribution of the thalamic mediodorsal nucleus to the organization of the processes of generalization and abstraction was studied by means of alternation method. Electrolytic ablation of the nucleus retarded the learning and impeded the initial stages of formation of the generalization function. Mechanisms of thalamic dementia are discussed.