Sensibilité desCulicidae a la β-exotoxine deBacillus thuringiensis

Résumé Cette étude vise à élargir les connaissances du potentiel toxique de la β-exotoxine deB. thuringiensis Berliner sur lesCulicidae et particulièrement surAedes aegypti (L.),Anopheles stephensi (Liston) etCulex pipiens (L.). La toxicité par ingestion de la β-exotoxine deB. thuringiensis H 1 à 1 mg/ml est totale, sur les adultes males et femelles. La sensibilité des stades larvaires est proportionnelle à la concentration. La descendance des adultes, issus de larves traitées à une dose sublétale, présente une sensibilité accrue à l'exotoxine. La β-exotoxine induit un effet retard sur les mues larvaires ainsi que des effets tératogènes à la nymphose.

---

Summary The β-exotoxine ofB. thuringiensis H 1 acts as a larvicide and as an adulticide when ingested at high concentrations byAedes aegypti L.,Anopheles stephensi Liston orCulex pipiens L. Sublethal concentrations of β-exotoxin induce a delay of larval moulting and teratological effects on larvae and pupae. After sublethal application of β-exotoxine to larval stage the next larval generation presents an enhanced sensibility to this toxin.

     

Étude de l'action deBacillus thuringiensis chez le scorpionButhus occitanus

Le scorpionButhus occitanus (Amoreux) infectéper os élimineBacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) dans ses déjections d'une manière progressive et en relation avec la prise de nourriture. Après inoculation dans l'hémocoele les germes peuvent persister longtemps dans l'hémolymphe sans que les animaux présentent des symptômes pathologiques. Seules les doses très élevécs conduisent à une septicémie. La DL 50, supérieure à 2,5 millions de bactéries, montre la très grande résistance de ces Arachnides à cette infection bactérienne.     

Sensibilité de différents Lépidoptères a la souche ≪Anduze≫ deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner

Summary A list of 24 species of lépidoptères is presented, showing the comparative sensibility towardsBacillus thuringiensis b. Theses species have been approved only in preliminary tests in the Laboratory of La Minière. Therefore, the results have an indicative and provisional character. The list completes an important documentation gathered bySteinhaus in a polycopied recollection, that has been transmitted to specialists in 1957.      

Évaluation de la faisabilité de la tomoscintigraphie myocardique précoce au sestamibi synchronisée à l’électrocardiogramme

BackgroundOur aim was to assess the feasibility of early acquisition (10 min) gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) by comparison to conventional imaging at one hour.Methods and resultsOne hundred and four patients referred for exercise test and SPECT were included. Sequential imaging was started 10 min (SPECT 10) and 60 min (SPECT 60) after injection of the radiotracer (Tc-99m sestamibi). Stress myocardial perfusion was visually analyzed from 10 to 60 min stress by two experienced nuclear-cardiologists. Six patients were further excluded, because of high digestive accumulation: one patient at 10 min, three at 10 and 60 min, two at rest. The participants were classified as follows: group G1 (normal SPECT 10 and 60, n = 53), group G2 (abnormal SPECT 10 and/or SPECT 60, n = 45). The left ventricle ejection fraction (EF) and volumes (end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, ESV, EDV) were calculated with the Cedars-Sinai program.ResultsQuality imaging was the same at SPECT 10 min and SPECT 60 min. Perfusion scores: G1 10 min = 0,4 versus G1 60 min = 0,4 (p = NS); G2 10 min = 10,2 versus G2 60 min = 10,1 (p = NS); EFG1 10 min = 71 ± 11% versus EFG1 60 min = 68 ± 10% (p = 4E-04); EFG2 10 min = 56 ± 15% versus EFG2 60 min = 53 ± 15% (p = 0,002); EDV G1 10 min = 72 ± 20 ml versus EDV G1 60 min = 76 ± 19 (p = 0,002); EDV G2 10 min = 98 ± 46 ml versus EDV G2 60 min = 105 ± 38 (p = 0,08); ESVG1 10 min = 22 ± 12 m versus ESV G1 60 min = 25 ± 12 (p = 9E-04); ESVG2 10 min = 47 ± 35 ml versus ESV G2 60 min = 53 ± 36 (p = 3E-04).ConclusionsThis study suggests that early gated Sestamibi SPECT after stress provides same perfusion analysis than classical late imaging.     

Étude cinétique de l'hypersensibilité de type retardé dans la candidose expérimentale de la souris

Mice were inoculated with different quantities of blastospores ofCandida albicans by subcutaneous or intravenous ways. Delayed hypersensitivity was then studied during the course of infection by means of the inhibition of macrophage spreading test. In the same time retrocultures were done from kidney material, target organs in the experimental candidiasis. The results obtained in this way enabled the authors to think that cellular immunity plays a role in this experimental model as described by Mackaness.

Travail de l'Unité 42 de l'INSERM et du Groupe de Mycologie Fondamentale et Appliquée de LILLE.     

Au sujet de la caractérisation des produits a base deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner par rapport au titrage biologique de la toxine soluble thermostable

Summary Industrial products based onB. thuringiensis have been found to contain several toxins, differing in their ranges of activity and occuring in varying quantities. The presence of the ?thermostable toxin activeper os? is in particular unnoticed in the assay of the active material in the products, in spite of the fact that many studies of the application of products based onB. thuringiensis, concern insects whose sensitivity is limited to or dominated by the thermostable toxin. Biological assay can be envisaged for the estimation of the thermostable toxin in industrial products, while awaiting the development of other assay methods In this manner, the products will be charasterized as to their active material, for the benefit of the understanding of experimental or practical results. It is suggested that it would be more rational, on the international scale, to use as reference a standard preparation based on an autoclaved filtrate ofB. thuringiensis var.thuringiensis, than to use a standard biological assay method which involves an test insect. The precision of assay for ?thermostable toxin activeper os? can be greater or smaller, according to the insects for which the product is recommanded or on which it is tested.

---

---

Ce mémoire a été présenté à l' ?International Symposium on the identification and assay of viruses and Bacillus thuringiensisused for insect control?, Londres, 13 juillet 1964.

---

I.N.R.A., Station de Recherches de Lutte biologique et de Biocœnotique, La minière.     

Action sur le mésentéron dePieris brassicae L. de la toxine de l'inclusion parasporale deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner

Summary Ingestion of the toxin of the parasporal inclusion ofB. thuringiensis byP. brassicae causes digestive disturbances which are first manifested by cessation of feeding and a decrease in the pH of the stomodeal and mesenteral content. The physiopathological condition of individuals so poisoned shows that this alteration of the intestinal medium can cause lesions of the mesenteric epithelium, which can be so serious that all the cellular digestive elements are destroyed. It was not possible to link the origin of these alterations with the established mortality rate, but it was suggested that the acidification of the intestinal medium could be the cause. This suggestion seems to have been verified after forced citric acid ingestion. The morphological modifications of the mesenteron cannot explain alone the death of the treated individuals; on the other hand, having shown a proliferation of the intestinal bacterial flora, one is lead at the present stage of research to follow the opinion ofVago on the intoxication-septicaemia chain. In fact, all the phenomena which can be described as resulting from theB. thuringiensis method of poisoning, specially ofP. brassicae, namely lesions of the mesenteric epithelium, proliferation of the intestinal bacterial flora, only appear to be secondary manifestations.      

Évaluation en laboratoire de la toxicité pourDiaeretiella rapae [Hym.: Aphidiidae] des pesticides utilisés en traitement des parties aériennes des plantes

Une méthode d'appréciation de la toxicité pourDiaeretiella rapae M'Intosh des pesticides utilisés en serre, à l'aide de tests de laboratoire de longue durée est décrite. Elle comporte l'étude de l'action sur les stades internes au puceron du parasite et la mise en évidence de la toxicité initiale et de la persistance d'action des résidus pour les adultes. 9 pesticides ont été testés parmi lesquels des insecticides, des aphicides spécifiques, des acaricides spécifiques et des fongicides. Le Bénomyl, le Mancozèbe, le Dicofol et le Tétradifon ne montrent qu'une toxicité très faible. Le Pirimicarbe, l'Isolane et la Phosalone montrent une toxicité moyenne, leur persistance d'action étant assez faible. Par contre le Vamidothion et le Fundal forte se révèlent extrêmement toxiques, surtout par leur très longue persistance d'action. Summary A method for measuring the toxicity of pesticides used in glasshouses toDiaeretiella rapae M'Intosh with long range laboratory tests is described. It includes the study of the pesticide action on parasite instars inside the aphid and the demonstration of the initial toxicity as well as the persistence of action of the residues against adults. Nine pesticides were tested among which insecticides, specific aphicides and miticides and also fungicides. Benomyl, Mancozeb, Dicofol and Tetradifon show only a very low toxicity. Pirimicarbe, Isolane and Phosalone with a short persistence of action have a medium toxicity. In the contrary Vamidothion and Fundal forte with a long persistence of action show very high toxicicity.

---

---

Avec la collaboration technique de Mme A.Gredt.     

Évaluation de la TEP au 18F-FDG dans l’exploration de la récidive des carcinomes colorectaux

PurposeThe aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance, the prognosis factors and the therapeutic impact of 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the detection of recurrent colorectal cancers.MethodsSixty PET/CT with 18F-FDG and CT were performed in 52 patients, at the Paul Papin cancer center between 2003 and 2005, following suspicion of colorectal cancer relapse. The FDG-PET impact on the clinical management was studied by examination of multidisciplinary concertations results. Survival analysis were realized with a mean follow up of 2.2 years.ResultsRecurrence was confirmed for 50 explorations by histologic (n = 32), radiologic (n = 14) or clinical (n = 4) findings. Twenty patients died during the time of the study. On a patient based analysis, FDG-PET sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were 90, 90, 90% respectively compared with 74, 50 and 70% for CT. FDG-PET changed the clinical management in 18 cases (30%). A positive FDG-PET signal, more than one hepatic lesion, more than two lymph node lesions detected on FDG-PET and more than two hepatic lesions on CT were characterized as bad prognostic factors for survival. Multivariate analysis showed that the only independent bad prognostic factor was the FDG-PET detection of more than two liver lesions.ConclusionThese results confirmed the important impact of FDG-PET in the clinical management of patients with a suspected recurrence of colorectal cancer.     

L'efficacité d'un mélange deBacillus thuringiensis Berl. et de DDT contreAgrotis ypsilon Rott. (Noctuidae)

Zusammenfassung Mit dem Ziele, die biologische Wirkung einer Mischung zwischen einem Handelspr?parat vonB. thuringiensis Berl. (Bakthan) und DDT (Gesarol 75) gegen die Raupenstadien vonAgrotis ypsilon Rott. abzukl?ren, wurden eine Serie Laborversuche duchgeführt. Beschreibung der Versuchsmethode und Darstellung der für die verschiedenen Larvenstadien erhaltenen Resultate. Die Kombination der beiden Mittel kann den allein schlecht wirksamenB. thuringiensis Berl. “aktivieren”. Diese Erscheinung konnte jedoch nur bei Larven des 4 Stadiums beobachtet werden und nur wenn der DDT-Zusatz in sehr schwachen Konzentrationen erfolgte. Weitere Versuche werden zu unternehmen sein, um das wirksamste Mischungsverh?ltnis n?her zu bestimmen.      

Activité comparée de 22 variétés deBacillus thuringiensis sur 3 espèces deCulicidae

Résumé Le pouvoir larvicide des cultures totales de 22 variétés deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner représentant 15 sérotypes H a été testé sur larves L4 d'Aedes aegypti (L.)Culex pipiens pipiens (L.) etAnopheles stephensi (Liston). Seul le sérotype H 14, variétéisraelensis, est réellement actif, provoquant 100% de mortalité à la dilution 10⁻⁵. Avec des doses beaucoup plus fortes, 10⁻², une certaine toxicité peut être manifestée par les variétésentomocidus, galleriae etkyushuensis en ce qui concerneAe. aegypti etC. pipiens pipiens, ou par les variétésentomocidus, tolworthi, kyushuensis etaizawai, pourAn. stephensi. Cependant cette activité n'a rien de comparable avec celle de la variétéisraelensis.

---

Summary We have studied the 15 H serotypes ofBacillus thuringiensis Berliner including 22 varieties. The larvicidal potency of the whole cultures of these varieties is evaluated on 4th instar larvae ofAedes aegypti (L.),Culex pipiens pipiens (L.) andAnopheles stephensi (Liston). The H-14 serotype, varietyisraelensis is the only one to show a true toxicity at 10⁻⁵ dilution on larvae of the 3 mosquito species. A low mortality at 10⁻² dilution is observed onAe. aegypti andCx. pipiens pipiens larvae withentomocidus, galleriae andkyushuensis varieties; onAn. stephensi withentomocidus, tolworthi, kyushuensis andaizawa? varieties. Nevertheless, this activity cannot be compared to the extremely high toxicity of theisraelensis variety.

     

Histopathologie de l'action de la δ-endotoxine deBacillus thuringiensis var.Israelensis sur les larves d'Aedes aegypti (Dip.:Culicidae)

Résumé L'ingestion de la δ-endotoxine deBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sérotype H 14 par les larves d'Aedes aegypti L. est suivie par l'apparition d'importantes lésions au niveau de l'intestin moyen. Les dégats ont une amplitude et une vitesse plus ou moins grandes suivant les types cellulaires du mesenteron, mais se traduisent toujours par une hypertrophie cellulaire suivie d'une lyse de l'épithélium.

---

Summary Ingestion of theBacillus thuringiensis Berliner sérotype H-14 δ-endotoxin byAedes aegypti L. larvae is followed by important lesions at the midgut level. The severity and speed of injury are dependent upon the cellular types of the mesenteron, but are always expressed by a cellular hypertrophy followed by an epithelial lysis.

---

---

Cette étude a bénéficié d'une aide financière du Programme Spécial PNUD — Banque Mondiale —OMS de Recherche et de Formation concernant les maladies tropicales.     

Évaluation de BabelMeSH en français

BabelMeSH is a multilingual search tool for Medline/PubMed. It is intended for users whose primary language is not English. The languages currently supported are: Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish and Swedish. The goal of this work is to evaluate the usability and effectiveness of the French version. This study consisted of two parts: (1) evaluation of translation of French keywords by BabelMeSH, (2) user feedback. We used two sets of keywords: a list of authors’ keywords in medical journals published in French and a list of terms derived from Web server logs submitted by French-speaking users to search BabelMeSH. English translations by the authors were compared with those translated by BabelMeSH. The accuracy of translation of user submitted terms was evaluated. An online questionnaire using the 5-point Likert scale was used to evaluate user opinion on the usefulness of BabelMeSH. One hundred and seventy-four author keywords and 179 user keywords in French were randomly selected to search Medline/PubMed via BabelMeSH. With the author-generated keywords, BabelMeSH exactly matched (word-for-word) the authors’ translations for 69 terms; translations were accurate (similar concept) for 69 keywords; multiple suggestions were given for 19, one of which was the same as the authors’ translation or considered accurate. Partial matches (compound words) were found for 22 keywords. BabelMeSH translations were incorrect for 21 terms. For user search terms, 135 translations and suggestions were considered accurate, 15 partially accurate, 21 were incorrect. Of the eight with multiple suggestions, only one was accurate. Six responses were received from the online questionnaire. The average ratings (5: agree, 1: disagree) for the following statements were: (1) that BabelMeSH was useful: 4.3; (2) the overall quality of citations retrieved was excellent: 4.3; and (3) that they would continue to use BabelMeSH: 4.6. All declared that they had previously searched Medline in English and all, except one, stated that they would recommend it to others. BabelMeSH is an alternative resource for researchers whose native language is other than English. Limited user feedback and the results of an objective evaluation seem to indicate that it could be a useful addition to multilanguage search tools for Medline/PubMed. However, at the time we conducted this study, the development of BabelMeSH was not finished. Therefore, it might be necessary to evaluate BabelMeSH French version in future.     

Évaluation de la tomoscintigraphie de perfusion pulmonaire couplée à la tomodensitométrie dans la prédiction de la fonction respiratoire postopératoire

IntroductionThe aim of our study was to evaluate the performances of pulmonary perfusion single photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) with semi-automatic analysis for preoperative assessment for lung cancer.Materiel and methodThirty-five patients underwent preoperative lung perfusion scintigraphy (planar and SPECT-CT acquisition) from august 2016 to December 2017. Predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in one second (ppoFEV1 and FEV1) by both methods were compared between each other and with the actual FEV1 measured 3 months after surgery. We also evaluated interobserver reproductibility of SPECT-CT semi-automatic segmentation software and the concordance of the data simulating reductions of 30 and 50% of acquisition time.ResultsFor 30 lobectomies and 5 pneumonectomies, the mean ppoFEV1 was 69%, a difference with actual ppoFEV1 of ?8% for SPECT-CT and ?6.77% for planar (P < 0,001). Both methods were well correlated, correlation coefficient was 0,827, 95% CI [0.686–0.909] but underestimated the actual poppFEV1. For SPECT-CT, interobserver reproducibility was excellent for pulmonary and lobar evaluation. The lobar functions, without 30 and 50% of the time acquisition, had absolute difference < 3% in comparison to native data.DiscussionWe did not prove SPECT-CT superiority on planar scintigraphy, actual FEV1 being difficult to predict because of confounding factors. But this exam could be useful before lobectomy and in cases of heterogeneous perfusion. Easily made, this method is reproducible even on data simulating a reduction of 50% of time acquisition.     

Évaluation de l’innervation sympathique cardiaque par la scintigraphie myocardique à la 123I-métaiodobenzylguanidine

Metaiodobenzylguanidine-iode 123 (¹²³I-MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy is one of the few methods available for the objective evaluation of cardiac sympathetic function at the clinical level. Disorders of cardiac sympathetic function play an important role in a variety of heart diseases and particularly in heart failure. MIBG myocardial scintigraphy provides abundance of useful information for evaluation of severity therapeutic effects and prognosis.     

La toxicité rénale du lithium: une réévaluation

Lithium salts are a well-established prophylactic treatment of relapses in bipolar disorder. Their most common renal side-effect is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus leading to polyuria. Only recently has their undesirable effect on renal function been recognized. This effect is due to the development of renal tubulo-interstitial lesions. The rate of progression is slow, with an annual loss of glomerular filtration estimated to be 2.2 ml/min. End-stage renal disease has been reported in some patients. In France, a recent survey showed that 0.2% of dialysed patients had lithium-induced renal disease. This complication occurs in a small percentage of lithium-treated patients, after 1 or 2 decades of treatment. However, its exact prevalence in the long-term is unknown. Lithium-treated patients should be regularly monitored. This monitoring should include annual measurements of serum creatinine and estimated creatinine clearance, as well as measurements of serum calcium (because hyperparathyroidism may develop). In early renal toxicity, discontinuation of lithium should be discussed with the patient by both the treating psychiatrist and the nephrologist.